1,721,014 research outputs found
New Research of the Issues Related to Yi Zhuan by Confucius
No full text孔子贊《易》，作《十翼》，自《史》《漢》以來，學者習承其說。下逮北宋，始有疑其說之不足恃者；嗣後紹述，代不乏人。民初疑古學風盛興，疑者益眾；然篤信舊說者亦未滅跡。近年大陸地下考古發掘山土文物，其盛邁逾前代，尤如馬王堆帛本《易》經、傳之面世，於傳世文獻外增加不少可供參考之資料，引起海內外《易》學研究者熱烈討論。然而對於孔門傳《易》此一近千年以來爭訟不休的論題，事實上並未因出土文獻而晶以論定。近年海峽兩岸學者論及此題，即有據新出土文物以堅舊說者；亦有因之而作其他推論以修正新說者。本文即就此一問題，綜合傳世文獻與新出資料重作檢討，提出個人淺見，雖不足以盡釋群疑，然於若干相關問題，庶或可得相當的釐清。Confucius wrote ten articles entitled Yi Zhuan to interpret the Yi Jing. Since it was recoded in the shi Ji and the Han shu, scholars had trusted and pass on this tradition. In Northern sung dynasty, some scholars began to doubt the reliability of this story. Since then some scholars have also doubted the authorship of the Yi Zhuan. In the early years of the Republic, the doubt about the ancient story prevailed, but there were still those who believed in the old story. During the past 20 to 30 years, archaecological studies have succeeded in unearthing ancient cultural objects and documents in Mainland china. Yi Jing in Silk Manuscripts and Yi Zhuan in Silk Manuscripts were discovered in Ma Wang Dui of Hu Nan Province. The added more references to the documents bequeathed in the past and inspired discussions by global scholars who study Yi Jing. In fact, the scholars have not reached an agreement on the issue of the ten articles of Yi Zhuan by Confucius because of the newly found documents. Some sholars supported the old story based on the newly found cultural objects and documents; on the contrary, others verified the doubts based on the same documents. The author of this thesis carefully reviewed the documents and objects and presented this personal interpretation and comments. These assertions are surely of positive value for reference, although they could not explain all the related questions
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
The Concept "Man Can Overcome Nature" in Traditional Chinese Culture
No full text「人定勝天」是中國習用的成語，本文考論其文字形式雖源出於《史記》申包胥語，但其用義內涵則適得其反。文字從典源輾轉變化而趨於定型，大致完成於北宋蘇軾一門師友；而其含義從負面價值反轉為正面使用，則始於南北宋之交，南宋以下，漸成主流。此正面用義較多應用在改變人生命運、防禦天災、醫療疾病，以及軍事練兵等四類事項之中；論其思想精神，實與《逸周書》「人?勝天」為近，其所勝之「天」，皆指覆載生成之偏而言。傳統中國文化淵源於黃河流域的農業大地，其自然地理環境所孕育的人文思想，「天人合一」為其極則。儒家以人合天，《中庸》、荀子皆莫能外，後世「人定勝天」的思想概無異致。民國以來的詞書，未細究成語的形成與轉變，綜攬為單一解說，以偏概全，遂致所列書證，多不允洽。近三、四十年新出詞書，又就新變思想，定義為「人力能夠戰勝自然」，尤與傳統用義的精神相悖。"Man can overcome nature" is a common phrase in Chinese. This paper addresses how although it was first used by Shen Baoxu, as recorded in the Records of the Grand Historian, it later came to take on a meaning exactly opposite of its original usage. The phrase went through many transformations over the ages and was most likely solidified in its present form during Northern Song by Su Shi and his pupils. Its meaning began to change from a negative connotation to that of a positive one between the Northern and Southern Song dynasties. During Southern Song, its positive meaning was more popular, being used in discussion on changing one’s destiny, preventing calamities, overcoming illness, and training military troops.
With regards to its philosophical thought, it is most closely related to the phrase “Nature can be overcome through preparedness and efficiency” found in Yi Zhoushu (The Lost Book of Zhou). The term ‘nature’ here refers to the divergence in the myriad things in heaven and earth. Traditional Chinese culture originates from the farmland along the Yellow River. The geographical environment there gave rise to the overarching principle that “Man is an integral part of nature.” Confucians hold that man adapts himself to nature. The Doctrine of the Mean and Xunzi could not but advocate the same thing. The phrase in question “Man can overcome nature,” which came into existence later, most likely falls in with this tradition.
Dictionaries published after the 1911 have not provided a detailed explanation of the formation and transformation of this idiom; rather, they’ve lumped it all under one definition, thus taking the part for the whole. Many supporting citations listed under the entry were misguided as a result. Dictionaries published in the last 30 to 40 years, in the wake of developments in academic thought, defined the phrase as meaning: “Man’s power can enable him to be victorious over nature.” This is clearly at odds with the traditional meaning and usage
Knowledge Transfer across the Border a Case Study of Learning Experiences of O&M in Taiwan
No full text本文以臺灣奧美廣告?例，探究知識如何跨越具體的地理疆界而傳達至其他地區。本研究主張符碼化知識與默示知識不應全然切割成全球與地方的對立，反而應從具體的經驗事實中去體認兩者互動的過程。因此，從廠商傳達其「所有權優勢」的立場來觀察跨界知識渠道的建立，再從中梳理其所涵納的元素與對應的機制，不失?紀錄知識流動中，地理張力之作用; 也同時彰顯廠商反身性學習的歷程。本文指出建構跨界的知識渠道不同於在地的學習模式，其存在於跨國廠商刻意、系統性的制度配置之中，且所費不貲，其過程更彰顯廠商?一反身性學習之實體的具現。所以，需要區隔的是知識的學習型態因空間所造成的差異，而非知識本質上的二分方式。This article examines the geography of economic knowledge through research of 'Knowledge Transfer' within Ogilvy & Mather in Taiwan, a multinational advertising agency. The paper questions the validity of fixing codified/tacit dimension of knowledge into a global/local dichotomy. Instead, we need to explore the dialectical process by observing the way a firm builds up the 'Knowledge Pipelines' for the advantages of ownership. The paper points out that constructing the 'Knowledge Pipelines' differs from the local learning model because it involves intentioned, systematic institutional arrangements in the multinational firm and costs a lot. However, these processes manifested the firm as a reflexive learning entity. Therefore, in studying the geography of economic knowledge, we should focus on the differences of learning models because of space, but not the differences of knowledge essence
An Investigation into the Exegeses of the Phrase “San Tian Liang Di” in the Commentary on the Book of Changes
No full text《易．說卦》所謂「參天兩地而倚數」，學者皆知其內涵當與筮占之數相關，唯於「參天兩地」之具體含義，則歷來解說不一，又多牽涉《易．繫》「天地之數」及「大衍之數」為義，後學往往莫知所從。本文先就本章章旨論定其內容性質，進而檢討漢宋學者最主要的幾家注解，析論其得失所在。認為漢代馬融、鄭玄之說嫌於簡略不完，致使後人不易掌握，唯推究其義，似非?不可通。韓康伯、孔穎達以下，以至朱熹，不滿前說，皆另發新義，而轉不可恃。本文復揭示漢人另一解讀的可能，即本近人李笠的意見，以為「參天兩地」與「參天貳地」同義，「參」、「兩」非數字，而是相似、副貳之意。本篇綜合先秦兩漢古籍資料，對其訓義進一步加以論證闡明，以求可能適切的義解。It is widely known by scholars studying the Book of Changes that the sentence “San tian liang di er yi shu (The number 3 is assigned to heaven, 2 to earth, and from these come the (other) numbers)” in the chapter “Shuogua (Remarks on the Trigrams)” is closely connected with the numbers of divination. Throughout the history, however, there have been numerous explanations for the concrete idea of “san tian liang di.” Since most explanations involve “tian di zhi shu (the numbers of heaven and earth)” and “da yan zhi shu (the number of the Great Expansion)” mentioned in the chapter “Xicizhuan (Explanation of the Trigrams),” this phrase is difficult for learners of the Book of Changes to understand.
This paper firstly determines the phrase’s meaning based on the main idea of the whole chapter and analyses the most important annotations made by scholars in the Han and Song Dynasties. Ma Rong and Zheng Xuan’s theories are too simplified to make people understand, but they still have some advantages. Later scholars like Han Kang-Bo, Kong Ying-Da and Zhu Xi are unsatisfied with their previous theories, so they create new explanations of their own, which turn out to be too weak to refer to. Li Li believes that “san tian liang di” is actually “can tian er di,” meaning “to tally with the numbers of heaven and earth.” By examining ancient written records in the pre-Qin and Han Dynasties, this paper concludes with the appropriate explanations of “san tian liang di”
A Discussion of the Order of the Hexagrams and Symbols of the Shanghai Museum Chu Bamboo Manuscript of the Book of Changes--A Reflection on Pu Maozuo’s Research on the Chu Bamboo Manuscript of the Book of Changes
No full text二○○三年十二月《戰國楚竹書(三)》發表了迄今可見最早的一部《周易》──「楚竹書《周易》」，學界觸目。其書今存總五十八簡，涉及三十四卦內容，共一千八百零六字，其中合文三、重文八，又二十五個卦畫。〈釋文考釋〉的作者濮茅左對竹簡中留存的符號歸納分析，認為先秦楚竹書《周易》中存在著另一種與今本不同的卦序。此說發表後，便成為竹書《周易》面世以來最重要的發明成果。其後數年間雖陸續有人提出不同的看法，然至二○○六年底，濮氏新發表上下兩大冊《楚竹書〈周易〉研究》，就初說修訂增益，大抵仍維持原來主張；可見此一問題，學界迄今似尚未獲一致定論。本文作者指出濮氏別有卦序之說，必須由「非覆即變」、「陰陽轉化」、「諸簡一體」三項論述相須結合，才有成立的可能。然此三項立論，如落實簡文檢驗，都不無可商之處，故據見存於竹簡的符號而言，尚難推定簡本另有異於今本的卦序存在。With the publication of the Warring States Chu Bamboo Manuscripts, Vol. 3 in December 2003, the earliest known edition of the Book of Changes has captured the attention and imagination of scholars. This manuscript consists of 58 bamboo slips containing parts of 34 hexagrams for a total of 1,806 characters (of which three are combinations of two characters, eight are marks indicating the repetition of the previous character, and 25 are representations of hexagrams). According to an analysis of the symbols used in the bamboo manuscripts by Pu Maozuo, the order of the hexagrams in this version is different from the one seen in the transmitted version of the Book of Changes. This argument is, to date, the most important research to be done based on the bamboo manuscript of the Book of Changes. And while there have been a number of divergent views put forward in the past several years, a review of Pu’s two volume work Research on the Chu Bamboo Manuscript of the Book of Changes published in 2006 shows that he has basically stuck to his original view, albeit with some revision and further elaboration. As such, it would appear that no consensus has been reached by scholars on this question as of the present. In this paper, we will point out that Pu’s assertion that the bamboo manuscript represents an alternative arrangement of the hexagrams depends on three assumptions, namely that hexagrams form pairs either based on a inversion of their order or on an reversal of all six lines of a particular hexagram (非覆即變), the idea that this text represents the incorporation of a theory of yin and yang into the philosophy Book of Changes (陰陽轉化), and that all of these bamboo slips originate from the same version (諸簡一體). However, as we shall show, given the evidence available to us today, each of these three assumptions is not without their problems. Therefore, based on the symbols used on these bamboo slips, we argue that it is impossible to determine whether they represent an ordering of the hexagrams different from the one used in the transmitted version of the Book of Changes
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
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