1,720,967 research outputs found
Early Late Pleistocene environments in Northeast Africa and their relevance for Anatomically Modern Human dispersal
Full text linkThe history of humanity and the occupation of humans of the entire earth is a major scientific topic in various research disciplines, but also a subject of broad interest for the society. Thereby, research on the migration of Anatomically Modern Humans (AMH) has arisen in various specialised sub-disciplines of natural sciences (e.g. physical geography, geology, palaeoclimatology, etc.), but also in social sciences (e.g. archaeology, anthropology, ethnology, etc.). The complexity of the subjects involved has both opportunities and challenges, but only the integration of natural and social sciences comprises the ability to answer questions about the natural and cultural context for the spread of our species. One of the important research questions that still exist is the dispersal of AMH in Northeast Africa into the southern Levant and Southwest Asia. On the one hand, this region provides the only full terrestrial migration route Out of Africa that exists since the first appearance of AMH. On the other hand, it is part of the Saharo-Arabian Desert belt, where human occupation was mostly limited due to hyper-arid climate conditions. Therefore, the identification of palaeoenvironmental changes throughout the Late Pleistocene are crucial, as they provide the possibility for humans to occupy and disperse in this region when climate conditions were more favourable.
One important aspect of this study is the discussion of all results not only from a geoscientific perspective, but also within the ambiguity of other research disciplines involved. It is identified, that perspectives about spatial and temporal scale strongly differ between archaeology and geoscience and need to be overcome. Only an integrative approach accomplish for a better understanding of past human-environment interactions with their relevance for AMH dispersal, as it is a prime example where scale issues are very relevant. A proposed schema for a more precise consideration for spatial scales is given, based on the classification of different relief types, which sizes are integrated into research topics in archaeology. Even though, the spatial scale of daily activities, mobility pattern and large scale dispersal of humans are far from being define, the schema helps within interdisciplinary research as common language and to bridge different perspective about what are large and small scales.
The main importance of scale related issues is also reflected by the investigated study areas. The integration of field-based research at Gebel Duwi in the Eastern Desert and the analyses of a GIS-based reconstruction of the environment in Egypt aim together to give new insights into possible windows of opportunities for AMH dispersal in Northeast Africa.
The synthesis of a PalaeoMap for Egypt during the Last Interglacial identifies several regional differences based on the analyses of climate data, ecozones, relief types, drainage systems, and surface geology with focus on raw material bearing formations. There exist no environmental limitations for human occupation over almost all regions in Egypt during the Last Interglacial in general. Regional ecozones are mapped with the semi-quantitative integration of modern analogues with annual precipitation and Köppen-Geiger climate during the Last Interglacial. They point to a high regional variability in Egypt. In addition, abiotic parameter like geology and topography fabricate a more sophisticated characterisation of possible difference landscapes in Egypt where humans were influenced. The Western Desert has a more limited access to flint and chert bearing strata as important raw material for hunter-gatherers in comparison to the Eastern Desert and the Sinai Peninsula. The data compilation highlights, that the understanding of environmental factors influencing human behaviour is better achieved with a cumulative approach of parameters, although it has more uncertainties in comparison to highlight one detailed investigated parameter. It avoids an one-way interpretation, where only one parameter, even though more detailed, is seen as the main trigger for human dispersal.
The investigations from the area at Gebel Duwi provide new results for palaeoenvironmental changes and wetter climate during the Last Interglacial and Holocene. The sediment stratigraphy of Sodmein Playa indicates enhanced climate conditions at around 9 and 7.5 ka, which correlates with human occupation at Sodmein Cave during wetter climate phases of the Holocene. The dating of speleothem deposits at Saquia Cave show the presence of more humid climate conditions during MIS 5 and provide an important new climate archive in the Eastern Desert, but also for the Saharo-Arabian-Desert in general. All phases can be linked to the so far known times of human occupation at the nearby Sodmein Cave during this time. The fact that speleothem growth phases occur over all substages of MIS 5, not only during times of high insolation and a congruent northward migration of the monsoon, but also during phases of low insolation, indicates the significance of a regional climate archive. It provides a more detailed insight into wetter climate phases, as they can be derived from large scale proxy records as for example marine records or climate modelling. Several possible sources of enhanced rainfall in the Eastern Desert are discussed, where the proximity to the Red Sea and orographic rainfall in the Red Sea Mountains lead to regional differences and might trigger a more humid corridor in the Eastern Desert in comparison to other regions in Egypt.
The observations noted by field investigations for the correlation between the importance of regions with wadis draining flint and chert bearing geological strata is mapped with the given data at larger scale. It exemplifies the up- and downscaling of parameters in scale. The importance of the Eastern Desert as possible migration corridor is derived from the integration of the results from the PalaeoMap, field results, and integration of the over regional context. Here, the understanding of this region is still insufficient, but the synthesis of all results highlights this region as one of the key area for human migration Out of Africa
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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