1,720,963 research outputs found
Asian monsoon variability during 124-206 ka inferred from oxygen isotope records of stalagmites from Yangkou Cave, Chongqing, China
No full text透過分析中國洞穴石筍氧同位素記錄，前人研究已將過去38萬年來的亞洲季風強弱變化重建，並顯示在天文軌道週期的時間尺度上，亞洲季風強度主要跟隨北半球夏季日照量而改變。然而，在十萬年以前的中國洞穴石筍氧同位素記錄幾乎僅來自於湖北省的三寶洞，此單一的數據可能對於亞洲季風演化過程的解釋造成些許不確定。透過分析來自重慶市的羊口洞的五支鈾濃度介於2-16 ppm的高鈾濃度石筍，我們利用其氧同位素和定年紀錄，重建了12.4萬至20.6萬年前的亞洲季風變化。此研究結果支持三寶洞在此時間段的亞洲季風研究成果，包含深海氧同位素階層(MIS) 6.3、6.5與7.1的強季風時期，以及MIS 6.2、6.4與7.0的弱季風時期。中國洞穴石筍氧同位素變化的一致性說明過去亞洲季風興衰支配整個中國大陸地區，在天文軌道週期的時間尺度上主要跟隨北半球夏季日照量而改變，並且與全球大氣中氧氣的氧同位素變化有相關性存在。透過中國洞穴石筍氧同位素記錄與太平洋海表溫資料的對比，我們的研究提出亞洲季風的發展可能部分受控於沃克環流的強弱。前人研究顯示在MIS 6時期，中國洞穴石筍氧同位素記錄與黃土磁感率在季風興衰的分析上有所衝突，我們則認為此一現象是中國夏季季風系統與西北界線的遷移所造成。利用高精度的鈾釷定年技術，在95%信賴區間（2-sigma）內，我們所分析的羊口洞的石筍定年誤差可達到僅±450年，可讓我們更加確信在MIS 6-7時期亞洲季風事件的持續時間與確切的發生時間，進一步理解此時期亞洲季風的強弱變化與氣候上的影響因素。Asian monsoon (AM) variation over past 380 kyrs has been reconstructed using stalagmite oxygen isotope records from caves in China, showing that AM intensity primarily follows Northern Hemisphere summer insolation on orbital timescales. However, those 100s-kyr records were built with stalagmites mainly from Sanbao Cave only, which could bring uncertainty in interpreting long-term AM evolution. Oxygen isotope records of stalagmites with high uranium levels of 2-16 ppm, collected from Yangkou Cave were used to reconstruct AM record from 124 to 206 kyr BP. Our results show that the Yangkou stalagmite-inferred AM variation superimposes on Sanbao record, supporting the strong AM intervals at marine isotope stage (MIS) 6.3, 6.5, and 7.1 and weak AM intervals at MIS 6.2, 6.4, and 7.0. This consistency confirms that the AM events are dominant in the entire mainland and primarily follow Northern Hemisphere summer insolation and relate to the atmospheric "δ" (_^"18" )"O" variation on orbital timescales. Combined with Pacific thermal conditions, our study suggests that AM evolution could be partially controlled by the Walker Circulation. The conflict between stalagmite-inferred and loess-inferred Asian monsoon records during MIS 6 might be caused by the migration of Asian summer monsoon boundary. Advantages of high precision absolute U/Th dates with 2-sigma error as low as only ±450 yrs allow us to precisely determine the event durations and timings and to understand the AM variability and climatic forcings during MIS 6-7
The Difference Between Accident Insurance and Health Insurance-Emphasis on the Definition of an Accident, the Judgement of Causation, and the Allocation of Burden of Proof-
No full text本論文主要係欲對傷害保險與健康保險做合理的區分，以意外傷害之認定、因果關係之判斷以及舉證責任之分配作為探討之核心。 第一部份關於意外傷害之認定，本文擬先介紹我國學說及實務關於傷害保險中意外傷害之判斷標準，再提出本文對學說及實務見解之質疑，最後嘗試提出新的判斷標準，並以此標準重新檢視國內外案例。 第二部份關於因果關係之判斷，本文同樣擬先介紹我國實務關於傷害保險因果關係之判斷標準，再提出本文對實務見解之質疑，最後嘗試提出更具體、明確之判斷標準，並以此標準重新檢視國內案例。 於討論完畢關於傷害保險之意外傷害與因果關係之判斷後，本文緊接著於第三部份將討論當案件進入法院後，何造應就意外傷害與因果關係負舉證責任的問題。關於舉證責任之分配，本文同樣擬先介紹我國學說及實務之見解，再提出本文之看法。The main purpose of this thesis is to distinguish the difference between the coverage in accident insurance and health insurance. We emphasize on the definition of an accident, the judgment of causation, and the allocation of burden of proof. In the first section, we will discuss what defines an accident in accident insurance. Initially, we will introduce the opinions of domestic courts and scholars, and point out their possible deficiencies. Ultimately, we will try to advance a new standard to define what is considered an accident in accident insurance, and use this new standard to review the related cases in Taiwan and the U.S. In the second section, we will discuss causation theory in accident insurance. In the beginning, we will introduce the opinions of domestic courts, and point out their possible deficiencies. In the end, we will try to advance a more concrete and clear standard on this issue, and use this new standard to review the related cases in Taiwan. In the last section, we will discuss the burden of proof. Namely, when a case enters into court, we need to determine which party has to prove if the insured’s death or disablement resulted from an accident, and whether or not there was a break in the chain of causation between the accident and the result of death or disablement. Similarly, we will introduce the opinions of domestic courts and scholars, and subsequently provide our opinion about how to determine the allocation of burden of proof.第一章 問題說明 1 第一節 意外傷害事故之認定 1 第二節 因果關係之判斷 1 第三節 舉證責任之配 2二章 意外傷害事故之認定 5 第一節 意外傷害之判斷標準 5 第一項 學說及實務關於意外傷害之判斷準 5 第二項 本文對學說及實務關於意外傷害判斷標準之質疑12 第三項 本文關於意外傷害之判斷標準 20 第二節 案例分析 28 案例一高山症案 28 案例二高山症和心血管疾病案 32 案例三酒醉嘔吐物阻塞呼吸道案 35 案例四嘔吐物阻塞呼吸道案 39 案例五急性酒精中毒案 41 案例六心因性猝死案 43 案例七休克案 47 案例八藥物過敏休克案 47 案例九血液循環加速昏迷案 50 案例十中暑案 52 案例十一傷寒案 57 案例十二吸入細菌案 62 案例十三吃下細菌案 66 案例十四接觸細菌案（一）67 案例十五接觸細菌案（二）69 案例十六牙醫器具不潔感染案 72 案例十七拔牙感染案 75 案例十八割開膿皰感染案 79 案例十九扭傷感染案 83 案例二十狗咬傷感染案 86 案例二十一抓傷感染案 87 案例二十二免疫能力降低感染案 89 第三節 小結 93三章 因果關係之判斷 104 第一節 因果關係之判斷標準 104 第一項 實務關於因果關係之判斷標準 104 第二項 本文對實務關於因果關係之判斷標準的質疑 107 第三項 本文之判斷標準 111 第二節 案例分析 114 案例一酒精中毒跌倒窒息案 114 案例二癲癇溺水案 116 案例三癲癇跌倒案 119 案例四食物哽塞引發敗血性休克案 122 案例五肝昏迷溺水案（一）125 案例六肝昏迷溺水案（二）128 案例七車禍引發消化性潰瘍案130 案例八燙傷感染案 133 案例九車禍受傷引發細菌感染案 137 案例十車禍引發呼吸道阻塞或肺炎案 140 案例十一心臟病發引發車禍致死案 144 第三節 國內保險實務於契約上關於因果關係之特別約定 147 第一項 國內保險實務關於傷害保險因果關係特別約定之條款 147 第二項 本文分析 149 第四節 小結 155四章 舉證責任之分配 160 第一節 意外傷害事故之舉證責任的分配 160 第一項 學說及實務關於意外傷害事故舉證責任之分配標準160 第二項 本文見解 165 第二節 因果關係之舉證責任的分配 170 第一項 學說及實務關於因果關係舉證責任之分配標準170 第二項 本文見解 171 第三節 除外責任之舉證責任的分配 173 第一項 學說及實務關於除外責任舉證責任之分配標準173 第二項 本文見解 181 第四節 小結 186五章 結論 192 第一節 意外傷害事故之認定 192 第二節 因果關係之判斷 202 第三節 舉證責任之分配 206考文獻 21
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
[[alternative]]Leisure Activities Participation of Junior High School Students in Taoyuan City And County
No full text[[abstract]]This study aims to understand what kind of leisure activities junior high school students actually participate in, what kind of activities they want to participate in, and what affects their participating of leisure activities. It also discusses the differences of leisure activities participation under different variants.
The research subjects are 1776 junior high school students registered in the second semester of year 2001 in Taoyuan City and County. To conduct the research, the author designed the survey “Questionnaire on Leisure Activities Participation of Junior High School Students in Taoyuan City And County.” The collected data were analyzed by means of statistical methods, including descriptive statistics, t-test, and one-way ANOVA. It was shown that:
1. Activities in which students actually participate most are entertainment-oriented, extreme-oriented, and popular-oriented ones. Among them the top five activities are watching TV(video, DVD), computer, basketball, video games, and shopping.
2. Activities which students want to participate in most are entertainment-oriented, and extreme-oriented ones. Among them the top five activities are watching TV(video, DVD), computer, video games, basketball, and shopping.
3. Obstacles affecting students’ participating of leisure activities most is personal obstacles. Among them the main factors are not having time or not having proper time, too much study and too much pressure from examination.
4. Sex and grade etc. important variants show obvious difference in students’ participation of leisure activities.
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