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Comparative Analysis of the Treatment of the Alcestis-Stuff by Euripides and by Wilder
Get PDFThis is the starting point of the following analysis: Life and death belong indissolubly together, but nobody of us knows what is waiting for us when we will have died. According to Christian religion the dead shall resurrect again and start immediately into an eternal life full of happiness in an unknown atmosphere without any sorrows and any problems to overcome. The ancient writers, that lived before Jesus Christ, had at hand an underworld as the realm of that god that is responsible for death. In very rare and exceptional cases a very deserved dead is given the allowance to enter again into his former earthen life. This procedure of bringing a dead person back to life might be a kind of deal between deities and mankind in this way that another person had to die and then to live in the underworld instead of the doomed person. This stuff is a subject-matter of legends, fairy tales and finally of classical drama. The heroes of the drama are Admetus and Alcestis – a royal couple; Admetus is doomed to death and his wife Alcestis wants to die instead of her husband. This treatise is written by an author who is as well a lawyer as a philologist. The treatise uses modern methods of literary comparison, that the author did learn at the examples of ancient texts and modern texts at the Faculty of Philosophy of the University of Saarland (Germany). The comparison between the Euripides-version and the Wilder-version is not an end in itself, the comparison aims to show the given literary differences based on the history of the development of the Alcestis-stuff in the light of the fact that the ancient text is the source for the modern text. Thus it becomes once more clear that the texts of old Greek authors do live on in a figurative sense until modern times. Wilder himself is a modern American author who consciously sought connection to antiquity, also because he did go through very intensive university courses in archaeology. This connection to ancient Greek literature, of course, makes modern American literature very attractive for European readers and for readers from other areas of the world
INVITED EDITORIAL: A Midsummer Night’s Dream - An Analysis of the Different Levels of Language in the Play
Get PDFThe works ascribed to William Shakespeare2 (1564 – 1616)3 are without doubt among the most important literary creations the world has ever seen4. The fact that there is fierce controversy as to whether the theatre man from Stradford upon Avon5 is indeed the author of the works that have been handed down to us is a question that remains open; this work includes tragedies, comedies and also sonnets. Among the comedies >A Midsummer Night's Dream< stands out, what may be due to the fact that four levels of action are artfully interwoven, and that on each level, as well as between the levels, there are confusions of love relationships between the figures of the play. A comedy is dominated and characterized by the language6 of the figures of the play; insofar there is the following grouping to be regarded in detail: Language of the people at the court of Athens. Language of the craftsmen that want to perform a play on Theseus’7 and Hippolyta’s8 nuptial day. Language of the young lovers. Language of the fairies. That >A Midsummer Night’s Dream< is a full success as a stage play is proven by the number of remakes under the authorship and direction e.g. by Andreas Gryphius (1616 – 1664)9, Henry Purcell (1659 – 1695)10, David Garrick (1717- 1779)11, Samuel Phelps (1804 – 1878)12, Charles Kean (1811 – 1864)13, Augustin Daly (1838 – 1899)14, Herbert Beerbohm Tree (1853 – 1917)15, Harley Granville-Barker (1877 – 1946)16, Benjamin Britten (1913 – 1976)17, Peter Brock (1916 – 1982)18 and Adrian Noble (1950)19
Expanding Infrastructure And Environmental Protection – Indissoluble Contradiction Or Reasonable Symbiosis?
Get PDFThe expanding of infrastructure (roads/energy) is necessary as well in the developed countries as well as in the emerging countries: But the approach is different: In the developed countries the preservation of the given infrastructure is more important than new infrastructure. In the emerging countries necessary infrastructure is lacking and should be erected. Nevertheless, the management of such measures have to take the protection of environment into account. Those, who do not have any respect for nature, are behaving wrong. The belief, that such behaviour does not have any negative effects, is wrong. Nature does not endure any maltreatment and cannot endlessly recycle itself. But nature is a power that might be underestimated: If nature takes revenge on mankind, the consequences are drought, tornados and the drop of the sea level. Of course, if ones does have a religion, the answer has to be that the revenge of God will be severe, the Bible does call it apocalypsis or the end the world
ON THE IMORTANCE OF EXPROPRIATION IN THE ROMAN EMPIRE AND IN MODERN EUROPE
Get PDFThe question, whether there was expropriation in the Roman Empire or not, is difficult to answer, because the ancient texts do reveal only very small evidence of public Roman law. A textbook on public law of the Roman Empire unfortunately is not known. Let us, therefore, make the following thought experiment: How would be our understanding ofRoman private law, if Justinian1 would not have bequeath such a great collection of private law to us? Our knowledge of Roman private law would then be very fragmentary, to recognize cross-correlations would be almost impossible. The scientific approach to expropriation for infrastructure projects of the state has to start from the following conisderations:“Public interest“ respectively “general welfare“ is as a legal term ubiquitous in Roman history: In the proper name “res publica Romana“, which goes back to the beginnings of Rome, occurs the commitment of the Roman society to the principles of public interest and of public welfare. In the introductory text of Iustinian's >Digest
ROAD SAFETY IN THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA
Get PDFThe term “road safety" is an Anglicism, that is incorporated in the German language and many other languages of the world; any translation of "road safety" may not have the mythical effect that emanates from the English term. Road safety is a global issue, road users do expect that in all states of the world efforts are undertaken in order to ensure a high level of safety for road users. It is therefore not surprising that global organizations are committed to road safety. This applies particularly to the World Health Organization (WHO) as a body of the United Nations (UN) and the Organization of the Organization for European Economic Cooperation (OECD). The WHO presented in its >Global Status Report on Road Safety 2013< important results referring to road safety in 182 countries and thus covers 99% of the world population54. The WHO did grant Serbia in the year 2013 the sum of US $ 100 million for the improvement of road infrastructure and road safety
THE IMPORTANCE OF THE LATIN LANGUAGE AND OF ROMAN LAW FOR DEVELOPMENTS IN EUROPEAN LAW – ILLUSTRATED FOR PROPERTY ACQUISITION
Get PDFProperty is one of the fundaments of ancient, medieval and modern society; the relevant legislation is of eminent importance and is still dominated by principles of Roman law: – The so-called abstraction principle is applied Roman law: It separates the contractual agreement and the acquistion of property. If the contractual agreement is invalid, there is given a so-called >condictio indebiti<, even if the translation of property is valid. – The acquisition of property in good faith is based on Roman law; the prinicple of acquisition in good faith protects the legal relations and postpones the interest of the (former) owner. – The relationships between the property owner and the unrightful possessor may be rather intricated, Roman law gives the answers. Roman law was the private international law that ruled the legal transactions of civil life. The European Union is on the way for more unification of civil law in its member states, but there is still a very long distance to go – the way is rather stony, because the member states are in some espects fixed on their own codified civil law. This way is stony, because there is no lingua franca in the European Union: The success of Roman law was based on the success of the Latin language, whose grammar, syntax and phonology is rather easy. Latin was the lingua franca of the ancient Europe, of the medieval Europe and in the further sequence up to the Enlightenment, whereas the European Union has as many official languages as it has member states. Nevertheless, the Latin language is not dead and the Roman law is not outdated
The Legal Constitution of the European Union
Get PDFWorld War II (1939 – 1945) was a catastrophe for the whole world and for Europe in particular. It is one of the great miracles of the 20th century that the West European war parties did draw a line and founded an economic alliance for coal and steel production. This economical alliance is based on common values and on the rule of law. A main problem of the European Union is to give a democratic legitimation to the European institutions. It is good that e.g. the European Parliament is elected directly, it is bad that e.g. the President of the European Commission is not elected directly. In some Member States of the European Union common values and common interests are only partim shared. The people of Great Britain did decide in 2016 to leave the European Union; according to the legal constitution of the European Union a leave is allowed. The main achievement of the European Union is the abolition of inter-European taxes and thus the promotion of economical relationships between the Member States of the European Union. The Euro that is the currency of (only) some Member States has become a global player
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
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