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Exame acerca dos fundamentos da indução na lógica de John Stuart Mill: uma reconstrução histórica e filosófica
Get PDFA presente dissertação pretende examinar a fundamentação da lógica indutiva de John Stuart Mill como presente na obra “A System of Logic: Ratiocinative and Inductive”. Neste ensejo, procuramos, no primeiro capítulo, efetuar uma reconstrução histórica para explicitar o problema que motivou o autor a escrever tal obra e enfatizar, de modo radical, o papel da indução. Tal sistema lógico se conecta com o projeto de reformas político-sociais de Mill herdado por seus predecessores, e seu principal alvo é a filosofia moral dita intuicionista, defensores de ideias fundamentais morais livres da experiência. Como a argumentação de seus opositores procura justificar o status quo institucional com paralelos entre a certeza das demonstrações matemáticas e a certeza de verdades morais, esta é a “fortaleza” que Mill deve atacar com suas teses. Mostraremos, nos demais capítulos, que uma tese nova e essencial é a de mostrar que deduções são apenas inferências aparentes, em contraste com inferências reais, pois não adicionam nova informação e servem apenas como registros psicológicos para formar classes de referência. Apenas a indução, como veremos, é uma inferência real, efetuando seus movimentos de caso em caso conforme a natureza dos fenômenos permite. A real fundamentação, assim, é fruto do progresso das ciências naturais, que se guia por métodos específicos enumerados por Mill, e sempre deve ser atualizada pela experiência, abrindo caminho para uma postura falibilista e reformas constantes.This dissertation examines the foundations of John Stuart Mill’s inductive logic as in his work “A System of Logic: Ratiocinative and Inductive”. Our first chapter shall be dedicated to a historical reconstruction of the problem which motivated the author to write said work and emphasize, in a radical way, the role of induction. Such logical system relates to Mill’s project of socio-political reforms inherited by his predecessors, and its main target is the so-called intuitionist moral philosophy, the defenders of fundamental moral ideas, free from experience. As his opposers attempt to justify the status quo of institutions with parallels between the certainty of mathematical demonstrations and moral truths, this is the “stronghold” which Mill must shatter with his theses. We shall show, in the remaining chapters, that a new and essential thesis demotes deductions as merely apparent inferences, in opposition to real ones, for they do not add new information and act only as psychological registers used to form reference classes. Only induction, as we shall see, is a real inference, effecting its movements from case to case in accordance to what is granted by the nature of phenomena. The real foundation, therefore, is attached to the progress of the natural sciences, guided by specific methods enumerated by Mill, and must always be updated by experience, opening the way to a fallibilist stance and constant reform
CONTEXTO HISTÓRICO-FILOSÓFICO DO SISTEMA LÓGICO DE JOHN STUART MILL
Get PDFPouca atenção é dada ao sistema de lógica de John Stuart Mill, que se destaca por seu caráter empirista radical. Nele, a indução e seus métodos são considerados os únicos elementos que nos permitem alcançar conhecimento genuíno. Assim, levanta-se a questão sobre o que motivou o autor a escrever tão radical obra. Neste artigo, queremos demonstrar, ao tecer um recorte histórico-filosófico, como certos pressupostos revelam um vínculo íntimo entre a lógica e o projeto filosófico maior do autor. Iniciaremos com os antecedentes que reanimaram o debate acerca da possibilidade de uma lógica indutiva unificada no século XIX britânico, sobretudo pela ótica de dois movimentos antagônicos: os defensores da lógica aristotélica e os reformadores dos métodos indutivos baconianos. Em seguida, vincularemos tal panorama aos pressupostos de Mill, realçando a influência da ética utilitarista e da psicologia associacionista. Por fim, evidenciaremos como esse vínculo explica a motivação de Mill em escrever uma lógica indutiva radical.
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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