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Turbulence Statistics within and above a Pine Forest
No full text本論文研究植被層之紊流結構(turbulent structure)，係採用森林植被層內及上方量測所得之三維風速與溫度數據為基礎，分別計算出各種由風速與溫度所衍生出的統計斷面，包含了縱向風速(longitudinal velocity)、顯熱通量(sensible heat flux)、動量應力(momentum stress)、標準差(standard deviation)、偏態係數(skewness coefficient)、峰度係數(kurtosis coefficient)與相關係數(correlation coefficient)等在各種不同熱穩定度下的平均斷面(the mean profiles for all thermal stabilities)。研究中並以局部的熱通量斷面(local heat flux profile)取代了廣泛應用於大氣近地層(surface layer)的熱穩定度係數(thermal stability coefficient)，作為判斷整個植被層熱穩定度的依據。此外，研究中並採用紊流象限分析(quadrant analysis)、躍動分析(ramps anlaysis)、夏儂熵(Shannon entropy)、自關聯性(autocorrelation)分析及相關聯性(crosscorrelation)分析等用以瞭解紊流之結構特徵。本研究旨在瞭解不同的熱穩定度條件對於植被紊流結構所產生的影響，而研究中所提出的各種統計斷面和分析結果，將有助於發展出更精確的拉格郎君序率推估模式(Lagrangian stochastics models)。
研究中所發現較重要的結論包括：1)植被上下層各具有不同的縱向紊流風速特性；2)研究中所提出的高斯熵不足額(Gaussian entropy deficit，簡稱為GED)能有效運用於辨識高斯紊流分佈，且準確性優於高次統計所預期的分佈結果；3)熱穩定度對於較低次的風速統計影響不明顯，然而對於較高次的風速統計和所有的溫度統計則有較顯著的影響；4)渦旋大小(eddy size)隨熱通量減少而增加。This study investigates the canopy turbulence structure. Three-dimensional velocities and temperature were measured within and just above a pine forest. Vertical profiles of horizontal velocity, sensible heat flux, momentum stress, standard deviation, skewness coefficient, kurtosis coefficient and correlation coefficient are calculated for different thermal stabilitity conditions. In this study, the thermal stability is depends on the local heat flux profile instead of the thermal stability coefficient, usually used in the surface layer. Furthermore, this study analyzes the structure of canopy turbulence by quadrant analysis, ramps analysis, autocorrelation, crosscorrelation, and shannon entropy. The purpose of this study is to understand the structure of the canopy turbulence under different thermal stabilities, and aims at a parameterization framework of turbulent statistics for implementation in the Lagrangian stochastics models.
The most important results include: 1) the turbulence characteristics of longitudinal velocity for the upper canopy and the lower canopy are different; 2) Gaussian entropy deficit is more efficient in identifying the Gaussian turbulence than the higher-order statistics; 3) thermal stability did not play an important role in lower-order velocities statistics but influence obviously on the statistics of the higher-order velocities and all temperature; 4) the eddy size is increased with decreasing the heat flux.中文摘要 I
ABSTRACT II
目錄 III
圖目錄 V
表目錄 IX
第一章、緒論 1
第二章、現場量測 3
2.1基地簡介 3
2.2紊流結構的量測 3
2.3量測資料處理 4
第三章、分析方法與資料處理 9
3.1熱穩定度的分類 9
3.2紊流風速的象限分析 11
3.3兩點間的關聯性分析 12
3.3.1自關聯性分析 12
3.3.2相關聯性分析 13
3.4 熵分析 14
第四章、結果與討論 20
4.1群體平均的統計分析 20
4.1.1日通量與溫度變化 20
4.1.2紊流統計的特性 22
4.1.2.1較低次的風速統計 22
4.1.2.2較高次的風速統計 24
4.1.2.3溫度統計 25
4.2象限與躍動分析 26
4.2.1象限分析 26
4.2.2躍動分析 28
4.3熱穩定度分析 30
4.3.1紊流統計 30
4.3.2紊流的機率密度函數 32
4.3.3詳細的熵分析 33
4.3.4風速統計的回歸 34
4.4時間序列分析 37
4.4.1自關聯性分析 37
4.4.2相關聯性分析 37
第五章、結論 81
5-1總結 81
5-2未來發展建議 83
參考文獻 85
附錄 8
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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