1,721,191 research outputs found
A time course analysis of the affective priming effect
Full text linkThe argument that automatic processes are responsible for affective/evaluative
priming effects has been primarily based on studies that have manipulated the
stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA; i.e., the interval between the onset of the prime
and the onset of the target). Moreover, these SOA studies provide an insight in the
time course of the activation processes underlying automatic affect/attitude activation.
Based on a fine-grained manipulation of the SOA employing either the
evaluative decision task (Experiment 1) and the pronunciation task (Experiment 2)
we concluded that affective priming, and hence automatic affect activation, is
based on fast-acting automatic processes. The results of Experiment 3 provide a
valid explanation for an apparent discrepancy between the results of Experiments 1
and 2 and previous findings. Finally, the results of Experiment 3 support the
prediction of Jarvis and Petty (1996) that affective priming effects should be
stronger for participants who are more chronically engaged in conscious evaluations
On the generality of the affective Simon effect
No full textIn affective Simon studies, participants are to select between a positive and negative response on the basis of a nonaffective stimulus feature (i.e., relevant stimulus feature) while ignoring the valence of the presented stimuli (i.e., irrelevant stimulus feature). De Houwer and Eelen (1998) showed that the time to select the correct response is influenced by the match between the valence of the response and the (irrelevant) valence of the stimulus. In the affective Simon studies that have been reported until now, only words were used as stimuli and the relevant stimulus feature was always the grammatical category of the words. We report four experiments in which we examined the generality of the affective Simon effect. Significant affective Simon effects were found when the semantic category, grammatical category, and letter-case of words was relevant, when the semantic category of photographed objects was relevant, and when participants were asked to give nonverbal approach or avoidance responses on the basis of the grammatical category of words. Results also showed that the magnitude of the affective Simon effect depended on the nature of the relevant feature
Affective priming of pronunciation responses: effects of target degradation
No full textIn studies on affective priming of pronunciation responses, participants are asked to read target words that are preceded by prime words with the same (e.g., CANCER–UGLY) or a different (e.g., BIRTHDAY–UGLY) valence. Previous studies revealed a mixed pattern of results. We report the results of an experiment in which we observed shorter reaction times on trials where the prime and target had the same valence compared to trials where the valence of the two stimuli differed. However, this effect occurred only when target words were degraded (e.g., %U%G%L%Y%). The results suggest that affective priming of pronunciation responses is a genuine phenomenon that appears to be more robust when targets are degraded
Affective priming of semantic categorisation responses
No full textFazio, Sanbonmatsu Powell, & Kardes, (1986) demonstrated that less time is needed to affectively categorise a target as positive or negative when it is preceded by a prime with the same valence (e.g., summer-honest) compared to when the target is preceded by a prime with a different valence (e.g., cancer-honest). Such effects could be due to spreading of activation within a semantic network and/or to Stroop-like response conflicts. If a spreading of activation mechanism operates in priming tasks, primes should also facilitate nonaffective semantic processing of affectively congruent targets. In Experiment 1, we failed to observe affective priming when participants responded on the basis of whether the target referred to a person or animal. Experiment 2 revealed significant affective priming when participants responded on the basis of the valence of the targets but not when the semantic category of the targets (person or object) was relevant, despite the fact that apart from the task, both conditions were identical. The present results suggest that affective priming in the affective categorisation task is primarily due to the operation of a Stroop-like response conflict mechanism
On the nature of the affective priming effect: Affective priming of naming responses
No full textBargh, Chaiken, Raymond and Hymes (1996) showed that participants need less time to name a target word if that target word is preceded by a prime word with the same valence compared to when that target word is preceded by a prime word with a different valence. However, recent studies raise serious doubts about the robustness and the reliability of the affective priming effect in the word-word naming task. We report three affective priming studies in which the modality of the primes and the targets was manipulated (words vs. pictures). Results show that replicable affective priming of naming responses can be obtained when pictures are used as primes but not when words are used as primes. These findings are interpreted in light of the hypothesis that the primes influence the identity encoding of the targets
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
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