1,720,956 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Antibody mediated autoimmunity: characterizing the pathomechanism of autoantibodies derived from myasthenia gravis patients and healthy donors
Get PDFBackground and rationale: Myasthenia gravis (MG) represents a prototypic autoimmune disease in which hypermutated, autoreactive B cells produce antibodies against proteins located at the post-synaptic membrane of the neuromuscular junction. Despite decades of prolific research that determined the acetylcholine receptor (AChR) as most prevalent autoantibody target and described several processes that mediate the clinical symptoms, little is known about the fundamental pathomechanisms of AChR-specific autoantibodies and the B cells producing them. We established a method to isolate B cells from the peripheral blood of patients and healthy donors that recognize a specific membrane-antigen, which provided the exceptional opportunity to characterize AChR-specific, monoclonal antibodies and B cells.
Results: We produced six monoclonal MG patient-derived IgG antibodies that bound specifically to the human AChR, of which none exhibited pathogenic properties when tested in vitro and in vivo. However, combinations of autoantibodies with distinct AChR-subunit specificities generated an increased complement activation even if the individual antibodies were incapable of activating complement. Similarly, an antibody combination with synergistic subunit-specificities proved pathogenic when tested in live rats. With a subsequent animal study, which included the pathogenic antibody combination and additionally a C5 complement inhibitor we demonstrated the causal relationship between increased complement activation and myasthenic symptoms. To explain the observation of enhanced activation by antibody combinations we constructed three different hypotheses: the density model, the antigen array model, and the hexamer model. All three competing hypotheses postulated distinct structural patterns for the antigen-antibody interaction. The opposing predictions for complement activation depending on specified antibody characteristics allowed us to experimentally test the three models. We used anti-AChR IgG antibodies with different properties and even included somatically hypermutated, AChR-specific IgM isolated from MG patients and healthy donors. At present, the results of the antibodies tested individually and in combination suggest that the antigen array hypothesis is the most accurate. Further evaluation of the AChR-targeting IgM antibodies revealed that neither the relative binding strength nor the number of hypermutations had a positive impact on complement activation and a class switch to IgG caused a loss of binding capacity.
Conclusion: The antibody repertoire is a determining factor for the pathology in MG, as single, seemingly non-pathogenic antibodies can induce disease symptoms if included in a combination with synergistic AChR-subunit specificities. Even antibodies incapable of complement activation due to an inept IgG subclass can participate in complement-driven pathogenicity by cross-linking receptors and stabilizing an advantageous antigen arrangement. A hexameric arrangement according to the prevalent model might not be necessary nor sufficient to activate the complement cascade, as indicated by IgM antibodies with strong specific binding to the AChR but without the ability to activate the complement system. These hypermutated IgM B cells that lose their binding when switched to IgG do not constitute a pathogenic precursor of the autoimmune disease. Finally, the population of somatically hypermutated, AChR-specific IgM B cells encountered in MG patients and healthy donors alike, probably reflect a regulatory B cell phenotype
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
- …
