293 research outputs found
Combating stem and leaf rust of wheat: Historical perspective, impacts, and lessons learned
No full textmillions fed, food security, wheat rust, stem rust, leaf rust, Norman Borlaug,
Sources of resistance to yellow rust and stem rust in wheat-alien introgressions
No full textWheat is the staple food and the main source of caloric intake in most developing countries, and thereby an important source in order to maintain food security for the growing populations in those countries. Stem rust Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici, and yellow rust P. striiformis f. sp. tritici of wheat continues to cause severe damage locally and globally, thereby contributing to food insecurity. In this paper biology and taxonomy of stem rust and yellow rust, breeding for resistance, utilization of resistance sources from different gene pools, molecular characterization and genetic dissection of resistance to rusts are discussed
Code and data from "Cell tracking of convective rainfall: sensitivity of climate-change signal to tracking algorithm and cell definition (Cell-TAO v1.0)"
No full textThis archive contains scripts for the precipitation tracking algorithms used in the manuscript "Cell tracking of convective rainfall: sensitivity of climate-change signal to tracking algorithm and cell definition". The archive furthermore contains test data, a post-processing script and a run script.
A detailed explanation of the tracking scripts, as well as all other contents of the archive, is contained in a README file within the archive.This work was funded by the German Ministry of Education and Research (Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, BMBF) as part of the ClimXtreme project (https://climxtreme.net/). More specifically, the work was performed as part of the ClimXtreme sub-project XPreCCC, grant number 01LP1902H
An ecophysiological approach to crop losses exemplified in the system wheat, leaf rust, and glume blotch
No full textThe motive of the author to embark upon the research reported here was the need to develop new concepts to approach the problem of crop losses, and eventually the problem of their prevention by means of disease control and plant breeding. The introduction of ecophysiology as an approach, explained above, was the first result. An ecophysiological treatment of processes like growth and development of plants in health and disease necessitates adjustments of current thoughts on experimental techniques and on organization in research (Van der Wal and Cowan, 1974).In order to measure plant or aegricorpus responses concurrently with environmental factors in climate chamber and field experiments during periods Of months, a great variety of instruments had to be bought, modified, or devised. The climate chamber had to be adjusted to allow for high light intensities with a view to growing wheat under conditions approximating those of early summer in the Netherlands; the yield of the spring wheat 'Kolibri' was c. 0.5 kg.m -2, which is nearly equivalent to the average field production of the country. Regulations for the prevention and control of contamination by aphids and mildew without any use of chemicals were issued after detailed experimentation (Van der Wal, unpubl.). Several instruments have been developed, usually with the help of others; this has led to two publications (Schurer and Van der Wal, 1972; Tegelaar and Van der Wal, 1974). These efforts resulted in the experimental designs described in the appendix. Field experiments, conducted in the same period as the climate chamber experiments reported here, will be published later. It is felt that the techniques to record growth of pathogens are still inadequate.The results reported in the appendix show that the 'state' of the plant at the time of infection is a major determinant of the plant's future behaviour, which plant breeders and pathologists can express in terms of resistance and tolerance. The conceptual framework presented above may contribute to a future revision of crop husbandry and crop protection practices
Der dynamische Zustandsindex: Erweiterung des theoretischen Konzeptes und Anwendung auf mittelfristige Klimaprognosen
No full textDer dynamische Zustandsindex (DSI) identifiziert Gebiete in der Atmosphäre, die
von einem stationären, adiabtischen und reibungsfreien Grundzustand abweichen.
Im ersten Teil dieser Arbeit wird das Verständnis des Bernoulli-Theorems mit Hilfe des theoretisches Konzeptes des DSI vertieft. Dieses Konzept beruht auf der
Nambu-Felddarstellung des atmosphärischen Grundgleichungssystems, die die Er-
haltungsgrößen als konstituierende Größen in den Vordergrund stellt. Ein großer
Vorteil hierbei ist, dass sich aus ihr die stationäre Lösung des Grundgleichungssystems analytisch gewinnen lässt. So kann erstmals ein Zusammenhang zwischen den
stationären Lösungen des Grundgleichungssystems und dem Bernoulli-Theorem
hergestellt werden. Hierbei wird eine Hierarchie der verschiedenen Formen des
Bernoulli-Theorems auf Basis der zugrundeliegenden thermo- und wirbeldynamischen Freiheitsgrade aufgestellt. Es wird eine ausgezeichnete Erhaltungsgröße
entwickelt, mit deren Hilfe eine stationäre Wind- und Temperaturdarstellung für
ein kompressibles, wirbelbehaftetes und baroklines Fluid abgeleitet werden kann.
Hierbei wird deutlich, dass diese beiden Darstellungen eine geschlossene Form des
Bernoulli-Theorems als weitere Verallgemeinerung charakterisieren. In dieser Arbeit werden die diagnostischen Eigenschaften der stationären Temperaturdarstellung erstmals untersucht und mit dem DSI verglichen. Im zweiten Teil wird gezeigt,
dass sich die auf einer dekadischen Zeitskala ablaufenden Mechanismen zwischen
der Nordatlantischen Oszillation (NAO) und der Atlantischen Multidekadischen
Variabilität (AMV) auch durch den DSI über Mittel- und Nordeuropa darstellen lassen. Es stellt sich heraus, dass die Prozesse zwischen AMV, NAO und DSI
zeitlich um etwa 15 Jahre verschoben sind, wobei die Variablität der Tropopausenhöhe als ausgezeichneter Diagnosefaktor identifiziert wird. Im dritten Teil wird
das Vorhersagepotential des DSI im, für die dekadische Klimavorhersage verwendeten, Erdsystemmodell MPI-ESM-LR untersucht. Es lässt sich feststellen, dass die
zugrundeliegende räumliche Auflösung algebraisch mit dem Betrag des DSI und somit mit den aufgelösten nicht-balancierten Prozessen zusammenhängt. Ferner wird
festgestellt, dass das MPI-ESM-LR, gegenüber den ERA-Interim Reanalysedaten,
zu viel Niederschlag simuliert, welcher keine Verbindung mit den auslösenden und
nicht-balancierten Prozessen aufweist. Darüberhinaus wird das Vorhersagepotential des DSI durch eine statistische Bias-Korrektur signifikant verbessert
Zwycięstwo Donalda Trumpa jako symbol porażki (centro)lewicy w Stanach Zjednoczonych
No full textThe aim of this article is the analysis of Donald Trump’s electoral victory in U.S. presidential elections of 2016 in the context of failure of the center-left in this country. Special attention will be paid to political geography of the Rust Belt, one of the most symbolic regions in America, where one can observe the negative consequences of neoliberal globalization. The author of the article will focus on the political language of Donald Trump and the strong anti-globalist statement used by the Republican candidate during primaries as well during presidential debates with Hillary Clinton. This study will also show, how Identity Politics and other idealistic concepts influenced the electoral defeat of the American Left and why a more collective and antagonistic approach could have a positive impact on the whole transatlantic progressive movement.Celem niniejszego artykułu jest analiza zwycięstwa Donalda Trumpa w wyborach prezydenckich w Stanach Zjednoczonych w 2016 roku w kontekście porażki projektu centro-lewicowego w tym kraju. Szczególna uwaga zostanie poświęcona geografii wyborczej tzw. Pasa Rdzy, który stanowi jeden z najbardziej symbolicznych regionów Ameryki, w którym możemy zaobserwować negatywne konsekwencje neoliberalnej globalizacji. Autor artykułu skupi się także na języku politycznym Donalda Trumpa, silnym przekazie antyglobalistycznym użytym przez republikańskiego kandydata zarówno w czasie prawyborów, jaki i podczas debat prezydenckich z Hillary Clinton. Studium zaprezentuje także na ile „polityka tożsamości” oraz inne indywidualistyczne koncepty wpłynęły na porażkę wyborczą amerykańskiej lewicy oraz dlaczego bardziej kolektywne i antagonistyczne podejście może w przyszłości mieć pozytywny wpływ na cały transatlantycki ruch postępowy
Material Deformations of Penrose Tiling
No full textThe heart of this work is exploring Penrose tiling. Penrose tilings are ways tocompletely cover an infi nite plane with perfectly fi tting shapes, in a pattern that neverrepeats – they have moments of local symmetry, where it may look like they are regular andordered, but on a larger scale, this order is always disrupted. We use a technique thatchanges the shape of the tiles while keeping the underlying pattern to create a rich,generative space for artistic explorationGreen Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository ‘You share, we take care!’ – Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.Arts & CraftsHuman Information Communication Desig
Beheersvisie Noordzee 2010: bron van leven, rust en ruimte - motor van economische activiteiten
No full textDe balans tussen bron en motor staat centraal. Aan de ene kant heb je de Noordzee als bron van rust, leven en ruimte en aan de andere kant de Noordzee als motor van economische activiteiten. Het beheer van de Noordzee richt zich op de ontplooiing van zowel bron als motor en op het in evenwicht brengen en houden van de balans. Dit alles binnen de randvoorwaarden van veiligheid op zee en langs de kust. De Beheersvisie Noordzee 2010 is gemaakt onder verantwoordelijkheid van een interdepartementale stuurgroep, waarin vertegenwoordigd de ministeries van V&W, VROM, LNV en EZ. Het rapport geeft een visie op het gebruik en beheer van de Noordzee voor de periode tot 2010. Vertegenwoordigers van zowel de sectoren en belangenorganisaties die op de Noordzee actief zijn, als een groot aantal overheidsorganisaties hebben gedurende de loop van het project verschillende keren hun mening over de Beheersvisie ingebracht. Dit hebben zij gedaan in samenwerking met hun achterban, waardoor het toekomstig beheer van de Noordzee breed gedragen wordt. Het document bevat de volgende onderwerpen: Hoofdstuk 1 "Goed zicht op de Noordzee" gaat in op de historische band van Nederland(ers) met de zee. Hoofdstuk 2 "Uitgangspunten voor de beheersvisie" omschrijft de plaats van de beheersvisie ten opzichte van de verschillende beleidsnota's. De geschiedenis van de beheersvisie wordt geschetst en de balans wordt nader toegelicht. Hoofdstuk 3 "Toetsingskader" geeft aan de hand van vier steekwoorden een overzicht van het toetsingskader dat voor het Noordzeebeheer van belang is. Nieuwe vormen van gebruik vallen hier niet altijd in. Hoofdstuk 4 "Ruimtelijk gebruik op de Noordzee" maakt duidelijk dat voor de balans regulering van het ruimtegebruik op de Noordzee nodig is. De eerste contouren van een kader voor beheer van de ruimte worden geschetst. Hoofdstuk 5 "Sturing van de balans" behandelt elementen waarmee de balans kan worden gestuurd: bestuur en beheer, internationaal overleg en de ontwikkeling van kennis. De inrichting van één loket Noordzee wordt aangekondigd, bedoeld voor onder meer nieuwe onderwerpen. Hoofdstuk 6 "Het gebruik van de Noordzee" geeft per sector aan waar het in het beheer om gaat, wat er bereikt zou moeten worden en hoe daaraan gewerkt wordt
Inflation in Czechoslovakia, 1985-91
No full textThe authors assess inflation in Czechoslovakia between 1985 and 1991 and identify the main causes of inflation through a literature survey and empirical studies. The official prices in centrally planned economies were never perceived by central planners to be fully market clearing. Only by coincidence would the overall price level correspond to the level associated with general equilibrium. What is missing in official price indices in centrally planned economies - including the consumer price index - is suppressed inflation, manifast in queuing for products, forced substitution of demand, and forced savings. Also missing is hidden inflation, associated with practices that disguise price increases behind cosmetic or other change in product quality. The authors argue that inflationary pressures in Czechoslovakia in 1985-89 originated mainly in the investment sector. Even though the investment sector was strictly controlled, making it difficult for open inflation to emerge, the scope for inflationary pressures was great in Czechoslovakia. Such pressures arose from a mixture of factors, including poor investment planning, accommodating government finance, and the high priority given to investments and social consumption. For Czechoslovakia, the official price indices show virtually no inflation between 1985 and 1989, when there were long waiting lists for such products as cars and state and cooperative flats. Trends in these price indices do not seem to depend on the method used for constructing them, according to the sensitivity tests conducted by Czechoslovakia's Federal Statistical Office. Obviously, the official price indices failed to capture the full extent of economic disequilibrium in that period. But the extent to which official price indices understated inflationary pressures was not serious in Czechoslovakia, compared with other centrally planned economies. Estimates of hidden inflation for 1985-89 range from 0.5 percent to 2 percent a year in consumer markets and about 3 percent in the industrial sector. Estimates for suppressed inflation were less than 5 percent. The relatively small inflationary gap is indirectly confirmed by the sharp inflation associated with the recent price liberalization that subsided in a relatively short period, and both suppressed and hidden inflations have virtually disappeared. Estimates of hidden inflation were based on benchmark price comparisons between Czechoslovakia and such market economies as Austria. Those for suppressed inflation were based on disequilibrium econometric models of asset holdings and on conjecture tests.Economic Theory&Research,Environmental Economics&Policies,Markets and Market Access,Access to Markets,Financial Intermediation
Effects of drought stress on early white pine blister rust development in limber pine
No full text2022 Spring.Includes bibliographical references.Climate change and forest pathogens are expected to interact as incidences of drought increase and affect the disease triangle between hosts, pathogens, and the environment. Trees will become physiologically affected by drought stress and primary pathogens such as fungal biotrophs will experience drought stress as mediated through the host. White pine blister rust, caused by the non-native pathogen Cronartium ribicola, is a devastating fungal pathogen, and little is known about how it will perform (measured by fungal growth or disease severity) within pine hosts experiencing unusual drought. This study aimed to address some of the unknown aspects of this interaction by performing a greenhouse drought × pathogen experiment with Pinus flexilis seedlings, measuring host physiology, quantifying specific aspects of pathogen performance, and looking for interactive effects. Watering treatments consisting of well-watered, mild chronic drought, or severe acute drought were applied to 432 seedlings; after 3 months, a subset of 198 seedlings were inoculated with C. ribicola basidiospores under ideal inoculation conditions, after which watering treatments continued for a further 9 months. Specific rust performance measurements included mycelial growth via relative rust DNA quantification and ratings of disease severity by watering treatment
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