196,794 research outputs found
Miccolamia Hiremath 2019
No full textKey to the known species of <i>Miccolamia</i> from India <p> 1 Elytra unicolourous, with a few fine carinae on the disk; elytral disk without white bands........ <i>M.</i> (<i>M.</i>) <i>ferruginea</i> <b>sp. nov.</b></p> <p>- Elytra bicolourous, without fine carinae on the disk; elytral disk with a transverse white band.......................... 2</p> <p> 2 Elytra black post-medially; elytral disk with transverse white band at its middle; femora dark brown.............................................................................................. <i>M.</i> (<i>M.</i>) <i>rugosula</i> Holzschuh, 2003</p> <p> - Elytra black beyond basal third; elytral disk with transverse white band at its basal third; femora reddish brown..................................................................................... <i>M.</i> (<i>M.</i>) <i>relucens</i> Holzschuh, 2003</p>Published as part of <i>Hiremath, S. R., 2019, A new species of Miccolamia Bates, 1884 (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) from south India, pp. 141-148 in Zootaxa 4560 (1)</i> on page 147, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4560.1.7, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/2627480">http://zenodo.org/record/2627480</a>
Miccolamia (Miccolamia) ferruginea Hiremath 2019, sp. nov.
No full textMiccolamia (Miccolamia) ferruginea sp. nov. (Figs. 1–4, 5–10, 11–12) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 5C6F3BB5-E5D7-495D-9B62-5C67F68D5B44 Type material: HOLOTYPE: ♂, ‘ India: Kerala / Vellayani / 0 8 o 26’01.0” N, 76 o 59’10.3” E / 20. i. 2017, MV Lamp / SR Hiremath Coll. // HOLOTYPE / Miccolamia ferruginea sp. nov. / des. Hiremath, 2018’ (red label) (UASB). PARATYPES (in addition to white locality label, with a second pink label: “ PARATYPE / Miccolamia ferruginea sp. nov. / des. Hiremath, 2018”): 1 ♂, same data as holotype; 1 ♀, ‘ India: Kerala / Vellayani; 4. iv. 2018 / N 8 o 26’01.0” E 76 o 59’10.3” / SR Hiremath Coll.’; 1 ♀, ‘ India: Kerala / Vellayani / N 0 8 o 26’01.0” E76 o 59’10.3” / 26. v. 2017 @ light / SR Hiremath Coll.’; 1 ♀, ‘ India: Kerala / Vellayani; 17. xi. 2016 / N 0 8 o 26’01.0” E76 o 59’10.3” / SR Hiremath Coll. ’ (NHML). 1 ♂, ‘ India: Kerala / Vellayani / N 0 8 o 25’47.5” E076 o 59’8.3” / 15. ii. 2017 @light / SR Hiremath Coll.’; 1 ♂, ‘ India: Kerala / Tirurangadi / 11 o 02’06.49”N, 75 o 55’38.15”E / 11. vi. 2017 / Shameem Coll.’; 1 ♀, ‘ India: Kerala / Vellayani; 24. vii. 2016 / N 8 o 25’38.8” E76 o 59’22.3” / SR Hiremath Coll.’; 1 ♀, ‘ India: Karnataka / Uttara Kannada: Castle Rock / 569m, 15 o 25.293’N / 0 74 o 19.734’ E / 12–13. xi. 2012, ARV Kumar’ (UASB). 1 ♀, ‘ India: Kerala / CRS, Pampadumpara / N 0 9 o 48’23.7” E077 o 10’04.9” / 8. iii. 2017 @ light / SR Hiremath Coll.’; 1 ♀, ‘ India: Kerala / Vellayani; 5. i. 2017 / N 0 8 o 26’01.0” E76 o 59’10.3” / SR Hiremath Coll.’; 1 ♀, ‘ India: Kerala / Vellayani; 25. xi. 2016 / N 0 8 o 26’01.0” E76 o 59’10.3” / SR Hiremath Coll.’; 1 ♀, ‘ India: Kerala / Vellayani; 4. iv. 2018 / N 0 8 o 26’01.0” E76 o 59’10.3” / SR Hiremath Coll. ’ (NBAIR). Description. Male (n = 4) (Figs. 1–2). Body length measured from vertex to elytral apex 3.65–4.65 mm; humeral width 1.10–1.39 mm. General body color red brown; covered with faint silvery grey recumbent pubescence, sparser on pronotum and thicker on scutellum; eyes, mandibular apex, sometimes apex of antennomeres black; elytra (except base and sutural margin), basal portion of tibiae and abdomen (except proximal two-thirds of first ventrite) dark brown, post-basal callosities on elytral disk much darker and proximal two-thirds of first ventrite reddish brown; antennomeres, elytral base, sutural margin and legs brown yellow. Head intermixed with a few light yellow and dark brown, long, erect setae. Antennae with scape intermixed with few light-yellow erect setae; antennomeres II– XI fringed with light yellow, intermixed with a few dark brown, long, erect setae beneath and intermixed with similar but comparatively shorter setae above. Pronotum shiny, apical and basal margins comparatively darker; disk intermixed with a few remotely distributed light-yellow erect setae. Elytra intermixed with long, light-yellow and dark brown erect setae. Legs intermixed with few erect setae of similar color. Ventral side intermixed with light yellow sub-erect setae. Head coarsely and shallowly punctate, slightly narrower than pronotum; eyes with lower lobes 1.20–1.33 times as long as gena, connected to upper lobes by three rows of ommatidia; vertex with space between antennal tubercles slightly concave. Antennae surpassing elytral apex at antennomere XI, 1.00–1.03 times as long as body; antennomere I, III and IV equal to each other in length; ratio of length of antennomeres: 1.00: 0.27–0.29: 1.00: 1.00: 0.64: 0.64: 0.55– 0.57: 0.45–0.50: 0.45–0.50: 0.45–0.50: 0.45–0.50. Pronotum gibbous, longer than wide, constricted before the basal margin, swollen near the apical margin, 0.74–0.80 times as wide as long (width measured excluding lateral spines), 0.83–0.86 times as long as humeral width; apical and basal margins straight. Elytra elongate, weakly constricted behind humeral prominence, distinctly convex at middle, thence sloping towards the arcuately rounded apex; elytra 0.64–0.67 times as long as body, 2.48–2.68 times as long as pronotum, 2.14–2.22 times as long as humeral width; elytral disk post-basally with a pair of weakly developed callosities, followed by a pair of oblique depressions; area behind oblique depression on each side with a small, indistinct, shallow depressed area, adjacent to sub-lateral margin; each elytron with nearly 6 rows of punctures; row of punctures distinctly separated from each other, fades beyond the apical third; elytral disk with two feebly developed short carinae exterior to post-basal callosity and a sub-lateral carinae, originating just before middle, extends backwards and terminates at apical quarter. Abdomen with last visible segment flat, broadly rounded at apex, 0.19–0.20 times as long as length of abdomen, 1.67–1.75 times as long as preceding segment. Male genitalia (Figs. 5–10). Tegmen about 0.80 mm long, sinuate in lateral view. Basal piece present, light brown, distally truncated, entire surface compactly packed with hexagonal cells. Ringed part converging, geniculated at widest portion, basal apodemes of ringed part united. Lateral lobes separated, widest at base, about 0.25 times as long as total length of tegmen; inner and outer margins parallel to each other; apex rounded; integument in ventral view, randomly distributed with setae bearing punctures, which are strongly concentrated at apex with a mixture of long and medium sized, light brown setae arising from them. Median lobe about 0.94 times as long as tegmen, arcuate in lateral view; basal struts originating from apical quarter; apex of ventral plate weakly projected; pre-apical area randomly distributed with a few punctures. Tergite VIII U-shaped; apex weakly crenulate, moderately fringed with medium sized light brown setae; lateral margins distally with a few similarly coloured setae. Sternite VIII rectangular, light brown in proximal half, covered with a few remotely distributed light brown sub-erect setae in distal half. Spiculum gastrale about 3.15 times as long as spiculum relictum, Y-shaped with arms curved outward; median apodeme of spiculum gastrale slightly bent towards right at its apex in ventral view. Female (n= 9) (Figs. 3–4). Body length 3.46–4.70 mm, humeral width 1.06–1.44 mm. Identical to male in general appearance. Head with lower eye lobes 1.50–1.67 times as long as genae. Antennae 0.97–1.09 times as long as body; ratio of length of antennomeres: 1.00: 0.29–0.33: 1.00: 1.00: 0.71–0.78: 0.64–0.67: 0.64–0.67: 0.56–0.57: 0.56– 0.57: 0.56–0.57: 0.64–0.67. Pronotum 0.83–0.88 times as wide as long, 0.77–0.80 times as long as humeral width. Elytra 0.66–0.68 times as long as body, 2.71–2.88 times as long as pronotal length, 2.17–2.23 times as long as humeral width. Last abdominal ventrite convex with pre-apical declivity, 0.24–0.28 times as long as abdomen, 2.25– 2.33 times as long as previous segment; apex broadly truncate. Female genitalia (Figs. 11–12). Ovipositor about 0.65 mm. Vagina about 1.44 times as long as ovipositor, 1.39 times as long as bursa copulatrix, uniformly cylindrical up to two-thirds of its length, moderately thickened at distal end. Bursa copulatrix clavate, about 1.04 times as long as ovipositor, about 0.72 times as long as vagina. Vaginal plates not discernible. Spermathecal duct distinctly long, tubular, twisted into C-shape at its basal quarter, enters bursa copulatrix at its apical third. Spermatheca with narrowly tubular pump, transversally convoluted at its base; receptacle capitate, distinctly constricted and curved at its middle; spermatheca arise separately along with spermathecal gland at the tip of spermathecal duct. Spermathecal gland elongated, narrow, tubular. Tignum shorter than abdomen. In the specimen examined, tignum measured about 1.25 mm while abdomen measured about 1.66 mm in length. Differential diagnosis. The new species is similar to M. cleroides, but differs from it in the following characters: head and pronotum are red brown in the new species (dark brown to black in M. cleroides); antennae are slightly longer than the body in the new species (antennae as long as the body in M. cleroides); elytra almost unicolourous, entirely dark brown except for small basal portion and sutural margin (elytra bicoloured in M. cleroides); elytron with 6 rows of punctures and a few fine carinae, with weakly developed post-basal callosity, without any white transverse pubescent bands (elytron with 7 rows of punctures and without carinae, with a welldeveloped denticulate post-basal callosity and a white transverse band at the middle and a large white pubescent patch at apical third in M. cleroides). The new species is differentiated from the previously reported Indian species (M. relucens and M. rugosula) based on the key. Etymology. The name ferruginea refers to the general body coloration of the new species; adjective. Habit. The new species is nocturnal. The specimens were collected at light of mercury vapour lamp, LED and actinic blue ‘UV’ bulbs. Seasonal occurrences. The specimens in the present study were collected during January, February, March, April, May, June, July and November, indicating adult activity throughout the year. Distribution. India: Kerala: Vellayani (Trivandrum Dist.), Tirurangadi (Malappuram Dist.), Pampadumpara (Idukki dist.). Karnataka: Castle Rock (Uttara Kannada Dist.). The new species is distributed in coastal and hilly areas. This is the first record of the genus Miccolamia from southern India.Published as part of Hiremath, S. R., 2019, A new species of Miccolamia Bates, 1884 (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) from south India, pp. 141-148 in Zootaxa 4560 (1) on pages 142-143, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4560.1.7, http://zenodo.org/record/262748
Oryctopterus varuna Hiremath & Prathapan 2021, sp. nov.
No full text<i>Oryctopterus varuna</i> sp. nov. <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 9E74ACC6-86D2-4A93-812A-5997835415D3</p> <p>Figs 1–39, 49–52, 70</p> Diagnosis <p> <i>Oryctopterus varuna</i> sp. nov. can be differentiated from <i>Ot. lagenipes</i> (Fig. 48) from Sri Lanka, by the following characters: (1) clypeus weakly narrowed ventrally in <i>Ot. varuna</i> sp. nov., more strongly narrowed ventrally in <i>Ot. lagenipes</i>, (2) first foretarsomere about 1.4 times as long as the rest combined in <i>Ot. varuna</i> sp. nov., 2.4 times as long as the rest combined in <i>Ot. lagenipes</i>, (3) hindwings fully developed in <i>Ot. lagenipes</i> (Fig. 48) (much reduced in <i>Ot. varuna</i> sp. nov.: Figs 1–2, 10–12). <i>Oryctopterus varuna</i> sp. nov. can be differentiated from <i>Ot. yeshwanthi</i> sp. nov. based on the structure of the mandible, pronotum and female genitalia, as mentioned under the latter species.</p> Etymology <p> The new species is named after Varuna, the god of rains in Indian mythology. The name is a noun in apposition. This cricket was observed coming out to open areas such as campus roads following rains, hence the name. In the regional dialect, <i>Ot. varuna</i> sp. nov. is called ‘ <i>Mannunni</i> ’, meaning ‘child of soil’. Also nicknamed ‘ <i>Thanni-Pillai</i> ’, meaning ‘baby of water’, alluding to its emergence following rains.</p> Type material <p> <b>Holotype</b> INDIA • ♂; Kerala, College of Agriculture, Vellayani; 18 Mar. 2021; Kumar A. leg.; “HOLOTYPE; <i>Oryctopterus varuna</i> sp. nov.; des. Hiremath & Prathapan, 2021”; NBAIR.</p> <p> <b>Paratypes</b> INDIA • 1 ♀ *; same collection data as for holotype; 3 Sep. 2019; S.R. Hiremath leg.; NBAIR • 1 ♀; Kerala, Vellayani; 10 Jul. 2007; K.D. Prathapan leg.; NBAIR • 1 <b>♀</b>; same collection data as for preceding; 23 Jul. 2015; Ashwathi leg.; NBAIR • 1 ♀; same collection data as for holotype; 7 Jun. 2018; Mithra Mohan leg.; NBAIR • 3 ♀♀; same collection data as for holotype; Student leg.; NBAIR • 1 ♀; same collection data as for holotype; 20 Aug. 2019; Student leg.; NBAIR • 1 ♀ *; same collection data as for holotype; 8 Sep. 2019; S.R. Hiremath leg.; NBAIR • 1 ♀; same collection data as for holotype; 23 Oct. 2019; S.R. Hiremath leg.; NBAIR • 1 ♀; same collection data as for holotype; 3 Mar. 2020; Amritha Hari leg.; NBAIR • 1 ♀; same collection data as for holotype; 21 Mar. 2020; S.R. Hiremath leg.; NBAIR • 1 ♀; same collection data as for holotype; 10 Jan. 2021; Pradeep D leg.; NBAIR • 1 ♂; same collection data as for holotype; 21 Mar. 2021; Pradeep D leg.; NBAIR • 1 ♀; same collection data as for holotype; 6 Nov. 2019; Gouripriya leg.; UASB • 1 ♀; same collection data as for holotype; 10 Jan. 2020; S.R. Hiremath leg.; UASB. (* Presence of mature eggs confirmed through dissection).</p> <p> <b>Other material</b></p> <p>INDIA • 1 ♂; same collection data as for holotype; 2019; Student collection leg. (lost after the specimen was studied and illustrated: Fig. 10).</p> Description <p> <b>Male</b> (Figs 1–17)</p> <p>COLORATION. General color chestnut brown; abdominal tergites, tegmina darker than head, thorax and sternites. Vertex and frons demarcated by M-shaped dark marking; a U-shaped dark stripe extends vertically over vertex (Figs 5–6), a single vertical stripe arises from each eye and a third pair of vertical stripes arise from the gena. Some of this stripes may be indistinct. Clypeus straw brown in distal half, concolorous with frons in proximal half. Labrum concolorous with frons. Tegmina chestnut brown. Abdominal tergites dark brown.</p> <p>HEAD. Vertex strongly convex. Distance between eyes 1.41 times distance between antennal sockets. M-shaped dark marking demarcating vertex, frons depressed. Frons moderately convex between antennal sockets, gradually turning flat and gently depressed ventrally; without wrinkles, except few beneath eye. Eyes with mesal margin concave near antennal socket, lateral margin strongly rounded. Antenna extends well beyond apex of tegmina. Clypeus more or less as long as labrum, trapezoidal, narrowed ventrally, a little wider than long, with a vertical sulcus originating from middle of anterior margin, indistinct in proximal half. Mandibles exceed length of labrum.</p> <p> THORAX. Pronotum 1.76 times wider than long, anteriorly 0.95 times wider than posteriorly (Fig. 6). Lateral margin evenly curved; anterolateral margin convex, forming somewhat obtuse angle with anterior margin. Posterior margin apparently bisinuate. Pronotal anteapical transverse impression merged with anterolateral depressions on either side. Oblique sulcus originating from postero-lateral corner of pronotum shallow. Tegmina not covering supragenital plate and 1–5 preceding tergites. Costa 3-branched, subcosta (Sc) unbranched, reaches between apical ¼ and apex; RA 3 or 4-branched, RS + M 1 unbranched or 2-branched, 2 MA 1 unbranched or 2-branched (Figs 10–12). Hindwings much shorter than tegmina (Figs 10–12). Prosternite wider than long, converging posteriorly, posterior margin emarginate medially, with two pairs of ventral cervical sclerites; lateral cervical sclerites acutely narrowed distally, oblique; prosternite distally with raised setose portion medially. Metathoracic basisternum with posterior margin emarginate medially.</p> <p>HIND LEGS. Coxa depressed ventrally. Dorsolateral and dorsomesal margins of metatibia with a row of 3–6 sharp denticles.</p> <p>ABDOMEN (Figs 7–9). Supragenital plate triangular with inverted Y-shaped sulcus medially, apex rounded (Figs 1–2, 7). Subgenital plate with convex posterior margin (Figs 14–15). Subgenital plate constricted in distal third, apex rounded; with a pair of long apodemes proximally (Figs 14–15).</p> <p>GENITALIA (Figs 13–14). Genital hooks long, pointed, gently curved, with 6 setae on apex.</p> <p>MEASUREMENTS (mm) (n = 3). Body length: 27.50–37.68, head width: 7.55–7.89, pronotal length: 4.42– 4.73, pronotal width: 8.08–8.30, forefemur: 8.94–9.11, foretibia: 9.88–10.98, foretarsi: I. 3.39–4.31, II. 0.54–1.46, III. 1.39–1.46, IV. 1.08–1.16, midfemur: 7.76–8.11, midtibia: 8.30–9.01, midtarsi: I. 1.85– 3.08, II. 1.08–1.16, III. 1.16–1.39, IV. 1.31–2.31, hindfemur: 13.17–13.35, hindtibia: 13.47–14.81, hindtarsi: I. 2.46–4.54, II. 1.46–1.62, III. 1.54–1.85, IV. 1.54–2.70. Proportionate length of forefemur: foretibia: foretarsi: midfemur: midtibia: midtarsi: hindfemur: hindtibia: hindtarsi as follows: 1.00: 1.09– 1.23: 0.72–0.92: 0.87–0.89: 0.92–0.98: 0.59–0.89: 1.46–1.48: 1.49–1.66: 0.77–1.19. Proportionate length of tarsomeres I–IV: foreleg – 1.00: 0.16–0.34: 0.32–0.41: 0.25–0.34; midleg – 1.00: 0.38–0.58: 0.45–0.66: 0.70–0.75; hindleg – 1.00: 0.36–0.59: 0.39–0.63: 0.59–0.63.</p> <p> <b>Female</b> (Figs 18–39, 49–52)</p> <p>COLORATION. General color chestnut brown; abdomen darker than head and thorax; legs lighter than thorax. Vertex and frons demarcated by M-shaped dark marking; a U-shaped dark stripe extends vertically over vertex (Fig. 21), a single vertical stripe arise from each eye and a third pair of vertical stripes arise from the gena. The stripes may be obliterated in some specimens. Clypeus straw brown, distinctly lighter than frons. Labrum proximally concolorous with clypeus, gradually turning darker towards distal area. Thoracic sternites lighter than tergites.</p> <p>HEAD. Vertex strongly convex. Distance between eyes 1.27–1.40 times distance between antennal sockets. Frons moderately convex between antennal sockets, gradually turning flat to depressed ventrally; minutely wrinkled in ventral half. Eyes with mesal margin concave near antennal socket, lateral margin strongly rounded. Antenna just crosses anteapical sulcus of pronotum. Clypeus a little shorter than labrum, trapezoidal, narrowed ventrally, a little over twice wider than long, with a vertical sulcus originating from middle of anterior margin, depressed on either side of vertical sulcus. Mandibles exceed length of labrum.</p> <p>THORAX. Pronotum 1.67–1.79 times wider than long, anteriorly 1.12–1.26 times wider than posteriorly (Fig. 22). Lateral margin evenly curved; anterolateral margin convex, forming somewhat obtuse angle with anterior margin. Posterior margin concave medially. Pronotal anteapical transverse impression merged with anterolateral depressions on either side. Oblique sulcus originating from postero-lateral corner of pronotum not discernible. Prosternite wider than long, converging posteriorly, posterior margin emarginate medially, with two pairs of ventral cervical sclerites; lateral cervical sclerites acutely narrowed distally, oblique; prosternite distally with raised setose portion medially. Metathoracic basisternum with posterior margin emarginate medially.</p> <p>HIND LEGS. Coxa depressed ventrally. Dorsolateral and dorsomesal margins of metatibia with a row of five small denticles, proximal one or two hardly noticeable.</p> <p>ABDOMEN (Figs 23–28). Supragenital plate almost semicircular (Figs 23, 26, 29–31). Subgenital plate with arcuate posterior margin (Figs 25, 27).</p> <p>GENITALIA (Figs 32–36). Ovipositor with dorsal valve broader and slightly longer than ventral one. Base of ventral valve with two pairs of obliquely placed rod shaped sclerites, inner one shorter than outer. Vagina longer than dorsal valve, conical with lateral sides each bearing an elongate, rectangular, unsclerotized vaginal plate at middle. Spermathecal duct elongate, narrow tube with spindle shaped bulb near middle, entering vagina dorsally at middle. Median oviduct merged with ventral wall of vagina. Spermatheca spherical, with smooth integument. Spermathecal gland tubular, narrower and distinctly longer than spermathecal duct. Spermathecal gland with two spindle shaped bulbs near basal third and slightly elongate, spindle shaped bulb at apex (Fig. 36). Sternite VIII transverse with apical margin broadly rounded and weakly projected at middle, integument concentrated with elongate red-brown setae (Fig. 34).</p> <p>MEASUREMENTS (mm) (n = 4). Body length: 26.02–37.64, head width: 8.62–12.57, pronotal length: 5.13–7.29, pronotal width: 8.57–13.05, forefemur: 7.71–10.13, foretibia: 9.95–13.77, foretarsi: I. 4.42– 6.05, II. 1.01–1.78, III. 0.86–1.49, IV. 0.67–1.01, midfemur: 6.63–9.23, midtibia: 7.44–11.24, midtarsi: I. 2.59–3.60, II. 0.82–1.34, III. 0.96–1.25, IV. 1.63–2.30, hindfemur: 10.23–14.20, hindtibia: 9.53–13.62, hindtarsi: I. 3.17–5.38, II. 1.20–1.68, III. 1.20–1.68, IV. 1.92–2.88. Proportionate length of forefemur: foretibia: foretarsi: midfemur: midtibia: midtarsi: hindfemur: hindtibia: hindtarsi as follows: 1.00: 1.16–1.36: 0.89–1.09: 0.70–0.91: 0.94–1.11: 0.76–0.84: 1.27–1.40: 1.15–1.34: 0.97–1.05. Proportionate length of tarsomeres I–IV: foreleg – 1.00: 0.23–0.29: 0.19–0.25: 0.15–0.17; midleg – 1.00: 0.32–0.39: 0.29–0.37: 0.47–0.68; hindleg – 1.00: 0.27–0.45: 0.27–0.41: 0.43–0.65.</p> Sexual dimorphism <p>Male (27.50–37.68 mm) apparently subequal in length to the female (26.02–37.64 mm), with fully developed wings, female apterous and stouter. Claws of forelegs well developed in male, absent in female. Spines on metatibia well developed and sharp in male, much reduced or hardly discernible in the female.</p> Remarks <p> <i>Oryctopterus varuna</i> sp. nov. and <i>Ot. lagenipes</i> were geographically isolated multiple times in the Quarternary and most recently during the separation of Sri Lanka from south India, around 7500 years ago with the Holocene rises in sea level (Gunatilaka 2000). Poorly developed hind wings indicate that <i>Ot. varuna</i> sp. nov. could be flightless, despite being alate. Wing venation varies considerably, in the branching pattern, shape of veins and cross veins (Figs 10–12). Béthoux (2012) showed that in king crickets, raspy crickets and weta, wing venation vary greatly within species and several species delimited based on wing venation are synonyms. Ross (2012), who studied cockroaches, proved that forewings of a cockroach species vary considerably; even the left and right wings on the same specimen are slightly different. According to Ross (2012), since forewings in cockroaches are not used for active flight, the positions of the veins, which are important for the aerodynamics and flexing of the wings, vary greatly. The intraspecific variation in the wing venation in <i>Oryctopterus</i>, could be the outcome of a flightless, subterranean mode of life.</p> <p> <i>Oryctopterus varuna</i> sp. nov. is only known from the Vellayani campus of the Kerala Agricultural University (8°25′46.3″ N, 76°59′07.8″ E, 39 m elevation). Description of this new species underscores the importance of biodiversity conservation in periurban areas, as reckless development is taking its toll on all life forms in every imaginable habitat, throughout India and elsewhere.</p> Notes on biology <p> <b>Female reproductive system</b></p> <p>Ovaries were paired and each ovary (Fig. 37) consists of more than 10 panoistic ovarioles, each ovariole containing about six eggs (Fig. 38). A total of about 175– 200 eggs were present inside the ovaries of an individual. Mature eggs are lemon-shaped (Fig. 39). Fully developed eggs in the ovary indicate that the dissected as well as the other examined specimens, which are morphologically identical, are probably all adults.</p> <p> <b>Habitat</b></p> <p> Vellayani campus of the Kerala Agricultural University is the sole known habitat of the new species. The total area of the campus is about 2.52 km 2. This is a highly populated residential area and the open lands are under cultivation with various agricultural crops. Chemical fertilizers and pesticides are used to raise the crops. The campus has a network of roads connecting academic and residential buildings and other facilities. The soil type is red loam and the average annual rainfall is 1577 mm.</p> <p> <b>Seasonality</b></p> <p> Most females were seen walking on the open campus roads during or after a downpour, both during day and night. One individual was caught around midday on 8 September 2019, when it was bright and sunny. Emergence of females of <i>Ot. varuna</i> sp. nov. coincides with the south-west monsoon rains during June to September. However, males are extremely rare and two individuals were collected following summer rains during the peak summer of March 2021.</p> <p> <b>Food habits as indicated by the gut contents</b> (Figs 40–47)</p> <p> Examination of the gut contents of three of the specimens revealed the presence of mandibles of mandibulate soldiers (Figs 40–41) and workers (Fig. 42) of the termite <i>Odontotermes</i> sp. (Blattaria, Termitidae); and the body parts, including head (Fig. 43), thorax (Figs 44–45), and abdomen of ants (probably <i>Pheidole</i> sp., Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Interestingly, a piece of the stem of a plant (0.58 mm × 0.43 mm) (Fig. 46) and sand particles (0.24–0.62 mm diameter) (Fig. 47) were also observed inside the gut.</p> <p> <b>Behavior</b></p> <p> The new species is a ‘heel-walker’ (Fig. 49, Supp. file 3). They walk on the distal tip of tibiae with the foretarsi always held raised, while the mid- and hind tarsi are in close proximity to the ground, yet not touching it while walking. However, when not moving, all the tarsi may touch the ground. While walking, the long maxillary palpi are held forward and constantly touch the objects in the foreground in tandem. South African Jerusalem Crickets are known to hop and climb vegetation (Weissman & Bazelet 2013) while some of the New World species exhibit drumming (abdomen striking against the substrate) (Weissman 2001a). However, no such behaviors were observed in <i>O. varuna</i> sp. nov. When a female was held above the ground level on a flat substrate, it rather tumbled down instead of hopping. It also failed to climb up sticks on which it was placed. A male was observed flapping wings and performing short jumps of about 0.3 m.</p> <p> <b>Defense</b></p> <p> <i>Oryctopterus varuna</i> sp. nov. displayed intricate defensive postures when intimidated. Confronted from the front, the cricket sprang into a pouncing posture, raised its forelegs and waved in mid-air, the mandibles opened widely, as if ready to bite (Fig. 50, Supp. file 1). When approached from the anterolateral side, it raised the front leg on that side to defend. However, when the animal was poked on the thorax, in addition to the forelegs, the abdomen also was raised, to startle the attacker (Fig. 51). When an individual is pinned down with the index finger firmly pressed on the thorax, the whole body was flexed and all legs were raised and started kicking to fend off the assailant. They inflicted painful bites when handled. Weissman (2001a) reported that New World Stenopelmatine, when confronted, frequently flip on their back, with mandibles agape, or can rear up.</p> <p> <b>Burrowing</b></p> <p> Burrowing was observed by releasing an adult female into a 23.50 cm high, 21.50 cm wide polypropylene tub filled with loose soil up to <b>⅔</b> the height of the tub. Mainly head and legs are used in burrowing. To begin with, the forelegs were firmly held against the ground to anchor the body, then the head was bent down, moving forward and backward to dig up the soil, with the mandibles acting like a shovel (Fig. 52, Supp. file 2). The dug-up soil was then pushed backwards and sideways with hindlegs and midlegs respectively. In the laboratory, it made a burrow that was vertical initially but turned oblique, then horizontal and nearly parallel to the surface. Observed behavior suggests that the Oryctopinae are subterranean, inhabiting underground burrows.</p>Published as part of <i>Hiremath, S. R. & Prathapan, K. D., 2021, Two new species of the genus Oryctopterus (Orthoptera: Stenopelmatidae: Oryctopinae) from India, with some notes on biology, pp. 108-137 in European Journal of Taxonomy 748 (1)</i> on pages 111-128, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2021.748.1349, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/4745008">http://zenodo.org/record/4745008</a>
Oryctopterus yeshwanthi Hiremath & Prathapan 2021, sp. nov.
No full textOryctopterus yeshwanthi sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 82E702C9-26A7-485A-BC72-097B4B93D8B8 Figs 53–70 Diagnosis Oryctopterus yeshwanthi sp. nov. superficially resembles Ot. varuna sp. nov. However, Oryctopterus yeshwanthi sp. nov. can be easily recognized by the longer mandibles with five visible denticles (in female of Ot. varuna sp. nov., mandibles extend beyond labrum, but are shorter than in Ot. yeshwanthi sp. nov. and no denticles are externally visible); lateral margins of pronotum strongly curved in anterior third and nearly straight posteriorly (in Ot. varuna sp. nov., the lateral margin of pronotum is rather evenly curved), pronotum in Ot. yeshwanthi sp. nov. is posteriorly narrower than in Ot. varuna sp. nov. and the oblique sulcus originating from postero-lateral corners is well developed (pronotum is less strongly narrowed posteriorly in Ot. varuna sp. nov. and the oblique sulcus originating from posterolateral corners of pronotum is hardly discernible); and bean-shaped spermatheca with reticulated integument (spermatheca spherical with smooth integument in Ot. varuna sp. nov.). Moreover, the two species can also be separated based on the structure of the spermathecal duct, gland and sternite VIII. Spermathecal duct with cylindrical bulb post-medially (spermathecal duct with spindle shaped bulb near its middle in Ot. varuna sp. nov.); spermathecal gland shorter than spermathecal duct, with two bulged portions (spermathecal gland distinctly longer than spermathecal duct in Ot. varuna sp. nov.); apical margin of sternite VIII indistinctly emarginated medially with dorsal infolding (apical margin of sternite VIII broadly rounded and weakly projected at its middle in Ot. varuna sp. nov.). Supragenital plate and subgenital plate in the dry, preserved specimen were shrunk and deformed, hence maceration of specimens was required to ascertain the actual structure and shape. Oryctopterus yeshwanthi sp. nov. resembles Ot. lagenipes in having dark stripes on head, which are similar to those in the latter. The sulci on pronotum are also more or less similar in both the species. However, Ot. yeshwanthi sp. nov. can be separated from Ot. lagenipes based on clypeus which is transverse (trapezoidal in Ot. lagenipes), longer mandibles (shorter in Ot. lagenipes), strongly curved lateral margins of pronotum in anterior third (evenly curved in Ot. lagenipes). Etymology This species is named after H.M. Yeshwanth, University of Agricultural Sciences, who collected the single known specimen. Type material Holotype INDIA • ♀; Kerala, Kallar; 12 Nov. 2014; H.M.Yeshwanth leg.; “HOLOTYPE; Oryctopterus yeshwanthi sp. nov.; des. Hiremath & Prathapan, 2019”; UASB. Description Female (Figs 53–69) COLORATION. General color chestnut brown; abdominal tergites darker than head and thorax, abdominal sternites lighter than tergites; legs not distinctly lighter than thorax. Vertex and frons demarcated by M-shaped dark marking; a U-shaped dark stripe, originating from M-shaped mark, extends vertically over vertex; beneath M-shaped mark, a pair of inverted, drop-shaped lighter areas present; a broader stripe originates from dorsomesal margin of eye, extending vertically over vertex. A third pair of dark stripes extend between subgenal suture and occiput on either side of head. Clypeus concolorus with vertex, except anterior margin lighter. Labrum slightly darker than vertex. Thoracic sternites apparently lighter than tergites. HEAD (Fig. 55). Vertex strongly convex. Distance between eyes 1.38 times distance between antennal sockets. Frons moderately convex between antennal sockets, gradually turning flat, then depressed ventrally; minutely transversely wrinkled ventrally. Eyes with mesal margin concave near antennal socket, lateral margin strongly rounded. Clypeus a little shorter than labrum, rectangular, strongly transverse, nearly three times wider than long, with an indistinct vertical carina in middle, surface hardly depressed on either side of carina. Visible part of mandibles about two times longer than labrum, with five denticles visible. THORAX. Pronotum (Fig. 56) 1.64 times wider than long, anteriorly 1.26 times wider than posteriorly. Lateral margin strongly curved near anterior third, then becomes nearly straight posterior to that; anterolateral margin convex, forming somewhat obtuse angle with anterior margin. Posterior margin concave medially. Pronotal anteapical transverse impression merged with anterolateral depressions on either side. Oblique sulcus originating from postero-lateral corner of pronotum well developed. Prosternite wider than long, converge posteriorly, posterior margin emarginate medially, with two pairs of ventral cervical sclerites; lateral cervical sclerites acutely narrowed distally, oblique; prosternite distally with setose, raised portion medially. Metathoracic basisternum with posterior margin emarginate medially. HIND LEGS. Coxa depressed ventrally. Metatibia with dorsolateral margin with three small denticles, dorsomesal margin with a row of four small denticles. ABDOMEN (Figs 57–60). Supragenital plate wider than long, semicircular (Figs 61–62). Subgenital plate transverse, with posterior margin straight in middle (Figs 60, 63). FEMALE GENITALIA (Figs 64–69). Ovipositor with dorsal valve broader and slightly longer than ventral. Base of ventral valve with two pairs of obliquely placed thick sclerites; inner one short, oblong; outer one longer. Vagina longer than dorsal valve in length, semicircular with lateral sides each bearing an elongate, unsclerotized vaginal plate at middle. Spermathecal duct elongate, narrower in proximal half, then distinctly widened beyond middle up to distal third quarter, entering vagina dorsally, at middle. Median oviduct merged with ventral wall of vagina. Spermatheca nearly bean-shaped, surface with depressions, integument reticulated (Fig. 67). Spermathecal gland elongate, shorter than spermathecal duct, bulged near proximal third and distal end. Sternite VIII (Figs 68–69) transverse, in ventral view with apical margin indistinctly emarginate medially, with a dorsal infolding bearing several elongate setae; in dorsal view distal margin emarginate medially. MEASUREMENTS (mm) (n = 1). Body length: 25.15, head width: 9.87, pronotal length: 6.20, pronotal width: 10.18, forefemur: 8.64, foretibia: 11.00, foretarsi: I. 5.04, II. 1.44, III. 1.25, IV. 0.82, midfemur: 7.21, midtibia: 9.08, midtarsi: I. 3.74, II. 1.39, III. 1.20, IV. 1.92, hindfemur: 12.58, hindtibia: 11.83, hindtarsi: I. 4.13, II. 1.44, III. 1.25, IV. 2.50. Proportionate length of fore-femur: foretibia: foretarsi: midfemur: midtibia: midtarsi: hindfemur: hindtibia: hindtarsi as follows: 1.00: 1.27: 0.99: 0.83: 1.05: 0.95: 1.46: 1.37: 1.08. Proportionate length of tarsomeres I–IV: foreleg – 1.00: 0.29: 0.25: 0.16; midleg – 1.00: 0.37: 0.32: 0.51; hindleg– 1.00: 0.35: 0.30: 0.61. Male Unknown. Notes on biology Habitat Kallar, the type locality of the new species, is on the lower reaches of the Agasthyamalai Biosphere Reserve at the southern end of the Western Ghats biodiversity hotspot. Most of Kallar still retains the forest cover and is slated to form part of the newly proposed Ponmudi Wildlife Sanctuary. Behavior The single specimen was picked up on a bright sunny day (H.M. Yeshwanth pers. com., 18 September 2019).Published as part of Hiremath, S. R. & Prathapan, K. D., 2021, Two new species of the genus Oryctopterus (Orthoptera: Stenopelmatidae: Oryctopinae) from India, with some notes on biology, pp. 108-137 in European Journal of Taxonomy 748 (1) on pages 128-134, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2021.748.1349, http://zenodo.org/record/474500
Longipalpus palodensis Hiremath 2020, sp. nov.
No full textLongipalpus palodensis sp. nov. (Figs. 1–14) Type material: Holotype: ♂, with labels as follows: “(1) India: Kerala / JNTBGRI, Palode / 8 o 45’10.1”N; 77 o 1’30.8”E / 17. iv. 2018 / SR Hiremath Coll. / Ex. Mesua ferrea (2) Holotype / Longipalpus palodensis sp. nov. / des. Hiremath, 2019 (red label).” Description. Male (n=1) (Figs. 1–3). Body length measured from vertex to elytral apex 6.53 mm; humeral width 1.44 mm. General body colour yellow; body faintly covered with golden-yellow, fine, recumbent pubescence, comparatively denser on ventral side than dorsum; pubescence on lateral sides of pronotum, elytra, femora, and ventral side shimmers with silvery appearance due to incidence of light. Head (Fig. 4) with vertex, frons, gena and postclypeus reddish brown; anteclypeus and labrum yellow; anteclypeus ornamented with a pair of obliquely angulate black spots on its central area; labrum basally with a few medium to elongate sub-erect golden-yellow setae, apex densely fringed with medium sized setae of similar colour; labial and maxillary palpi yellow in general; mandibles with basal half red brown and apical half dark brown, lateral margins in apical half along with mandibular apex black; basal half of mandibles covered with sub-erect to slightly curved golden-yellow setae. Head slightly inclined, vertex sloping with weak reticulations towards anterior margin of pronotum; frons weakly convex, medially impressed with fine median carina running from postclypeus to area between antennal tubercles; antennal tubercles weakly angulate, widely separated at their base, area between them broadly concave; eyes coarsely faceted, distinctly emarginated; upper lobes narrow, connected to lower lobes by 5 rows of ommatidia; lower lobes distinctly convex, nearly circular, distinctly longer than genae; genae convex with their apex weakly rounded. Antennae surpass elytral apex at base of antennomere VIII, 1.48 times as long as body. Scape narrowed towards base, distinctly bulged at its apical third thence slightly narrowed towards apex; distinctly red brown with its inner apical area fringed with four sub-erect golden-yellow setae. Basal half of pedicel reddish brown, apical half pale yellow, inner apical area bears single sub-erect golden-yellow seta. Antennomeres III–XI distinctly yellowbrown with apex of III–VII tinged red brown; underside of antennomeres III–V fringed with a few golden-yellow sub-erect setae; apex of antennomeres III–VI on inner side bears single golden seta each; length of inner apical setae slightly longer on antennomeres III and IV; antennomere III shorter than scape, slightly longer than IV; antennomeres III–VII slightly nodose at apex, dorsal surface of each, impressed with a weak longitudinal canal running from base to beginning of nodosity at apex; last antennomere rounded at its apex. Ratio of length of antennomeres: 1.00: 0.19: 0.81: 0.71: 1.24: 1.33: 1.33: 1.00: 0.76: 0.57: 0.67. Prothorax longer than wide, broader at its anterior margin and narrowed towards its basal margin, 0.74 times as wide as long, with constriction at apical as well as at basal area; length sub-equal to humeral width; sides weakly rounded in middle. Pronotum mostly red brown; apical and basal margins brownish; sides with slightly oblique, dark brown maculae from base to apex; apical margin densely fringed beneath with short golden-yellow setae; disk impressed with two broad, transverse depressions: one present ante-apically, another ante-basally; apical margin transversely straight, basal margin feebly concave in middle. Scutellum oblong with rounded apex. Elytra elongate, straight up to middle, distinctly widened at apical third, arcuately narrowed towards apex; apex rounded; elytra 0.64 times as long as body, 2.81 times as long as pronotum, 2.90 times as long as humeral width; elytra with pre-medial disk distinctly covered with randomly and densely distributed coarse punctures; punctures on post-medial disk indistinct, finer, random, sparsely distributed up to apex; elytra yellow in general; basal half tinged red brown; elytral disk ornamented with two oblique maculae and a sub-sutural spot arranged as follows: first oblique macula situated premedially, begins at base on inner side of humeral prominence, weakly curved on basal third, continue obliquely as a short macula terminating along sutural margin at its middle, proximal end distinctly thickened, middle area slightly narrowed; second oblique macula short, situated just behind middle, irregular, sub-triangular, proximally reaching sutural margin to merge with distal end of first macula, distally terminates near lateral margin; first and second maculae when viewed together on elytra dorsally, give appearance of ‘X’ mark with its anterior arms weakly curved and thickened towards apex while posterior arms short and distinctly dilated at their distal ends; sub-sutural spot present at apical fourth, hemispherical on each elytron and together it gives appearance of a large, dark brown circular spot; elytral disk adorned uniformly with fine golden-yellow faint pubescence; elytral disk at its apical fourth bears a few serially arranged sub-erect golden yellow setae arising from respective punctures at sutural, sub-lateral and pre-apical margins, together disposed broadly in a ‘U’ shaped manner. Legs yellow, except brownish bulged portion of hind femora and claws; inner margin of hind tibiae distinctly fringed with short, sub-erect golden-yellow setae, starting from basal third and reaching tibial apex. Sternites with prosternum red brown except prosternal process and margins of coxal cavities, which are comparatively darker; prosternal disk uniformly adpressed with fine golden-yellow pubescence, except small ante-apical transverse area. Meso- and metasternum red brown, covered with similar pubescence as on prosternum, margins of coxal cavities and borders of metepisternum dark brown. Abdomen with ventrites I–III red brown; ventrites IV–V yellow. All ventrites uniformly covered with adpressed golden-yellow pubescence interspersed with a few sub-erect setae of similar colour. Ventrite I longer than next two segments united; ventrite V, 0.12 times as long as total length of abdomen, and as long as preceding segment; apex straight. Male genitalia (Figs. 6–11). Tegmen (9–11) 0.83 mm long, distinctly curved at apical third, weakly sinuate at middle portion in lateral view. Basal piece present, light brown, distally curved. Ringed part converging, constricted at widest portion; manubrium obliquely straight in ventral view, deflexed towards dorsum at its base in lateral view, connected to each other near base, by a short, transverse, dorso-ventrally flattened membrane. Lateral lobes (Fig. 11) united, broadly conical, 0.33 times as long as total length of tegmen, basal margin flanked by concavely arcuate apodeme. Median lobe (Fig. 7–8) 0.61 times as long as tegmen, weakly arcuate in lateral view; ventral plate with a longitudinal ridge medially; apex of ventral plate distinctly acuminate. Tergite VIII (Fig. 6) U-shaped with its apex distinctly emarginate; integument of apical margin strongly fringed with elongate light-brown setae, except in middle. Sternite VIII transversely rectangular, with its apical margin notched in middle; integument of apical margin moderately fringed with medium to elongate light-brown setae. Spiculum gastrale 3.15 times as long as spiculum relictum, Y-shaped with its arms distinctly longer than median arm; median arm as long as spiculum relictum. Endophallic sclerites (Figs. 12–14). Central sclerites with basal two-third thick, weakly curved, proximal end surmounted with obliquely explanate sclerotic plate; begining of apical third with outwardly projecting angulate tooth on outer margin; apical third distinctly curved, narrow rod. Apical sclerite sub-quadrate, moderately thick, curved plate-shaped in lateral view; basal margin weakly projected at its middle; apical margin with dorsal and ventral projecting sclerotic armatures: ventral armatures paired, distinctly thick rods; dorsal armature distinctly elongate, whip-shaped sclerite, with distinctly thick proximal portion, originating from base of ventral armatures. Differential diagnosis. Longipalpus palodensis sp. nov. agrees with the diagnostic characters of the genus: maxillary palpi long and broadest at apex; third antennal segment longer than fourth, much shorter than fifth; prothorax long, narrower at base than at apex, lateral sides slightly swollen in the middle; elytra slightly dilated behind middle, apex rounded; femora pedunculate-clavate (Montrouzier 1861; Gressitt 1956); and the male genitalia with lateral lobes united, without terminal setae (Niisato 2013). The combination of the following characters distinguish the new species from the congeners: head, scape, and pronotum red brown; elytra yellow, red brown on the basal half, disk ornamented with X-shaped dark brown maculation, reaching up to two third of its length and with a sub-sutural, circular maculation of similar colour on the apical fourth; pre-medial elytral disk densely and coarsely punctate; post-medial disk sparsely covered with fine, indistinct punctures; bulged portion of hind femora dark brown. Etymology. The name refers to the type locality of the species, Palode, which is surrounded by the Palode reserve forest, and is a small village on the foot hills of Western Ghats. Life history. The new species is diurnal. The specimen was collected by sweeping on flowers of Mesua ferrea L (Calophyllaceae). Adult is floricolous showing pollinophagy. Examination of the alimentary canal revealed the presence of pollen grains of M. ferrea in the gut (Fig. 5).Published as part of Hiremath, S. R., 2020, First report of the genus Longipalpus Montrouzier, 1861 (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Cerambycinae) from India with the description of a new species, pp. 453-460 in Zootaxa 4728 (4) on pages 454-459, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4728.4.3, http://zenodo.org/record/362660
Glenea pseudoalbosignatipennis Hiremath & Lin 2021, sp. nov.
No full text<i>Glenea pseudoalbosignatipennis</i> sp. nov. <p>(Figures 26–33, 43)</p> <p> <i>Type material</i></p> <p> HOLOTYPE: ♀, with labels as follows: (1) India, Karnataka, Shimoga Dist., Agumbe Ghat, 2000 ft., V.2001 (CCH). (2) HOLOTYPE/ <i>Glenea pseudoalbosignatipennis</i> sp. nov. /des. Hiremath & Lin, 2020 (red label). Paratypes (4 specimens, with a white locality label as given below, besides a second pink label: ‘ PARATYPE / <i>Glenea pseudoalbosignatipennis</i> sp. nov. /des. Hiremath & Lin, 2020’): 3♂, India: Kerala: Kozhikode/ Chappanthottam: Melukavu Panchayat / 11.70055556 N, 75.81833333 E / 09. December 2018/S. R. Hiremath Coll./Ex. <i>Syzygium jambos</i>; 1♂, with label as follows: India: Karnataka / Kudremukha Peak / 13.13361111 N, 75.28416667 E / 13. May 2011, 1195 m/K.D. Prathapan & K. Shameem Coll. <b>Note</b>: the paratypes were lost in a fire accident between acceptance and publication of this manuscript. However, all specimens were thoroughly studied, and relevant measurements and all necessary illustrations including that of the male genitalia are provided.</p> <p> <i>Description</i></p> <p>Male (n = 4) (Figure 26 (a–d)). Body length measured from vertex to elytral apex 10.74–11.52 mm; humeral width 3.66–3.96 mm.</p> <p>General body colour brick reddish brown, head and pronotum darker than elytra, faintly covered with fine, minute, recumbent, yellowish grey hairs, denser on elytra, legs and ventral side of body.</p> <p> <b>Head</b> with frons, vertex, postclypeus, labrum, base of mandibles brick reddish brown; anteclypeus yellowish brown with marginal angles ornamented with yellow spot; eyes, apical half of mandibles black; labial and maxillary palpi yellowish brown. Frons with lateral sides ornamented with thickly haired, creamy yellow, longitudinal band at base of antennal tubercles, continued between upper eye lobes, traversing vertex as slightly narrowed longitudinal bands; frons between lateral bands moderately adpressed with creamy yellow hairs. Posterior sides of eye lobes ornamented with narrow bands of similar hairs, which continue onto genae as wide, pubescent banding, anteriorly merging with lateral bands of frons on their inner side. Base of anteclypeus ornamented with creamy yellow, transverse, thickly haired band, interspersed on lateral sides with three pairs of elongate, suberect, dark brown setae arising from respective punctures. Labrum adorned on lateral sides with two pairs of punctures, each giving rise to paired, conjoint, elongate, suberect, dark brown setae (however, in one specimen these setae are asymmetrical with right side bearing one extra seta arising separately on outer side). Inner margins of eye lobes, frons, vertex and genae interspersed with randomly distributed, dark brown, suberect setae arising from respective punctures. Head slightly narrower than pronotum, moderately covered with deep punctures; frons weakly convex in lateral view, medially impressed with fine, dark brown sulcus, running from postclypeus to vertex; antennal tubercles weakly produced, divergent, widely separated at base, area between antennal tubercles flat, anteriorly inclined; eyes finely faceted, distinctly emarginated; upper eye lobes connected to lower eye lobes by 6–7 rows of ommatidia; lower eye lobes oval, 2.13–2.38 times as long as genae.</p> <p> <b>Antennae</b> surpass elytral apex at base of antennomere IX, 1.32–1.34 times as long as body. Antennomeres I–IX reddish brown, antennomeres I–III shiny, antennomeres IV–IX matt in appearance, antennomeres X and XI dark brown, matt in appearance. Antennomeres I–VI fringed beneath with elongate, dark brown, suberect setae, shorter on antennomeres V and VI. Base of scape towards outer side on dorsum, ventro-apical side of antennomeres VII and VIII bearing a single, dark brown, elongate, suberect seta. Integument of antenna covered with fine, yellowish grey, recumbent, faint hairs on scape, pedicel, base and ventral side of antennomeres III; remaining antennomeres adorned with dark brown recumbent setae, interspersed with a few randomly distributed minute, yellowish grey suberect setae. Scape cylindrical, weakly and gradually narrowed towards base; base of scape emarginated on inner side. Antennomere XI gradually and weakly thickened towards obtusely pointed apex. Ratio of lengths of antennomeres: 1.00: 0.22–- 0.24: 1.24–1.26: 1.00: 1.04: 1.04: 1.04: 0.91–0.92: 0.91–0.92: 0.80–0.83: 1.04.</p> <p> <b>Prothorax</b> dark brown, interspersed with randomly distributed red brown to dark brown suberect setae. Pronotal disc medially ornamented with a distinctly narrow, creamy yellow (creamy white in preserved specimens), longitudinal band, interrupted postmedially and reappears as oval, haired spot near basal margin; sublateral and lower lateral sides ornamented on each side with a broad, thickly haired, creamy yellow (creamy white in preserved specimens) longitudinal band, inner margins obliquely bisinuate, outer margins nearly straight; central area of these bands ornamented on each side with a pre-medial, irregularly oval, dark brown spot, remaining area interspersed with six dark brown, remotely and randomly distributed, elongate, suberect setae arising from dark-spotted base. Pronotum 1.13–1.26 times wider than long, 0.56–- 0.60 times as long as humeral width, apical margin slightly broader than basal margin; lateral sides slightly swollen at middle and weakly constricted just behind middle; pronotal disc densely covered with coarse, deep punctures; centro-notal area distinctly convex, postmedially continued as a short ridge, longitudinally impressed with a fine, dark brown sulcus; apical margin transversely straight, basal margin distinctly convex at middle.</p> <p> <b>Scutellum</b> short, tongue-shaped, apical half thickly covered with creamy white, adpressed hairs; rounded apically.</p> <p> <b>Elytra</b> reddish brown in general, postmedial disc darker than premedial disc, basal third interspersed with several dark brown, elongate, suberect setae; sparsely fringed with a few similar setae at apex. Elytral disc on each side, ornamented with one epipleural, three premedial, one medial and one postmedial, thickly haired spots; elytral epipleura ornamented with a small, creamy white, oval spot at base; premedian spots creamy white, disposed broadly in triangular fashion: first spot circular, situated at basal third, second spot smaller than previous, circular, obliquely placed, just behind basal third in close proximity to sub-lateral carina, third spot oblong, largest of premedial spots, placed behind basal third along sutural margin, and close to middle; medial spot largest, creamy yellow (creamy white in preserved specimen), irregularly oval, situated between sutural and sub-lateral margins, apical margin of this spot convex at middle, basal margin distinctly notched at middle; postmedian spot circular, creamy white, situated at apical fourth, subequal to premedian, sutural spot. Elytra elongate, about 0.68–0.69 times as long as body, 3.33–3.59 times as long as pronotum, 2.00–2.02 times as long as humeral width, wider at base, gradually narrowed towards apex; apex generally emarginated (Figures 26 (a) and 43(a)) (slightly truncate in one specimen), sutural angle dentate, marginal angle stretched into acute spine. Humeral prominence distinctly and angularly produced (Figure 43 (b)). Elytra with premedial disc covered with coarse punctures, punctures on postmedial disc gradually turning finer and sparsely distributed. Elytral disc impressed with two longitudinal rows of coarse punctures, gradually becoming finer towards apex between sublateral and lateral margin. Sublateral margin impressed with two longitudinal carinae: one begins at base of humeral prominence, other begins just below humeral prominence; carinae parallel to each other before merging with one another at apical fourth, continued as short carina, terminating along acute spine at marginal angle of elytral apex. Elytra in lateral view, weakly convex at base and apical fourth, flat at middle, slightly sloped pre-apically.</p> <p> <b>Legs</b> yellowish brown, except reddish brown tarsal claws. Outer and inner margins of fore-tibiae sparsely fringed with a few yellowish brown, suberect setae. Inner margins of mid and hind tibiae fringed with medium sized, suberect setae same colour as previous. Tarsi interspersed with a few dark brown, recumbent setae at their apex. Tarsal claws divaricate.</p> <p> <b>Sternites</b> with pro-, meso- and metasternum reddish brown. Mesepisternum ornamented on each side with a medium sized, creamy white, oval spot. Lateral sides of metasternum ornamented on each side with a large, wide, creamy yellow (creamy white in preserved specimens) haired band; sternal space between lateral bands broadly triangular, densely adpressed with golden yellow hairs; posterior margin of metasternum, on either side of discrimen, ornamented with small, transverse oval, creamy white spots. Metepisternum on anterior half ornamented with a creamy white, oval, haired spot, smaller than that on mesepisternum; posterior half ornamented with a longitudinal haired band, wider anteriorly and narrowed posteriorly. Outer face of metacoxa with a transverse, creamy white haired band.</p> <p> <b>Abdomen</b> with ventrites reddish brown. Ventrites I–IV ornamented on each side with a pair of haired bands side by side; inner band on ventrite I transverse, largest among all remaining bands; bands on ventrite IV sometimes fused with each other. Sternite VII ornamented on each side with two haired spots, obliquely placed one behind the other, posterior spot larger than anterior; Sternite VII convex pre-apically, 0.25 times as long as total length of abdomen, and 1.67–1.71 times as long as preceding segment; apical margin distinctly notched at middle.</p> <p> <b>Male genitalia</b> (Figures 27–29). Tergite VIII (Figure 27) U-shaped, with its apical margin broadly obtusely angulate; lateral sides fringed with a few small- to medium-sized, red brown setae at middle, fringed with elongate, red brown, curved setae up to apical margin; apical margin at its middle densely fringed with medium sized, light brown setae; median disc randomly covered with small, red brown, recumbent setae, arising from oval to irregularly raised structures, interspersed with circular bodies. Sternite VIII boat shaped, red-brown; basal margin ornamented on either side of middle with transversely arranged minute, light coloured spinules, sometimes interspersed with a few suberect setae, lateral sides covered with a few suberect setae; apical margin on either side of middle covered with several irregularly dispersed elongate, red brown, suberect setae, interspersed with several minute spinules in a small patch. Spiculum gastrale Y-shaped, 1.81 times as long as spiculum relictum; median arm shorter than lateral arms, separated up to preapical area, abridged medio-longitudinally by flat membrane; apex curved leftward. Spiculum relictum straight or sometimes curved near its middle. Tegmen (Figure 28 (a–c)) 2.65 mm long; in lateral view (Figure 28 (c)), distinctly concave near middle and straight on either side. Basal piece present, distal margin curved, postmedial disc impressed with a transversely curved ridge; entire surface covered with minute, angulate spinules, denser premedially. Roof present. Ringed part converging, constricted near widest portion; manubrium broadly V-shaped with arms distinctly sinuate, basal end surmounted by a short dorso-ventrally flattened areolated membrane (Figure 28 (a)). Lateral lobes (Figure 28 (b)) elongate, cylindrical, 0.33 times as long as tegmen; basal margin obliquely straight; inner and outer margins straight up to apex, apex obliquely rounded; base of inner margins slightly produced behind as thick, curved, widened rod; integument light coloured at apex, lateral margins bearing a few, small, suberect setae, impressed with two elongate setae near apical fourth, apex interspersed with a few randomly distributed, distinctly elongate setae; disc of lateral lobes randomly covered with several medium sized setae except basal margin; basal margin impressed with similar setae arranged transversely. Median lobe (Figure 29 (a–b)) subequal to tegmen, curved in lateral view (Figure 29 (a)); basal struts begin near pre-apical area; ventral plate (Figure 29 (b)) with apical margins appears grooved, preapical area on either side of middle randomly covered with a few minute punctures.</p> <p> <b>Endophallus</b> (Figures 30–32) excluding APH 2.29 times as long as median lobe. BPH 0.57 times as long as median lobe, cylindrical at apical three-fourths, basal fourth distinctly spherical; membrane transversely plicate, densely covered with semi-circular spicules. MPH with MT distinctly short, 0.21 times as long as median lobe, 0.39 times as long as CT; ventral membrane with anterior and posterior half bulged, middle portion depressed; anterior half of ventral membrane transversely plicate, covered with circular spicules. MT bears two pairs of sclerotic plates (Figure 31 (a–c)): anterior pair present adpressed to dorsal membrane at its middle, broadly rectangular, widest at middle, proximal end slightly narrowed; posterior pair placed post-medially, suspended towards ventral membrane, irregular, conical with surface wavy. CT distinctly elongate, subequal to BPH, uniformly cylindrical, with distal end bearing a weakly developed medio-dorsal swelling on ventral membrane; membrane of CT at basal third covered with minute, angulate spicules, remaining surface up to pre-apical area randomly and densely covered with minute circular spicules, lateral sides remotely interspersed with larger, hollow, circular spicules, ventral side with a medio-longitudinal patch of densely distributed angulate spicules; apical area on dorsal side covered with medium-sized, angulate spicules, along with a few larger, hollow, circular spicules on lateral side. PB vessel-shaped, 0.41 times as long as median lobe, with anterior half cylindrical, posterior half distinctly spherical; cylindrical portion with anterior third weakly reticulate, randomly covered with large, hollow, circular spicules, densely and compactly covered with setae like adpressed spicules, becoming fine and short towards bulged portion, lateral side interspersed with a few large, hollow, circular spicules; bulged portion densely and uniformly covered with minute, irregular to semi-circular spicules. RS (Figure 32 (a–b)) as long as CT, 0.55 times as long as median lobe, curved and indistinctly twisted in lateral view, composed of three rods – two lateral and one median; lateral rods abridged at pre-apical area, proximal ends weakly spatulate with transversely corrugated integument, distal ends obtusely pointed; median rod distinctly narrow, with apex giving rise to ED. ED single.</p> <p> <b>Female</b> (n = 1) (Figure 26 (e)). Body length 15.10 mm, humeral width 5.20 mm. Similar to male in general appearance with the following differences: antennae shorter compared with males; pronotum with inner margins of sublateral bands distinctly bisinuate in apical half, obliquely straight in basal half; elytra with first spot largest among premedial spots disposed in triangular fashion; third spot circular to oval, subsutural in position, slightly subequal to second spot; sternite VII medially impressed with a dark brown longitudinal sulcus.</p> <p> <i>Remarks</i></p> <p>RS closely embedded in APH, concealed inside PB of endophallus (Figure 30). Attempts to inflate the APH were futile and resulted in tearing off the endophallus at PB. Hence, APH was not examined. The female description is based on the measurements and image provided by Carolus Holzschuh, which was photographed by Bruno Brudermann (Austria).</p> <p> <i>Differential diagnosis</i></p> <p> The new species is similar to <i>G. albosignatipennis</i> Breuning, 1950 and <i>G. signaticollis</i> Gahan, 1889. However, it differs from <i>G. albosignatipennis</i> by the following characters: general body colour brick reddish brown (vs reddish brown in <i>G. albosignatipennis</i>); lower eye lobes of male 2.13–2.38 times as long as genae (vs lower eye lobes of male 5 times as long as genae in <i>G. albosignatipennis</i>); pronotum wider than long (vs pronotum as long as wide in <i>G. albosignatipennis</i>); scutellum tongue-shaped (vs scutellum pentagonal in <i>G. albosignatipennis</i>); humeral prominence (Figure 43 (b)) comparatively distinctly protruding (vs humeral prominence (Figure 44 (b)) comparatively less protruding in <i>G. albosignatipennis</i>); lateral and median bands on pronotum not united ante-basally (vs lateral and median bands united with each other ante-basally in <i>G. albosignatipennis</i>); median longitudinal band discontinuous (vs median longitudinal band continuous in <i>G. albosignatipennis</i>); inner margins of lateral bands obliquely sinuate (vs inner margins of lateral bands straight in <i>G. albosignatipennis</i>); base of elytral epipleura with a creamy white, oval, haired spot (vs elytral epipleural spot absent in <i>G. albosignatipennis</i>); premedian disc of elytron with three haired spots, among them one spot is located along sutural margin (vs pre-median disc of elytron with only two haired spots and sutural spot absent in <i>G. albosignatipennis</i>); post-median disc of elytron with a circular, pre-apical haired spot (vs post-median disc of elytron with a curved, pre-apical haired spot in <i>G. albosignatipennis</i>); elytral apex (43a), on each side, generally emarginated in the new species (elytral apex (44a), on each side, obliquely truncated in <i>G. albosignatipennis</i>); mesepisternum ornamented on each side with an oval spot (vs mesepisternum entirely covered with a large, haired spot in <i>G. albosignatipennis</i>); lateral sides of abdominal ventrites I–IV ornamented with two spots on each side, arranged side by side (vs abdominal ventrite II with two spots on each side, arranged side by side, and ventrites I, III and IV with a single transverse band on each side in <i>G. albosignatipennis</i>); sternite VII with two spots on each side, arranged one behind the other (vs abdominal sternite VII with a single, post-median spot on each side in <i>G. albosignatipennis</i>).</p> <p> The new species can be differentiated from <i>G. signaticollis</i> by the following characters: general body colour brick reddish brown (vs reddish brown or sometimes general colour of head, pronotum and underside of the body except sternite VII black in <i>G. signaticollis</i>); lower eye lobes of male 2.13–2.38 times as long as genae (vs lower eye lobes of male 3 times as long as genae in <i>G. signaticollis</i>); pronotum of male wider than long (vs pronotum of male as long as wide in <i>G. signaticollis</i>); scutellum tongue-shaped (vs scutellum semicircular in <i>G. signaticollis</i>); humeral prominence (Figure 43 (b)) comparatively distinctly protruding (vs humeral prominence (Figure 45 (b)) comparatively less protruding in <i>G. signaticollis</i>); lateral and median bands on pronotum not united ante-basally (vs lateral and median bands united with each other ante-basally in <i>G. signaticollis</i>); median longitudinal band on pronotal disc discontinuous (vs median longitudinal band on pronotal disc continuous or reduced to anterior and posterior spots or broadly divided into halves in <i>G. signaticollis</i>); inner margins of lateral bands of pronotum obliquely sinuate (vs inner margins of lateral bands of pronotum straight or slightly sinuate or indented at middle in <i>G. signaticollis</i>); central area of lateral bands on pronotum ornamented on each side with irregularly oval, dark brown, premedial spot (vs central area of lateral bands on pronotum without dark brown spot in <i>G. signaticollis</i>); elytra attenuated towards apex (vs elytra subparallel in <i>G. signaticollis</i>); elytral apex (43a), on each side, generally emarginated (elytral apex (45a), on each side, distinctly truncated in <i>G. signaticollis</i>); premedian disc of elytron with three haired spots, where third spot is located along sutural margin (vs premedian disc of elytron with three haired spots but third spot is located in the middle of the disc between the sutural and sublateral margins in <i>G. signaticollis</i>); postmedian disc of elytron with a circular, preapical haired spot, located at middle of disc between sutural and sublateral margins (vs postmedian disc of elytron bears a circular, preapical haired spot, located along sublateral margin in <i>G. signaticollis</i>); apical ma
Notomulciber Blackburn 1894
No full textKey to species of Notomulciber Blackburn from India 1 Elytra with disk densely punctured, marginal apical angle elongated into a narrow lobe.................................................................................................... N. (M.) decemmaculatus Breuning 1942 - Elytra with punctures on disk not dense, marginal apical angle obliquely rounded, not elongate (Figs. 7 & 15–16)......... 2 2 Body uniformly covered with yellow-brown pubescence (Figs. 1–6); elytron with slightly fine punctures, adorned with five white spots; post-humeral white spot small (Figs. 1 & 4)................................ N. (M.) viraktamathi sp. nov. - Body uniformly covered with grey-white pubescence (Figs. 7–8); elytron not finely punctate, adorned with four white spots; post-humeral white spot comparatively bigger than in previous species (Fig. 7)....... N. (M.) travancorensis Breuning, 1958Published as part of Hiremath, S. R., 2018, A new species of Notomulciber (Micromulciber) Aurivillius, 1913, from the southern Western Ghats of India (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Lamiinae: Homonoeini), pp. 440-452 in Zootaxa 4524 (4) on page 450, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4524.4.2, http://zenodo.org/record/261064
Dr. Duane M. Jackson, Morehouse College, July 2011
No full textThis video is a conversation with Dr. Duane M. Jackson. Dr. Jackson talks about his paper, "Recall and the Serial Position Effect: The Role of Primacy and Recency on Accounting Students' Performance." Jackie Daniel, AUC Woodruff Library, is the interviewer
"Reflections on the subject of Emigration from Europe with a view to Settlement in the United States" By M. Carey.
No full text"Reflections on the subject of Emigration from Europe with a view to Settlement in the United States: containing bried sketches of the moral and political character of those states.
By M. Carey, member of the American philosophical, and of the American Antiquarian Society, and author of The Olive Branch, Cindiciae Hibernicae, essays on banking, on political economy, and on internal improvement.
To which are now added the English editor's comments on the subject; together with Important Advice to Emigrants, and Cautions Against Impositions Practiced in the Outports
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
No full textWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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