18,934 research outputs found
Chao Yuen Ren (1892–1982)
No full textY. R. Chao is easily the most famous linguist to have come out of China. Born before the end of the last dynasty in China, he received a traditional Confucian education, but was also one of the first Chinese people to be sent to the West for training in modern Western science (under the Boxer Indemnity Fund). The remarkable breadth and scope of his studies included physics, mathematics, linguistics, musical and literary composition, and translation, and he was a pioneer in many of these fields
Revisiting the Silicon Island? The Geographically Varied 'Strategic Coupling' in the Development of High-technology Parks in Taiwan
No full textYang D. Y.-R., Hsu J.-Y. and Ching C.-H. Revisiting the silicon island? The geographically varied 'strategic coupling' in the development of high-technology parks in Taiwan, Regional Studies. High-technology parks have been instrumental for propelling regional development and acclaimed as the panacea for curing regional decline since industrial restructuring after the 1980s in Taiwan. This paper aims to explore the divergent dynamics of different technology park projects in Taiwan as well as their impacts on local development. Inspired by the global production networks (GPNs) perspective, a triangular framework is proposed - the interaction between state intervention, economic competence, and societal forces - to highlight and explain the geographically varied patterns of 'strategic coupling' between the global production networks and local institutional embeddedness that shape the divergent patterns of regional development in Taiwan. [image omitted] Yang D. Y.-R., Hsu J.-Y. et Ching C.-H. L'ile d'industries electroniques vue sous un nouveau jour? La diversite geographique de 'l'accouplement strategique' dans le developpement des technopoles au Taiwan, Regional Studies. Les technopoles ont ete une force motrice quant a l'impulsion donnee a l'amenagement du territoire, acclamees comme la panacee du declin regional depuis la restructuration industrielle apres les annees 1980 au Taiwan. Cet article cherche a examiner la dynamique differente de divers projets de construction de technopoles au Taiwan aussi bien que leurs impacts sur le developpement local. En s'inspirant des reseaux de production mondiaux, on propose un cadre triangulaire - l'interaction entre l'intervention de l'Etat, la competence economique et les forces sociales - afin de souligner et expliquer la diversite geographique de la distribution de 'l'accouplement strategique' entre les reseaux de production mondiaux et l'ancrage insitutionnel local qui influent sur la distribution divergente de l'amenagement du territoire au Taiwan. Reseaux de production mondiaux Accouplement strategique Etat du developpement Communaute technique Amenagement du territoire Yang D. Y.-R., Hsu J.-Y. und Ching C.-H. Eine neue Sicht von Silicon Island? Die geografisch unterschiedliche 'strategische Kopplung' in der Entwicklung von Hochtechnologieparks in Taiwan, Regional Studies. Seit der industriellen Umstrukturierung in Taiwan nach den achtziger Jahren haben Hochtechnologieparks bei der Forderung der Regionalentwicklung eine wesentliche Rolle gespielt und wurden als Allheilmittel zur Abwendung eines regionalen Niedergangs gepriesen. In diesem Beitrag untersuchen wir die divergente Dynamik verschiedener Technologiepark-Projekte in Taiwan sowie ihre Auswirkungen auf die lokale Entwicklung. In Anlehnung an die Perspektive der globalen Produktionsnetze (GPN) schlagen wir zur Darstellung und Erlauterung der geografisch unterschiedlichen Muster einer 'strategischen Kopplung' zwischen den globalen Produktionsnetzen und der lokalen institutionellen Einbettung, die die divergenten Muster der Regionalentwicklung in Taiwan pragen, einen dreieckigen Rahmen vor: das Wechselspiel zwischen staatlicher Intervention, wirtschaftlicher Kompetenz und gesellschaftlichen Kraften. Globale Produktionsnetze Strategische Kopplung Entwicklungsstaat Technische Gemeinschaft Regionalentwicklung Yang D. Y.-R., Hsu J.-Y. y Ching C.-H. �Revision de Silicon Island? Diferencias geograficas de la 'conexion estrategica' en el desarrollo de parques de alta tecnologia en Taiwan, Regional Studies. Desde la reestructuracion industrial tras la decada de los ochenta en Taiwan los parques de alta tecnologia han sido fundamentales para impulsar el desarrollo regional y han sido alabados como la panacea para solucionar el declive regional. El objetivo de este articulo es analizar las dinamicas divergentes de los diferentes proyectos de parques tecnologicos en Taiwan asi como sus efectos en el desarrollo local. Inspirados por la perspectiva de las redes de produccion global, proponemos una estructura triangular -la interaccion entre la intervencion estatal, la competencia economica y las fuerzas sociales- para resaltar y explicar las diferentes variaciones geograficas de 'conexion estrategica' entre las redes de produccion global y la integracion institucional a nivel local que forman los modelos divergentes del desarrollo regional en Taiwan. Redes de produccion global Conexion estrategica Estado desarrollista Comunidad tecnica Desarrollo regionalGlobal production networks, Strategic coupling, Developmental state, Technical community, Regional development,
Wroughtonia pterolophiae Chou et Hsu 1998
No full textWroughtonia pterolophiae Chou et Hsu, 1998 Wroughtonia pterolophiae Chou et Hsu, 1998: 299 -300. Comparative diagnosis. Wroughtonia pterolophiae Chou et Hsu is similar to W. spinator (Lepeletier) and differs by having the second tergite punctate (smooth in W. spinator); apical half of hind femur and hind tibia dark brown (mainly yellowish brown) and the dorsal carinae of first tergite weakly developed and remaining far removed from each other (fig. 77 in Chou et Hsu, 1998; strongly developed, lamelliform basally and converging to each other (fig. 44 in van Achterberg, 1987)). Host. Parasitoid of Pterolophia annulata (Chevrolat) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Distribution. China (Taiwan).Published as part of Yan, Cheng-Jin, Achterberg, Cornelis Van, He, Jun-Hua & Chen, Xue-Xin, 2017, Review of the tribe Helconini Foerster s. s. from China, with the description of 18 new species, pp. 401-457 in Zootaxa 4291 (3) on page 442, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4291.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/82752
C/EBPalpha downregualtes c-jun expression
Full text linkThe transcription factor C/EBPa is crucial for the differentiation of granulocytes. Conditional expression of C/EBPa triggers neutrophilic differentiation and C/EBPa can block TPA induced monocytic differentiation of bipotential myeloid cells. In C/EBPa knockout mice, no mature granulocytes are present. A dramatic increase of c-jun mRNA in C/EBPa knockout mice fetal liver was observed. c-jun, a component of the AP-1 transcription factor complex and a co-activator of the transcription factor PU.1, is important for monocytic differentiation. Here we report that C/EBPa downregulates c-jun expression to drive granulocytic differentiation. Ectopic increase of C/EBPa expression decreases c-jun mRNA level, and the human c-jun promoter activity is downregulated 8 fold in presence of C/EBPa. C/EBPa and c-jun interact through their leucine zipper domains and this interaction prevents c-jun from binding to DNA. This results in downregulation of c-jun’s capacity to autoregulate its own promoter through the proximal AP-1 site. Overexpression of c-jun prevents C/EBPa induced granulocytic differentiation. c-jun expression was higher in AML M2 patients with dominant negative C/EBPa mutations in comparison to AML M2 patients without C/EBPa mutations. Thus, we propose a model in which C/EBPa needs to downregulate c-jun expression and transactivation capacity for promoting granulocytic differentiation.Der Transkriptionsfaktor C/EBPa ist essentiell für die Differenzierung von Granulozyten. Die konditionelle Expression von C/EBPa induziert die neutrophile Differenzierung. Überdies kann C/EBPa die TPA-induzierte Differenzierung von myeloiden Vorläuferzellen zu Monozyten blockieren. In C/EBPa knockout Mäusen gibt es keine reifen Granulozyten. In der fötalen Leber von C/EBPa knockout Mäusen konnte eine stark erhöhte Expression der c-jun mRNA beobachtet werden. c-jun ist eine Komponente des AP-1 Transkriptionsfaktorkomplexes, ein Koaktivator des Transkriptionsfaktors PU.1 und ist wichtig für die Differenzierung von Monozyten. In dieser Arbeit zeigen wir, dass C/EBPa die c-jun Expression herunterreguliert und somit die Differenzierung von Granulozyten induziert. Die Überexpression von C/EBPa reduzierte die c-jun mRNA Menge und die Aktivität des humanen c-jun Promotors war in der Gegenwart von C/EBPa 8-fach herunterreguliert. C/EBPa und c-jun interagieren über ihre Leucin-Zipper Domänen und diese Interaktion verhindert die DNA-Bindung von c-jun. Dies resultiert in einer verminderten Kapazität von c-jun, den eigenen Promotor über die proximale AP-1 Stelle zu regulieren. Die Überexpression von c-jun blockiert die durch C/EBPa induzierte granulozytäre Differenzierung. Die c-jun Expression war in AML-M2 Patienten mit dominant-negativen Mutationen in C/EBPa im Vergleich zu AML-M2 Patienten ohne Mutationen in C/EBPa erhöht. Aufgrund dieser Daten schlagen wir ein Modell vor, in dem C/EBPa die Expression und Transaktivierungskapazität von c-jun herunterregulieren muß, um die granulozytäre Differenzierung zu induzieren
The negative regulatory mechanism of myogneic regulatory factor myf5 promoter activity of Zebrafish
No full textMyf5 是屬於肌肉發育調控因子之一，在肌肉細胞的特化與分化上都扮演著相當重要的角色。而myf5 的活化與抑制則受到嚴謹的調控，因此使得myf5在體節的表現具有時間與位置的特異性。我的研究發現斑馬魚 myf5 的intron I含有一個新的intronic microRNA (miR-In300)，可以抑制myf5啟動子表現的能力，並透過抑制myf5的表現達到調控肌肉的發育。然而，對於miR-In300是透過抑制哪些基因轉譯成蛋白質，而調控myf5在體節的表現。利用LAMP這個我所開發新技術找到一個可能是miR-In300目標基因 Dickkopf-3 (dkk-3)。whole-mount in situ hybridization實驗結果顯示dkk-3在體節的表現和myf5有相似的情形。這也暗示說dkk-3 和myf5在體節的表現有關。利用胚胎發育抑制劑抑制 (morpholino, MO) knock down dkk-3 的表現會造成myf5在體節的表現下降但在presomitic mesoderm的表現則不受影響。而且注射dkk-3 MO胚胎的表型和注射myf5 morphant的結果也很類似。同時，注射dkk-3 MO到myf5綠螢光轉殖魚胚胎可以明顯觀察到在體節部分的綠螢光表現下降。顯示說dkk-3會影響myf5啟動子在體節的活性。從dual-luciferase assay與Western blot的結果，證實miR-In300確實能夠抑制dkk-3的蛋白質表現。因此miR-In300是透過抑制目標基因 dkk-3蛋白質的表現，進而抑制myf5啟動子在體節的活性，形成一個自我負回饋的調控機制。Although a strong, negative cis-regulatory motif located at the first intron +502/+835 (I300) of zebrafish myf5 was reported, the detailed molecular mechanism underlying the negative modulation remains unclear. To understand this repression network, we microinjected zebrafish eggs with RNA corresponding to the sense strand of I300, resulting in the dramatic reduction of luciferase reporter activity driven by the myf5 promoter. Within this I300 segment, we identified an intronic microRNA located at +610/+632 (miR-In300) and observed that it appeared predominately at the mature somites, but weakly at newly formed somites, which were opposed to the expression patterns of zebrafish myf5. By using the novel method we developed, labeled miRNA pull-down assay system (LAMP), we subsequently screened the Dickkopf-3 gene (dkk3) and identified it as the target gene of miR-In300. Inhibition of the dkk3 translation by microinjection of the dkk3-specific antisense oligonucleotide (MO) did result in down-regulation of myf5 transcripts in somites, whereas co-injection of myf5 mRNA with dkk3-MO enabled rescue of the defects induced by microinjection of dkk3-MO alone. In addition, microinjection of the miR-In300-MO enhanced myf5 transcripts in somites and Dkk3 protein level in zebrafish embryos. We concluded that miR-In300 binds to the dkk3, which, in turn, inhibits the translation of the dkk3 mRNA and results in suppressing the promoter activity of zebrafish myf5.目錄 文摘要------------------------------------------------------1文摘要------------------------------------------------------2 文說明------------------------------------------------------3hapter I: microRNA within myf5 intron I represses myf5 romoter activity in Danio rerio------------------------------ 6ntroduction --------------------------------------------------7 esults -----------------------------------------------------8iscussion ----------------------------------------------------- 12eferences-----------------------------------------------------14hapter II: Labeled microRNA pull-down assay system: an experimental approach for high-throughput identification of microRNA-target mRNAs ----------------------------------------18ntroduction ----------------------------------------------------19 esults ----------------------------------------------------------- 21iscussion ------------------------------------------------------25 eferences---------------------------------------------------------31hapter III: An intronic microRNA ( miR-In300) targets dickkopf-3 and represses the gene expression of myogenic regulatory factor myf5 during myogenesis of zebrafish embryos------------------------------ 35ntroduction ---------------------------------------------------- 36esults ---------------------------------------------------------- 38iscussion ----------------------------------------------------44eferences----------------------------------------------------------48aterials and Methods ----------------------------------------------52igures Chapter I -------------------------------------------------------61 Chapter II ------------------------------------------------------69hapter III ------------------------------------------------------82ublications-------------------------------------------------------10
dickkopf-3-related Gene Regulates the Expression of Zebrafish myf5 Gene through Phosphorylated p38a-dependent Smad4 Activity
No full textc-Jun-mediated anti-cancer mechanisms of tylophorine
No full text[[abstract]]Tylophorine, a phenanthroindolizidine alkaloid, is the major medicinal constituent of herb tylophora indica. Tylophorine treatment increased the accumulation of c-Jun protein, a component of activator protein one (AP1), in carcinoma cells. An in vitro kinase assay revealed that the resultant c-Jun phosphorylation was primarily mediated via activated c-Jun NH(2)-terminal protein kinase (JNK). Moreover, flow cytometry indicated that ectopically overexpressed c-Jun in conjunction with tylophorine significantly increased the number of carcinoma cells that were arrested at the G1 phase. The tylophorine-mediated downregulation of cyclin A2 protein levels is known to be involved in the primary G1 arrest. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and reporter assays revealed that tylophorine enhanced the c-Jun downregulation of the cyclin A2 promoter activity upon increased binding of c-Jun to the deregulation AP1 site and decreased binding to the upregulation ATF site in the cyclin A2 promoter, thereby reducing cyclin A2 expression. Further biochemical studies using pharmacological inhibitors and RNA silencing approaches demonstrated that tylophorine-mediated elevation of the c-Jun protein level occurs primarily via two discrete prolonged signaling pathways: 1) the NF-kappaB/PKCdelta_(MKK4)_JNK cascade, which phosphorylates c-Jun and increases its stability by slowing its ubiquitination, and 2) the PI3K_PDK1_PP2A_eEF2 cascade, which sustains eEF2 activity and thus c-Jun protein translation. To the best of our knowledge, this report is the first to demonstrate the involvement of c-Jun in the anti-cancer activity of tylophorine and the release of c-Jun translation from a global translational blockade via the PI3K_PDK1_eEF2 signaling cascade
Tetraclita reni Chan, Hsu & Tsai
No full text<i>Tetraclita reni</i> Chan, Hsu & Tsai nom. nov. <p>Figures 2 A, 2D, 3A–C, 4, 5</p> <p> <i>Tetraclita squamosa rufotincta</i> Utinomi, 1968: 180 (Cape Diego, Madagascar)</p> <p> <i>Tetraclita africana</i> Ren, 1989: 452, 453, fig. 12 (Sainte Luce, Madagascar, type locality)</p> <p> <b>Material examined.</b> Cape Diego, Madagascar (<i>Galathea</i> stn. 223), ZMUC CRU- 9881, <i>Tetraclita squamosa rufotincta</i> (3 specimens), 03-March-1951, det. Utinomi 1967; Connoniers Point, Mauritius, ZMUC CRU- 9882, <i>Tetraclita squamosa rufotincta</i> (2 specimens), 30-April-1929, coll. Th. Mortensen; Ambovombe, Madagascar, MNHN Entrée no. 7, <i>Tetraclita</i> (1 specimen), 1931, coll. D. de M. R. Decary; Sarodrano, Madagascar, MNHN C.l. 664, <i>Tetraclita porosa rufotincta</i> (2 specimens), 1906, coll. F. Geay; Fort Dauphin, Madagascar, MNHN, <i>Tetraclita porosa</i> (1 specimen), 1901, coll. Ferlus.</p> <p> <b>Description.</b> Parietes pink, surfaces of some older specimens with white patches due to erosion. Posterior side of scutum and tergum varying from pink to white. Terga from majority of samples with wide base, rounded spur (Fig. 2 A); mean basi-scutal angle 140 ± 8.6o (n = 6, pooled specimens from Cape Diego, Fort Dauphin and Amobvombe; Fig. 2 A); scutal margin long, lateral depressor muscle crests 6–8. Scutum triangular, large teeth on occludent margin (Fig. 2 A), tergal margin long; adductor muscle scar deep; depressor muscles crests well developed with 6–9 crests; adductor ridge short (Fig. 2 A). Rami of cirrus I unequal (Fig. 3 A, 4A); exopodite (18 segments, Mauritius sample) longer than endopodite (12 segments, Mauritius sample; Fig. 3 A). Cirrus II shortest of cirri, rami approximately equal (exopodite 12 segments, endopodite 11 segments, Mauritius sample, Fig. 3 B). Setae on rami of cirrus I and II serrulate with 3–4 rows of setules (Fig. 4 A, B, D–F); coxa and base of protopod of cirrus I bearing long, thin, serrulate setae with 5 short setules (Fig. 3 A, 4A, F), those of cirrus II bearing plumose setae with long feathery setules (Fig. 3 B, 4B, G); cirrus II additionally bearing flattened, blade-shaped, serrulate setae, each with single row of setules (Fig. 4 H). cirrus III with rami long,slender, somewhat antenniform (Fig. 3 C, 4C); exopodite (15 segments) shorter than endopodite (24 segments; Mauritius sample, Fig. 3 C). Setae on rami of cirrus III similar to those on cirrus II (Fig. 4 C) plus additional dense, serrulate setae (Fig. 4 E), bidentate, serrate setae (Fig. 2 C, 4L), bladeshaped serrulate setae (Fig. 4 H) and large multicuspidate setae (Fig. 2 D, 4I); setules and inter-setule space of multicuspidate setae larger than those of bidentate serrate setae (Fig. 2 C, D, 4I, L). Cirri IV, V and VI similar, all bearing serrulate setae with 1 row of setules (Fig. 4 M, O); simple setae present on segment junctions of cirri IV–VI (Fig. 4 N, O).</p> <p>Labrum notch slightly concave, with 4–5 teeth on each side (Fig. 5 A, B); posterior surface densely clothed in serrulate setae (Fig. 5 C). Mandible with four teeth, lower angle with ~ 10 small setae (Fig. 5 D–F). Maxillule notched, two large setae on upper notch, 16 on lower notch (Fig. 5 I). Mandibulatory palp oval, long serrulate setae distally (Fig. 5 K, L). Maxilla bi-lobed, covered with dense, serrulate setae, notch between the lobes non-setose (Fig. 5 G, H).</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis.</b> <i>Tetraclita reni</i> nom. nov. is characterized by the multicuspidate setae on cirrus III, which are not seen in other species of <i>Tetraclita</i> except <i>T. japonica</i> Pilsbry 1916, a Pacific species (Ren 1989; Chan 2001).</p> <p> <b>Distribution.</b> Northeastern and southern Madagascar and Mauritius.</p> <p> <b>Remarks.</b> Ren (1989) described a new species of <i>Tetraclita</i> from Madagascar with the epithet <i>africana,</i> which was preoccupied by <i>Tetraclita wireni africana</i> (Nilsson-Cantell 1932). <i>Tetraclita wireni</i> was later assigned to <i>Tesseropora</i> (see Newman & Ross 1976). As <i>Tetraclita africana</i> Ren 1989 is a junior homonym of <i>Tetraclita wireni africana</i> Nilsson-Cantell 1932, <i>Tetraclita reni</i> nom. nov. is erected for the species described by Ren (1989). The present study provides new records of <i>T. reni</i> nom. nov. in southern and northeastern Madagascan waters and Mauritius.</p> <p> <b>Etymology.</b> <i>Tetraclita reni</i> nom. nov. is named in honour of Professor Xianqiu Ren, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, in recognition of his discovery of this new species (<i>= T. africana</i>) and for his contributions in the field of Chinese barnacle taxonomy.</p>Published as part of <i>Chan, Benny Kwok Kan, Hsu, Chih-Hsiung & Tsai, Pei-Chen, 2009, Morphology and distribution of the acorn barnacle Tetraclita reni nom. nov. (Crustacea: Cirripedia) in Madagascar and adjacent waters, pp. 57-68 in Zootaxa 2019</i> on pages 59-60, DOI: <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/186037">10.5281/zenodo.186037</a>
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