1,720,954 research outputs found
New algorithms for automatic speech recognition with special considerations regarding the specific situation and the needs of people with disabilities
Full text linkIm Rahmen dieser Arbeit wird eine robuste und einfache Sprachsteuerung entwickelt, implementiert und getestet. Die eingesetzten Algorithmen eignen sich besonders zur sprecherunabhängigen und sprecherabhängigen Einzelworterkennung, beispielsweise zum Zwecke der Steuerung der Umgebung. i) State-of-the-Art. In Sprachsteuerungen werden Steuerbefehle in der Regel mittels Steuerwortmodellen repräsentiert. Jedes der Steuerwortmodelle besteht aus einer Folge von "Sub-Word-Unit-Modellen", beispielsweise Phonem-Modellen. Der "Viterbi-Dynamic-Programming-Algorithmus" gilt derzeit als De-facto-Standard, um bei der Bewertung eines Steuerwortmodells in Bezug auf ein beobachtetes Sprachsignal, die auf natürliche Weise schwankenden zeitlichen Längen der im Sprachsignal als vorhanden angenommenen "Sub-Word-Units" (beispielsweise Phone) zu bestimmen. Es werden dabei die, in bestimmter Hinsicht, optimalen Umschaltzeitpunkte ermittelt, zu denen von einem Sub-Word-Unit-Modell zum nächsten umgeschaltet wird. Der "Viterbi-Dynamic-Programming-Algorithmus" ist unter anderem ein wesentlicher Bestandteil der Hidden-Markov-Modell-Spracherkenner. ii) Hauptthese. Es wird evaluiert, ob eine bestimmte Modifikation am "Viterbi-Dynamic-Programming-Algorithmus" zu einer statistisch signifikanten Verbesserung der Verwechslungsfehlerrate führt: Diese Modifikation "Run-Length-Limited-Dynamic-Programming-Algorithmus" besteht darin, die Umschaltzeitpunkte zwischen den Sub-Word-Unit-Modellen mittels dynamischer Programmierung nur unter jenen Möglichkeiten zu suchen, bei denen zusätzliche "Lauflängenbedingungen" für die Sub-Word-Unit-Modelle eingehalten werden. iii) Nebenthesen. Es wird weiters evaluiert, ob folgende Maßnahmen zu einer statistisch signifikanten Verbesserung der Verwechslungsfehlerrate führen: Lineare Transformation der Merkmalsvektoren gemäß linearer Diskriminanzanalyse, Verwendung alternativer Fensterfunktionen bei der Kurzzeit-Fourier-Transformation, Verbesserung der Wortmodellierung mittels zusätzlicher "Prediction Models" bestehend aus "Hidden Control Neural Networks". iv) Methodik. Die zu evaluierenden Verbesserungsmaßnahmen werden in allen möglichen Kombinationen aktiviert und anhand zweier Sprachdatenbanken (deutsche Steuerbefehle, englische Steuerbefehle) getestet. Für jede einzelne der zu evaluierenden Verbesserungsmaßnahmen wird mittels eines Wilcoxon-Vorzeichen-Rangtests unter Berücksichtigung der Bonferroni-Korrektur die statistische Signifikanz geprüft. v) Resultat. Lediglich die der Hauptthese zugrunde liegende Verbesserungsmaßnahme führt zu einer statistisch signifikanten Reduktion der Verwechslungsfehlerrate. In diesem Falle ist die verbesserte Wortmodellierung mittels "Hidden Control Neural Networks" gar nicht notwendig, und es können die deutlich einfacheren "Centroid-Sub-Word-Unit-Modelle" verwendet werden. vi) Anwendung. Die im Rahmen dieser Arbeit entwickelte Sprachsteuerung ermöglicht die Steuerung des AUTONOM-Systems [Zagler1997] [Panek2002] [Loidolt1995] mittels Einzelwort-Sprachkommandos. Beim AUTONOM-System handelt es sich um eine Umgebungssteuerung kombiniert mit einem alternativen und augmentativen Kommunikationssystem. Auf Basis der Bedürfnisse von Menschen mit Behinderungen werden Folgerungen für das Systemdesign der Sprachsteuerung abgeleitet. Die Sprachsteuerung wird implementiert und der praktische Einsatz vorbereitet. Bemerkenswert daran ist, dass eine Benutzung durch Menschen mit Sprechstörungen vorbereitet ist: Die jeweiligen Steuerbefehle können individuell und frei gewählt werden, soweit das implementierte automatische Qualitätssicherungsanalyse-Modul die gewählten Steuerbefehle als hinreichend klassifizierbar befindet. Spezielle Dialoge mit Protokollierung, welche Rückfragen beinhalten, ob das System richtig verstanden hat, werden - in Vorbereitung zukünftiger Forschungsvorhaben - vorkonfiguriert.In this work, a robust and simple voice command system is developed, implemented and tested. The algorithms are particularly suitable for speaker-independent and speaker-dependent isolated-word recognition, for example for the purpose of controlling the environment. i) State of the art. Inside voice command systems, command words are usually represented via command word models. Each of the command word models consists of a sequence of "sub-word unit models", for example "phoneme models". The Viterbi dynamic programming algorithm is currently the de facto standard in order to determine the naturally varying durations of the "sub-word units", for example linguistic "phones", that are considered to be contained in an observed speech signal in the course of evaluating a command word model. The points in time, at which a command word model switches from one sub-word unit model to the next, are determined optimally, in some sense. The Viterbi dynamic programming algorithm is an essential integral part of the hidden Markov model speech recognizers.ii) Main thesis. It is evaluated whether, corresponding to the main thesis, a particular modification of the Viterbi dynamic programming algorithm called "run-length limited dynamic programming algorithm" causes a statistically significant improvement of the confusion error rate: Using this modification, the points in time at which the sub-word unit models are switched, are searched within a restricted set of solutions, containing only those solutions, for which additional constraints apply for the run-lengths of the sub-word-unit models.iii) Side theses. It is further evaluated whether, corresponding to the side theses, the following measures cause a statistically significant improvement of the confusion error rate: Linear transformation of the feature vectors according to a linear discriminant analysis; usage of alternative window functions for the short-time Fourier transformation; improvement of the modeling of the command words by additional prediction models that consist of "hidden control neural networks". iv) Methods. The measures to be evaluated are activated in all possible combinations and are tested using two speech databases (German command words, English command words). Each of the measures is tested for statistical significance by means of a Wilcoxon signed-rank test with Bonferroni correction. v) Results. The measure of the main thesis is the only one that leads to a statistically significant reduction of the confusion error rate. In this case, the improved modeling of the command words using "hidden control neural networks" is not necessary and simple "centroid sub-word unit models" can be used.vi) Application. The voice command system developed in this work enables the AUTONOMY system [Zagler1997] [Panek2002] [Loidolt1995] to be controlled by voice commands. The AUTONOMY system consists of an environmental control system combined with an alternative and augmentative communication system. Based on the needs of people with disabilities, requirements for the system design of the voice command system are stated. In the course of this work the voice command system is implemented and prepared for practical operation. It is noteworthy that the voice command system is designed to be used by people with speech disorders: The respective command words can be chosen arbitrarily and individually, as long as the implemented "automatic quality check module" qualifies the command word recordings to be sufficient to provide a good classification quality. In preparation for future research, special logging dialogs are configured, which occasionally ask the user, whether the system did understand correctly.<br /
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
A voice command system for AUTONOMY using a novel speech alignment algorithm
No full texthttp://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10772-013-9196-2http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10772-013-9196-
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