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Einfluss des Kraftfutterniveaus auf Milchproduktion und metabolische Gesundheitsvariablen bei Milchkühen in der Hochlaktation
No full textThe milk production of high yielding cows usually increases with health losses on the part of the animal. The high milk quantities are mostly achieved by an adequate amount of concentrated feed in the feed line, the health status of the animal is ranked behind the performance. However, without healthy animals, the required milk yield cannot be achieved either - thus animal health and economic performance are closely related. In this study, a 42-day trial was carried out to determine the effect of increasing the amount of concentrate feed from 40% to 60% of the feed line on both, the milk yield and the health status of the cow. In addition to recording the daily milk yield of each cow, sterile milk samples and venous blood samples of each animal were taken at the end of each test week (day 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 41). Among the animals which participated where first lactating cows (primipares) and cows already in at least their second lactation (multiples). The results of the milk yield showed a steady increase of milk yield by 4kg milk/day, both in primipars and multiparents. Due to the high proportion of concentrated feed in the feed line, there is a shift in the ratio of free fatty acids in the rumen. Ruminal propionic acid increases due to the high proportion of feed protein, which also increases the milk protein content, while the ruminal acetic acid content decreases due to the low structural proportion in the feed, which also causes the milk fat content to decrease. This is also reflected in the fat to protein ratio (FEQ), which remains at its optimum of 1-1.25 during the experiment. At the transition to the concentrate feed of 60%, there is also a clear increase in the urea concentration in the milk, again explained by the high protein surplus in the rumen. This results is an excess of reticular nitrogen which exceeds the requirements of the rumen bacteria, then recirculates via the rumino-hepatic cycle and can thus, accumulate in the udder with its high blood supply and is then released via the milk. Noticeable effects on the cow\u27s liver, due to the 60% concentrated feed, are shown by the significant increase of the liver enzyme GLDH in the blood, which goes far beyond the physiological limits. These pathological liver enzyme values at the time of the 60% increase in concentrated feed indicate a clear metabolic overload of the liver and thus also a health impairment of the cow - caused by a too high proportion of non-fibrous carbohydrates and at the same time too few structural components in the feed line.Diplomarbeit - Veterinärmedizinische Universität Wien - 2020Die Milchproduktion von Hochleistungskühen steigt meist mit gesundheitlichen Einbußen seitens der Tiere. Die hohen Milchmengen werden größtenteils durch eine adäquate Menge an Kraftfutter in der Futterstrecke erreicht. Doch ohne gesundes Tier kann auch nicht die benötigte Milchleistung erbracht werden – somit hängen Tiergesundheit und wirtschaftliche Leistung eng zusammen. In dieser Studie wurde durch einen 42- tägigen Versuch festgestellt, welche Auswirkung eine Kraftfuttererhöhung von 40% auf 60% der Futterstrecke, sowohl auf die Milchleistung als auch auf den Gesundheitsstatus der Kuh hat. Dazu wurden neben dem protokollieren der täglichen Milchmenge jeder Kuh, am Ende jeder Versuchswoche (Tag 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 41), sterile Milchproben und venöse Blutproben jedes Tieres entnommen. Unter den Tieren befanden sich erstlaktierende Tiere (Primipare) und Kühe, die sich bereits mindestens in der zweiten Laktation befanden (Multipare). Die Ergebnisse der Milchleistung ergaben eine stetige Steigerung der Milchleistung um 4kg Milch/Tag, sowohl bei Primiparen als auch Multiparen. Durch den hohen Anteil des Kraftfutters in der Futterstrecke, kommt es zu einer Verschiebung im Verhältnis der freien Fettsäuren im Pansen. Ruminale Propionsäure steigt durch den hohen Anteil an Futterprotein, dadurch steigt auch der Milcheiweißgehalt. Der ruminale Essigsäureanteil wiederum sinkt aufgrund des geringen Strukturanteils im Futter, was den Milchfettgehalt ebenfalls sinken lässt. Dies spiegelt sich auch im Fett zu Eiweiß Quotient (FEQ) wieder, welcher während und auch vor dem Versuch in seinem Optimum von 1-1,25 liegt. Am Übergang zur Kraftfutter-Erhöhung auf 60% zeigt sich auch ein deutlicher Anstieg der Harnstoffkonzentration in der Milch, was wiederum durch den hohen Proteinüberschuss im Pansen zu erklären ist. Es kommt zu einem Überschuss an Stickstoff, der über den Bedarf der Pansenbakterien hinausgeht, daher über den Rumino-hepatischer-Kreislauf rezirkuliert und sich somit auch im stark durchbluteten Euter ansammeln kann und anschließend über die Milch abgegeben werden kann. Markante Auswirkungen auf die Leber der Kuh, aufgrund der 60%igen Kraftfuttergabe, zeigen sich durch die deutliche Erhöhung des Leberenzyms GLDH im Blut, welche weit über die physiologischen Grenzwerte hinaus gehen. Diese pathologischen Leberenzymwerte zum Zeitpunkt der 60%igen Kraftfuttererhöhung, lassen auf eine deutliche metabolische Überbelastung der Leber schließen und somit auch auf eine gesundheitliche Beeinträchtigung der Kuh - bedingt durch einen zu hohen Anteil an Nicht-Faser-Kohlenhydraten, bei gleichzeitig zu wenig Strukturanteilen in der Futterstrecke
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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