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Russula boddingii Hembrom, D. Chakr., A. Ghosh & K. Das 2023, sp. nov.
No full text<i>Russula boddingii</i> Hembrom, D.Chakr., A.Ghosh & K.Das, sp. nov. (Figs 4-6) <p> <i>Russula boddingii</i> Hembrom, D.Chakr., A.Ghosh & K.Das, sp. nov. is mainly separated from <i>R. densifolia</i> Secr. ex Gillet by a combination of medium to large-sized (30-160 mm) pileus, a more intense blackening of the flesh after cutting or bruising, the unequal, the absence of pileocystidia, the stronger reticulation of the spore ornamentation, the more slender hyphal endings (2-6 µm wide) in the pileipellis and its occurrence under dipterocarps in Asia.</p> <p> HOLOTYPE. — <b>India</b>. West Bengal, Jhargram district, Lalgarh, Karamsol, 22°34’12.9”N, 87°05’25.2”E, alt. 73 m a.s.l., on ground, under <i>Shorea robusta</i> in tropical deciduous forests, 1.VII.2018, M.E. Hembrom, <i>MEH-18-01</i> (holo-, CAL [CAL 1860]!).</p> <p> ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED. — <b>India</b>. Jharkhand, Rajmahal hills, Sahibganj district, Mandro block, near Mandro Fossil Park, 25°07’31.3”N, 87°31’22.3”E, alt. 142 m a.s.l., on ground, under <i>Shorea robusta</i> in tropical deciduous forests, 20.VIII.2013, M.E. Hembrom, <i>MEH-13-03</i>; Sahibganj district, Borio block, Pir-Baba Kairasol forest area, 25°09’41.7”N, 87°40’31.9”E, alt. 126 m a.s.l., on ground, under <i>S. robusta</i> in tropical deciduous forests, 24.VIII.2013, M.E. Hembrom, <i>MEH-13-27</i>; Rajmahal hills, Godda district, Boarijore block, Mangra Dahar-Langi and surroundings, 25°01’43.0”N, 87°28’13.8”E, alt. 136 m a.s.l., on ground, under <i>S. robusta</i> in tropical deciduous forests, 01.IX.2013, M.E. Hembrom, <i>MEH-13-31</i>; Rajmahal hills, Pakur district, Hiranpur block, Talpahari to Tugutola forest area, 24°37’02.6”N, 87°40’45.2”E, alt. 94 m. a.s.l., on ground, under <i>S. robusta</i> in tropical deciduous forests, 22.VIII.2014, M.E. Hembrom, <i>MEH-14-28</i>; Pakur district, Litipara block, Sathiya to Sathiyapahar forest area, 24°44’44.3”N, 87°35’03.8”E, alt. 225 m a.s.l., on ground, under <i>S. robusta</i> in tropical deciduous forests, 02.IX.2014, M.E. Hembrom, <i>MEH-14-33</i>; Rajmahal hills, Dumka district, Kathikund block, Kanhaidih reserve forest, 24°19’04.2”N, 87°29’14.3”E, alt. 132 m a.s.l., 18.IX.2015, on ground, under <i>Shorea robusta</i> in tropical deciduous forests, M.E. Hembrom, <i>MEH-15-09</i>; Dumka district, Sikaripara block, Karakata forest area, 24°13’19.0”N, 87°30’16.2”E, alt. 241 m a.s.l., on ground, under S. robusta in tropical deciduous forests, 23.X.2015, M.E. Hembrom, <i>MEH-15-17</i>; Sahibganj district, Taljhari block, Karanpurato village forest toward Gogi, 25°09’02.9”N, 87°43’02.3”E, alt. 61 m a.s.l., on ground, under <i>S. robusta</i> in tropical deciduous forests, 06.XI.2016, M.E. Hembrom, <i>MEH-16-21</i>; Sahibganj district, Borio block, Dhogada-Paharia burial ground forest, 25°02’23.7”N, 87°39’35.8”E, alt. 110 m a.s.l., on ground, under <i>S. robusta</i> in tropical deciduous forests, 08.XI.2016, M.E. Hembrom, <i>MEH-16-32</i> (CAL [CAL 1861]); Rajmahal hills, Sahibganj district, Borio block, Dhogada-Paharia burial ground forest, 25°02’23.7”N, 87°39’35.8”E, alt. 110 m a.s.l., on ground, under <i>S. robusta</i> in tropical deciduous forests, 15.XI.2020, M.E. Hembrom, <i>MEH-20-10</i>; Rajmahal hills, Pakur district, Hiranpur block, Talpahari to Tugutola forest area 24°37’02.6”N, 87°40’45.2”E, alt. 94 m a.s.l., on ground, under <i>S. robusta</i> in tropical deciduous forests, 26.VIII.2021, A. Ghosh, <i>AG 21- 08</i> (JH); Ranchi district, Getalsud, 23°28’36.5”N, 85°33’23.8”E, alt. 570 m a.s.l., on ground, under <i>S. robusta</i> in tropical deciduous forests, 09.X.2021, M.E. Hembrom, <i>MEH-21-25</i>; Bihar, West Champaran district, Valmiki national Park, Raghia range, Sitalbari enclosure, 27°20’14.4”N, 84°13’05.8”E, alt. 133 m a.s.l., on ground, under <i>S. robusta</i> in tropical deciduous forests, 15.IX.2020, M.E. Hembrom, <i>MEH-20-104</i>; West Bengal, Bankura district, Joypur forest, 23°01’53.00”N, 87°15’15.73”E, alt. 73 m a.s.l., on ground, under <i>S. robusta</i> in tropical deciduous forests, 08.VII.2020, A. Ghosh, <i>AG 20-004</i>; Paschim Medinipur district, Chandra, 22°21’01”N, 87°02’00”E, alt. 90 m a.s.l., on ground, under <i>S. robusta</i> in tropical deciduous forests, 12.VIII.2020, D. Chakraborty, <i>NPDF917 - 17L</i>; Uttar Dinajpur, Kaliyaganj, Dhamja, 25°18’00”N, 88°20’35.9”E, alt. 80 m a.s.l., on ground, under <i>S. robusta</i> in tropical deciduous forests, 07.IX.2020, D. Chakraborty, <i>RGJ-20-08</i>; Uttar Dinajpur, Kaliyaganj, Dhamja, 22°19’44”N, 87°02’39”E, alt. 80 m a.s.l., on ground, under <i>S. robusta</i> in tropical deciduous forests, 13.VIII.2021, A. Ghosh, <i>AG 21-074</i>; Uttar Dinajpur, Kaliyaganj, Dhamja, 25°18’00”N, 88°20’35.09”E, alt. 80 m a.s.l., on ground, under <i>S. robusta</i> in tropical deciduous forests, 10.X.2021, D. Chakraborty, <i>RGJ-21-05</i>.</p> <p> GENBANK. —OL469097 (nrITS, holotype) andOL469118 (nrITS, specimen voucher no. <i>MEH-16-32</i>); ON365924 (nrLSU, holotype), ON365926 (nrLSU, specimen voucher no. <i>MEH-16-32</i>); ON387513 (mtSSU, holotype), ON387510 (mtSSU, specimen voucher no. <i>MEH-16-32</i>); ON418909 (<i>rpb</i> 2, holotype),ON418910 (<i>rpb</i> 2, specimen voucher no. <i>MEH-16-32</i>).</p> <p>ETYMOLOGY. — Commemorating Reverend Paul Olaf Bodding, a Norwegian missionary, linguist, folklorist and ethnobotanist who undertook pioneer work on the macrofungi of Rajmahal Hills.</p> <p>MYCOBANK. — MB 844205.</p> <p>FACESOFFUNGI NUMBER. — FoF 11436.</p> DESCRIPTION <p> Pileus medium-sized to large, 30-160 mm in diam., convex when young, becoming planoconvex to applanate, centrally depressed to umbilicate at maturity; margin smooth, entire when young becoming decurved to plane, sometimes uplifted with age; cuticle smooth, viscid and shiny when wet, dull upon drying, peeling to 1/4 of the radius, greyish white (1B2) to grey (2-5B2) with yellowish white (3A2) tinges. Pileus context firm and up to 9 mm thick at the disc centre, becoming narrower towards margin, chalky white (1-2A1), changing first orange red (8A8) or brownish red (8C6-7), then blackish when cut or bruised; turning dull green (27D3-4) with FeSO 4, and deep to dark turquoise (24E-F7-8) in guaiacol. Lamellae unequal, of different lengths, narrow, up to 5 mm deep, sub-decurrent to decurrent, crowded (15-22/cm at pileus margin), chalky white (1-2A1) to yellowish white (3A2), forked at different distances from the stipe; edges entire and concolorous. Stipe 25-57 × 9-23 mm, cylindrical, subclavate to clavate, central, firm and fleshy; surface dry, smooth, chalky white (1-2A1) to greyish white (1B2); turning dull green (27D3-4) with FeSO 4 and deep to dark turquoise (24E-F7-8) in guaiacol. Stipe context solid, chalky white (1-2A1), changing first orange red (8A8) or brownish red (8C6-7), then blackish when cut or bruised; turning dull green (27D3-4) with FeSO 4 and deep to dark turquoise (24E-F7-8) in guaiacol. Odour insignificant. Taste mild. Spore print not obtained.</p> <p>Basidiospores globose, subglobose to broadly ellipsoid, (5.8-)6.2-6.7-7.2(-7.8)×(5.5-)5.6-6.0-6.5(-7) µm, Q=(1-)1.07- 1.12-1.16(-1.20); ornamentation composed of relatively dense, obtuse-rounded, conical amyloid warts (up to 0.8 µm high), connected by thick ridges forming an almost complete network; suprahilar spot inamyloid; apiculi up to 1.2 µm long. Basidia (28-)34.5-40-45(-48)× 8-9-10(-11) µm, 4-spored, narrowly clavate to clavate, sterigmata up to 8 µm long; basidiola cylindrical to clavate. Hymenial gloeocystidia on the lamellae sides (22-)33.5-54.5-75.5(-112)×(4-)5-7.5-9.5(-10) µm, emergent up to 14 µm above the other elements of the hymenium, near the lamellae edges usually smaller and narrower, 31-43-55 (-65)×3-5-6(-7) µm, cylindrical to clavate with capitate to moniliform apex; contents completely or partly filled with brown refractive bodies, not reacting in sulfovanillin. Marginal cells absent. Subhymenium layer up to 20 µm thick, pseudoparenchymatous. Hymenophoral trama mainly composed of large nests of sphaerocytes and intermixed with hyphal elements. Pileipellis orthochromatic in Cresyl Blue, sharply delimited from the underlying context, 300-380 µm thick, two-layered; suprapellis 140-200 µm thick, composed of narrow, ascending hyphal terminations; subpellis 160-180 µm deep, composed of more or less dense, horizontally oriented hyphae. Acid-resistant incrustations absent.Hyphal terminations near the pileus margin long, flexuous, densely septate, scarcely branched at the bases, sometimes with lateral branches, thin-walled, partly filled with irregular refractive bodies containing brown pigments; terminal cells (39-)44-58-72(-90)×(3-)4-4.5-5.5(-6) µm, narrowly cylindrical to subulate, apically obtuse-rounded or acute; subterminal cells and the cells below often gradually wider, usually shorter. Hyphal terminations near the pileus centre apically more attenuated; the terminal cells slightly shorter and less wide, measuring (26-)34.5-50-65(-85)×(2-)3-3.5-4.5(-5) µm. Pileocystidia absent.Clamp connections absent from all tissues.</p> NOTES <p> In its most recent interpretation, <i>Russula</i> subg. <i>Compactae</i> (Fr.) Bon, emend. Buyck & V. Hofst. (Hongsanan <i>et al</i>. 2015) includes species that produce more or less thick-fleshed, very small to large basidiomata with dull to dingy white, brown, grey to black pileus, regularly unequal, polydymous lamellae, a mild to very acrid context that is reddening, greying, blackening, rarely browning and often with unpleasant smell, white spore print and spores with inamyloid suprahilar spot; gloeocystidia mostly capitate with one central knob or more frequently with two excentrical knobs. In a recent multilocus phylogeny (Buyck <i>et al</i>. 2018), this subgenus was shown to be composed of two highly supported lineages: sect. <i>Polyphyllae</i> Buyck & V. Hofst. and sect. <i>Nigricantinae</i> Bataille, which is the core group of this subgenus as it holds the European <i>R. nigricans</i>, the type species. With very few exceptions, species of sect. <i>Nigricantinae</i> have basidiomata that react most frequently by first reddening on bruising before turning to black. This feature, in combination with the unequal, polydymous gills, is still considered to constitute the easiest field character to recognize species of this section (Das <i>et al</i>. 2020).</p> <p> A nBLAST of the obtained ITS sequences of our specimens undeniably placed our new species in sect. <i>Nigricantinae</i> with sequences MN075499 (99.51% similarity), MN580113 (99.05% similarity) and JN969389 (99.13% similarity), all three obtained from deciduous dipterocarp forests in Thailand (Phosri <i>et al</i>. 2012; Pachit <i>et al</i>. 2020; Yuwa-Amornpitak & Yeunyaw 2020), representing earlier reports of <i>R. boddingii</i> Hembrom, D.Chakr., A.Ghosh & K.Das, sp. nov. None of the other sequences resulting from nBLAST was more similar than 96% to our species, and all suggested a placement of our new species in the <i>R. densifolia</i> lineage.</p> <p> In recent years, several new Asian species have been published in sect. <i>Nigricantinae</i> (Das <i>et al</i>. 2020; Zhou <i>et al</i>. 2020), but none of these had crowded gills as in the <i>R. densifolia</i> lineage. The latter lineage has been retrieved as a highly supported clade in recent multigene phylogenetic analyses (Buyck <i>et al</i>. 2018; De Lange <i>et al</i>. 2021). So far, only five described species have been shown to be part of this lineage, but molecularly quite distinct for our new species with very high support (Fig. 4): these species include the European <i>R. densifolia</i>, <i>R. densissima</i>, <i>R. atramentosa</i> and <i>R. fuliginosa</i>, the Australian <i>R. ingwa</i>, as well as at least five additional but undescribed Asian species in this lineage.</p>Published as part of <i>Ghosh, Aniket, Buyck, Bart, Chakraborty, Dyutiparna, Hembrom, Manoj Emanuel, Bera, Ishika & Das, Kanad, 2023, Three new species of genus Russula Pers. from Sal dominated forests of tropical India based on morphotaxonomy and multigene phylogenetic analysis, pp. 27-50 in Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (3)</i> on pages 34-38, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a3, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/7829742">http://zenodo.org/record/7829742</a>
Russula pseudoflavida A. Ghosh, Hembrom, I. Bera & Buyck 2023, sp. nov.
No full text<i>Russula pseudoflavida</i> A.Ghosh, Hembrom, I.Bera & Buyck, sp. nov. (Figs 7-9) <p> <i>Russula pseudoflavida</i> A.Ghosh, Hembrom, I.Bera & Buyck, sp. nov. differs from North American <i>R. flavida</i> Frost ex Peck in its very small to medium sized (10-45 mm) pileus, very long primordial hyphae usually with strong incrustations covering most of the surface, distinctly smaller spores and occurrence under <i>Shorea robusta</i>.</p> <p> HOLOTYPE. — <b>India</b>. West Bengal, Jhargram district, Tuluha, 22°19’18”N, 87°05’34”E, alt. 80 m a.s.l., on ground, under <i>Shorea robusta</i> in tropical deciduous forests, 13.VIII.2020, A. Ghosh, <i>AG 20-058</i> (holo-, CAL [CAL 1862]!).</p> <p> ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED. — <b>India</b>. West Bengal, Paschim Medinipur district, Chandra, 22°21’01”N, 87°02’00”E, alt. 90 m a.s.l., on ground, under <i>Shorea robusta</i> in tropical deciduous forests, 12.VIII.2020, A. Ghosh, <i>AG 20-022</i>; Jhargram district, Lodhasuli, 22°19’50”N, 87°01’41”E, alt. 80 m a.s.l., on ground, under <i>S. robusta</i> in tropical deciduous forests, 13.VIII.2020, A. Ghosh, <i>AG 20-036</i>; Jhargram district, Jhargram city, 22°25’01.1”N, 87°00’13.5”E, alt. 103 m a.s.l., on ground, under <i>S. robusta</i> in tropical deciduous forests, 12.VIII.2021, A. Ghosh, <i>AG 21-070</i> (CAL [CAL 1863]); Bihar, West Champaran district, Valmiki national Park, Raghia range, Sitalbari enclosure, 27°20’14.4”N, 84°13’05.8”E, alt. 133 m a.s.l., on ground, under <i>S. robusta</i> in tropical deciduous forests, 15.IX.2020, M.E. Hembrom, <i>MEH-20-110</i>; Jharkhand, Rajmahal hills, Sahibganj district, Borio block, Pir-Baba Kairasol forest area, 25°09’41.7”N, 87°40’31.9”E, alt. 126 m a.s.l., on ground, under <i>S. robusta</i> in tropical deciduous forests, 24.VIII.2021, M.E. Hembrom, <i>MEH-21-06</i>; Rajmahal hills, Pakur district, Hiranpur block, Talpahari to Tugutola forest area, 24°37’02.6”N, 87°40’45.2”E, alt. 94 m a.s.l., on ground, under <i>S. robusta</i> in tropical deciduous forests, 26.VIII.2021, A. Ghosh, <i>AG 21-11</i> (JH).</p> <p> GENBANK. — OL471685 (nrITS, holotype) and OL471686 (nrITS, specimen voucher no. <i>AG 21-070</i>); ON365928 (nrLSU, holotype), ON365929 (nrLSU, specimen voucher no. <i>AG 21-070</i>); ON387512 (mtSSU, holotype), ON387511 (mtSSU, specimen voucher no. <i>AG 21-070</i>); ON398067 (<i>rpb</i> 2, holotype), ON398068 (<i>rpb</i> 2, specimen voucher no. <i>AG 21-070</i>).</p> <p> ETYMOLOGY. — Referring to its being a look-alike and close relative of <i>R. flavida</i>, a North American species in the crown clade of <i>Russula</i> subg. <i>Russula</i>.</p> <p>MYCOBANK. — MB 844206.</p> <p>FACESOFFUNGI NUMBER. — FoF 11437.</p> DESCRIPTION <p> Pileus very small to medium-sized, 10-45 mm in diam., convex when young, becoming planoconvex to applanate, uplifted with age, centrally depressed to umbilicate with maturity, margin tuberculate striate, decurved to plane with age; cuticle smooth, velvety, viscid and shiny when wet, dull upon drying, peeling to 1/2 of the radius, deep orange (6A-B7-8) or brownish orange (6-7C7-8) when young, then yellowish orange, orange yellow to deep yellow (4A7-8) or even orange to deep orange (5A7-8). Pileus context 5-10 mm thick at the disc, thinning towards the margin, brittle, chalky white (1-2A1), unchanging after bruising or cutting; turning salmon pink (6A4) with FeSO 4 and deep to dark turquoise (24E-F7-8) in guaiacol. Lamellae equal, 10-15 mm high, adnexed to narrowly adnate, normally spaced (10/cm) to crowded (up to 22/cm at pileus margin), rounded near pileus margin, chalky white (1-2A1), sometimes forked near stipe apex; edges even, marginate, deep orange or dark orange (5A8). Stipe 10-30× 4-9 mm, cylindrical, central, firm, with dry, smooth, velvety surface that is concolorous to pileus, but chalky white (1-2A1) at the stipe apex, unchanging after bruising or cutting, turning salmon pink (6A4) with FeSO 4 and deep to dark turquoise (24E-F7-8) in guaiacol, stuffed and chalky white (1-2A1) inside, unchanging. Odour not distinctive.Taste mild. Spore print not obtained.</p> <p>Basidiospores globose, broadly ellipsoid to ellipsoid, (5.5-) 5.7-6.05-6.5(-7.0)×(4.4-)4.8-5.2-5.6(-6.2) µm, Q=(1-)1.11- 1.17-1.22(-1.25); ornamentation amyloid, composed of obtuse and relatively densely spaced warts, up to 0.6 µm high, merged in short ridges which are interconnected by numerous fine line connections; suprahilar spot amyloid, relatively large and conspicuous; apiculi up to 0.9 µm high. Basidia (18-)21- 27-32(-39) ×(9-)9-10-10.5(-11) µm, 4-spored, subclavate to clavate, sterigmata up to 5 µm long. Hymenial gloeocystidia on lamellae sides (39-)41.5-49-56(-60) × (7-)8-9.5-11(-12) µm, rare, clavate to subclavate and mostly rostrate at the tip (up to 13 µm long), others with narrowing or obtuse-rounded apex, emergent up to 15 µm above the other elements of the hymenium, few deeply embedded; near the lamellae edges usually smaller and narrower, measuring (27-)30-38.5-46.5 (-52) × (6-)6.5-8.5-10(-11) µm; all hymenial cystidia with scarce, granulose contents that do not react in sulfovanillin. Subhymenium layer up to 25 µm thick, pseudoparenchymatous. Marginal cells similar to hyphal terminations in pileipellis, mainly cylindrical, measuring (12-)15-22.5-29.5 (-35) ×(3.5-)4-5-6(-6) µm, apically obtuse-rounded; mixed with occasional basidia or basidioles. Hymenophoral trama mainly composed of large nests of sphaerocytes and intermixed with hyphal elements. Pileipellis orthochromatic in Cresyl blue, sharply delimited from the underlying sphaerocytes of the context, 100-200 µm deep, two-layered; vaguely divided in a 70-150 µm deep suprapellis a trichoderm composed of relatively dense, erect or ascending hyphal terminations; subpellis 30-50 µm deep, composed of more horizontally oriented, densely arranged hyphae. Acidoresistant incrustations uncertain. Hyphal terminations near the pileus margin flexuous, thin-walled, two- to three-celled, branched at the subterminal cells or the cells just below, pigment incrustations abundant; terminal cells measuring (16-)21.5-35-48.5 (-66) ×(4-)5-6.5-8(-9.5) µm, cylindrical or slightly narrowed towards apex or ventricose or narrowly uniform, apically obtuse-rounded or acute; subterminal cells usually equally long but sometimes wider (up to 11 µm), often with lateral projections. Hyphal terminations near the pileus centre of similar structure; terminal cells slightly shorter and less wide, measuring (14-)19-28-37(-45) × (3-)3.5-5-6.5(-9) µm, cylindrical or slightly narrowed towards apex or ventricose or narrowly uniform, apically obtuse-rounded or acute; subterminal cells usually equally long but sometimes wider (up to 13 µm). Potential primordial hyphae near the pileus margin typically 2- to 3-celled, flexuous, very long, thick-walled (up to 1 µm); terminal cells (58-)65.5-111-157(-225) × (2-)2.8-3.8-4.8 (-6) µm, mainly attenuate, apically mostly acute, subterminal cells long, cylindrical; usually with strong incrustations covering most of its surface. Potential primordial hyphae near the pileus centre 2- to 3-celled, flexuous, very long, thick-walled (up to 1 µm), slightly shorter, terminal cells (45-)46-80.6- 115(-165) ×(2-)3.5-4.5-5.5(-6) µm, cylindrical to attenuate, apically mostly acute; usually with strong incrustations covering most of its surface. Pileocystidia not observed. Clamp connections absent in all parts.</p> NOTES <p> In the field, our new species is a look-alike of the American <i>R. flavida</i> Frost. It differs microscopically from this American species in the smaller size of its basidiospores, as basidiospores of <i>R. flavida</i> holotype measure (7.1-)7.6-7.9-8.3(-8.6)×(5.8-) 6-6.4-6.7(-7) µm (Adamčík <i>et al</i>. 2018), while their size was reported as 5.5-8.5(9.6) × 5-7 µm in Bills & Miller (1984) based on different collections.</p> <p> The American <i>R. flavida</i> has not yet been placed in a multilocus phylogeny as essentially ITS sequences are available for this species. Our new <i>R. pseudoflavida</i> A.Ghosh, Hembrom, I.Bera & Buyck, sp. nov. is here placed for the first time on the basis of three genes (Fig. 3). This placement supports the assumption made on the basis of an ITS phylogeny (Adamčík <i>et al</i>. 2019) that <i>R. flavida</i>, and now by extension also <i>R. pseudoflavida</i> A.Ghosh, Hembrom, I.Bera & Buyck, sp. nov., might be considered members of subsect. <i>Auratinae</i> Bon. This small subsection was until now limited to merely three species: the European <i>R. aurea</i> and its morphologically and genetically (4 bp difference in the ITS) very similar Asian counterpart, <i>R. aurantioflava</i>, recently reported from Pakistan (Adamčík <i>et al</i>. 2019), as well as the equally very similar, but rare American <i>R. xantho</i> Shaffer which has not yet been sequenced. Compared to <i>R. flavida</i> and <i>R. pseudoflavida</i> A.Ghosh, Hembrom, I.Bera & Buyck, sp. nov., these species are less uniform in colour with a pileus that varies from purplish to wine red, over brick red and orange to yellow, and a stipe that is frequently tinged with yellow but which can also be entirely white. Additionally, <i>R. xantho</i> is particular in the greying-blackening reaction of the context (Buyck 2005). The high support obtained in our multigene phylogenetic analyses (Fig. 3; MLbs= 100%, BPP = 1) and ITS (Fig. 7; MLbs= 98%, BPP= 1) also suggests that the / wielangtae-lineage should be considered part of <i>Auratinae</i>. This Oceanian lineage, comprising again very few species, the orange-red <i>R. wielangtae</i> from Australia and purplish-greenish <i>R. atroviridis</i> Buyck from New Zealand, offers a very similar microscopy as <i>R. aurea</i> and allies.</p> <p> When blasting the ITS sequence (which is of perfect quality) of <i>R. pseudoflavida</i> A.Ghosh, Hembrom, I.Bera & Buyck, sp. nov. against GenBank deposits, including environmental sequences, it is immediately evident that this sequence is very different from any other deposited sequence. For nearly complete coverage (100-93%), the closest match is a single Australian sequence at 85.85% similarity, and then similarity drops to less than 83% with first sequences for <i>R. flavida</i> and <i>Auratinae</i> arriving only at 81% similarity; coverage then drops very quickly to 70-60%. This is probably the reason why some of the closer species in multigene phylogenies (Buyck <i>et al</i>. 2018; Adamčík <i>et al</i>. 2019), such as the European <i>R. romellii</i> or the <i>R. wielangtae</i> lineage don’t show up in these nBLAST results. When doing nBLAST of the ITS of <i>R. romellii</i>, neither <i>R. pseudoflavida</i> A.Ghosh, Hembrom, I.Bera & Buyck, sp. nov. nor <i>Auratinae</i> are showing up in the first 100 results, but <i>R. flavida</i> is at 86% similarity for full coverage.</p> <p> Host specificity seems not very high for species in <i>Auratinae</i>. The well-documented <i>R. aurea</i> has a distribution that extends from Mediterranean climates all the way into the colder parts of Europe. It occurs under various deciduous trees and conifers, and on various types of soil (Sarnari 2005). On the other side of the Atlantic Ocean, <i>R. flavida</i> is found in mixed forests with various <i>Quercus</i>, <i>Betula</i>, but also conifers (Bills & Miller 1984). <i>Russula aurantioflava</i> was originally reported as ectomycorrhizal with conifers (Adamčík <i>et al</i>. 2019). However, based on 100% similarity top scores in nBLAST for ITS sequence deposits MN704814 and MN 704815 in GenBank, it occurs also in the very north-eastern part of China (Xing <i>et al</i>. 2020) in forests dominated (98%) by <i>Quercus mongolica</i> with intrusion (2%) of <i>Betula platyphylla</i> Sukaczev, resulting finally in a very similar host range as for both other species. <i>Russula xantho</i> is for the moment the only species of the subsection that seems to have a distinct preference for beech (Buyck 2005). Our new <i>R. pseudoflavida</i> A.Ghosh, Hembrom, I.Bera & Buyck, sp. nov. is the first species in this lineage that associates with tropical dipterocarps.</p> <p> The pileipellis of <i>Auratinae</i> has always been interpreted as devoid of any well-defined pileocystidia or primordial hyphae, but they have well-differentiated caulocystidia. However, for <i>R. flavida</i> and <i>R. pseudoflavida</i> A.Ghosh, Hembrom, I.Bera & Buyck, sp. nov., the question of absence/presence of primordial hyphae is more difficult to answer as the entire pileipellis is covered in yellow incrustations and many cells also present deposits inside hyphal terminations. Adamčík <i>et al</i>. (2019) mentioned presence of pileocystidia in the pileipellis of the <i>R. flavida</i> holotype, but absence of primordial hyphae. In our opinion, both primordial hyphae and dermatocystidia are absent in the pileipellis and on the stipe surface, although we admit that the reaction in carbolfuchsine (Fig. 8H) is open for interpretation as most of the colouration is situated inside the hyphae but with some guttules nevertheless sitting on top of the hyphal surface. All of the abovementioned species have also very poor contents in hymenial cystidia.</p>Published as part of <i>Ghosh, Aniket, Buyck, Bart, Chakraborty, Dyutiparna, Hembrom, Manoj Emanuel, Bera, Ishika & Das, Kanad, 2023, Three new species of genus Russula Pers. from Sal dominated forests of tropical India based on morphotaxonomy and multigene phylogenetic analysis, pp. 27-50 in Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (3)</i> on pages 38-44, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a3, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/7829742">http://zenodo.org/record/7829742</a>
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
No full textWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
"Closing the R&D Gap, Evaluating the Sources of R&D Spending"
No full textBoth spending and tax policies have been implemented in the United States with the goal of stimulating private sector research and development (R&D). Karier questions whether current R&D policy, especially the research and experimentation tax credit, can contribute to closing the gap between nondefense expenditures on R&D in the United States and such expenditures in other countries, such as Japan and Germany. He also explores possible changes to our current R&D policy to make it more effective.
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
No full textThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Letter from R. R. Zellick, Assistant Trust Officer, Anglo California National Bank of San Francisco, to Joseph R. Goodman, October 2, 1942
No full textLetter from R. R. Zellick, Assistant Trust Officer at The Anglo California National Bank of San Francisco, to Joseph R. Goodman, regarding property owned by Dave Tatsuno. Zellick mentions a dispute between current tenants and Tatsuno, and that Tatsuno has asked Goodman to help locate trustworthy tenants.Personal correspondence, organizational records, government documents, publications, and other papers created or collected by Joseph R. Goodman documenting the forced removal and incarceration of Japanese Americans during World War II, as well as organized resistance to incarceration. Included in the collection are records of the Japanese Young Men's Christian Association and the Japanese American Citizens' League in San Francisco, including papers of the Japanese YMCA's executive secretary Lincoln Kanai; Sakai family papers; Goodman's correspondence to and from Japanese American incarcerees, organizations opposing forced removal and incarceration of Japanese Americans, the War Relocation Authority, and others; publications, photographs, and ephemera from the Topaz Relocation Center, where Goodman taught high school; War Relocation Authority records and publications; and newspaper clippings, pamphlets, and reports about forced removal and incarceration created by various government, religious, and civic organizations, in California and nationwide
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
No full textWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Liftings for noncomplete probability spaces
No full textThe current state of knowledge concerning liftings for noncomplete probability spaces is discussed. This is a somewhat expanded version of the author's talk given at the 1991 Summer Conference on General Topology and Applications in Honor of Mary Ellen Rudin and Her Work.PT: S; CR: BURKE MR, IN PRESS P AM MATH S BURKE MR, 1991, ISRAEL J MATH, V73, P33 BURKE MR, 1992, ISRAEL J MATH, V79, P289 CARLSON T, THEOREM LIFTING CHRISTENSEN JPR, 1974, TOPOLOGY BOREL STRUC FREMLIN DH, 1989, HDB BOOLEAN ALGEBRAS, P877 INOESCUTULCEA A, 1966, 5TH P BERK S MATH ST, V2 IONESCUTULCEA A, 1967, CONTRIBUTIONS PROB 1, P63 IONESCUTULCEA A, 1969, TOPICS THEORY LIFTIN JECH TJ, 1978, SET THEORY JOHNSON RA, 1980, P AM MATH SOC, V80, P234 JUST W, IN PRESS T AM MATH S KUPKA J, 1983, INDIANA U MATH J, V32, P717 LOSERT V, 1983, LNM, V1080, P95 MAHARAM D, 1958, P AM MATH SOC, V9, P987 SHELAH S, 1983, ISRAEL J MATH, V45, P90 TALAGRAND M, 1982, P AM MATH SOC, V84, P379 VONNEUMANN J, 1931, CRELLES J MATH, V165, P109; NR: 18; TC: 0; J9: ANN N Y ACAD SCI; PG: 4; GA: BZ86BSource type: Electronic(1
Hansen, Lee (Lee R.). Union, non-union, and managerial pay plan state employees, 2008-2019
No full text1 online resource (2 pages)"July 1, 2021."Provides the number of union and non-union state employees in each of the last 14 years. Also provides the number of state employees paid under the state's managerial pay plan during each of those years. Updates OLR research report 2019-R-011
Phaeolus sharmae MOTS CLES Hembrom, A. Parihar, K. Das & A. Ghosh 2022, sp. nov.
No full text117. <i>Phaeolus sharmae</i> Hembrom, A. Parihar, K. Das & A. Ghosh, sp. nov. (Figs 13-15) <p> DIAGNOSIS. — Differs from other <i>Phaeolus</i> by its habitat as it grows in the upper part of its host tree <i>Abies densa</i> Griff. at high altitude in the Himalayas, also by its basidiomata with pinkish orange tainted hymenophore when young, duplex context, larger basidia (16- 53 × 7-12 µm) and basidiospores (6-11 × 6-7.8 µm).</p> <p> HOLOTYPE. — <b>India</b>. Sikkim, North district, Yumthang valley Shingba Rhododendron sanctuary, attached to the bark of a living tree trunk of <i>A</i>. <i>densa</i> Griff., 3470 m, 27°46’53.2”N, 88°42’34.8”E, 19.VII.2019, <i>K. Das & M. E. Hembrom, KMA-19-014</i> (holo-, CAL [CAL1843]!).</p> <p>MYCOBANK. — MB840191.</p> <p>GENBANK. — MT762941 (nrITS, holotype), MT762940 (nrITS, paratype); MT764209 (nrLSU, holotype), MT764236 (nrLSU, paratype).</p> <p>ETYMOLOGY. — Named in honour of J. R. Sharma for his contribution to Indian macrofungi.</p> <p> ADDITIONAL MATERIAL STUDIED. — <b>India</b>. Sikkim, North district, Dombang valley, on living tree trunk of <i>A</i>. <i>densa</i> Griff. attached to bark, 3540 m, 27°46’06.2”N, 88°48’21.3”E, 20.VII.2019, <i>K. Das, M. E. Hembrom & A. Parihar, KMA-19-026</i> (CAL 1844).</p> DESCRIPTION <i>Basidiomata</i> <p>Annual, lignicolous, narrowly and loosely attached to host, single or imbricate, up to 100 mm broad, 150 mm wide and 20-50 mm thick, spongiose watery to leathery and heavy when fresh, rigid to brittle and lightweight when dry.</p> <i>Pileus</i> <p>70-190 × 70-320 mm, 8-20 mm thick near base, sessile, spathulate to applanate when young, then gradually becoming semicircular to almost dimidiate; upper surface covered with dense hispid hairs forming a thick tomentum in actively growing regions, glabrous and rough in older parts, concentrically zonate, weakly sulcate, mustard yellow to olive yellow (3B6-C7) when young, turning light brown to brown (7D5- E6) when mature; finally, becoming pale reddish brown to blackish with age.</p> <i>Margin</i> <p>Sterile, up to 3 mm wide, acute to obtuse, entire to more or less undulating, sometimes forming narrow lobes, distinctly incurved when dry, lemon yellow or yellowish when actively growing, turning concolorous to pileus surface at maturity.</p> <i>Hymenophore</i> <p>Poroid to irpicoid to often daedaleoid near base; pores 1-2 per mm, often widening up to 3-4 mm in mature parts while staying minute towards pileus margin, glancing, pinkish orange to ochraceous orange when young, then gradually changing into almost yellowish brown to sulphur yellow, finally becoming darker coffee brown with age, turning charcoal black when bruised.</p> <i>Context</i> <p>5-10 mm wide, divided in a compact lower and loose upper partthat are not separated by a black demarcation line, spongy to cheese-like when fresh, often fibrillose, becoming hard and brittle on drying, light brown to brown (7D5-E6) to dark reddish brown in the lower compact part, upper loose part and tomentum light brown (7D4-6).</p> <i>Tubes</i> <p>3-10 mm long, distinct from context, yellowish brown or concolorous with the context, brittle on drying, orange to dark blonde (5C5-D4) when young, then turning brown to dark brown (7E3-F4) when mature; dissepiments thin, entire to lacerate.</p> <i>Hyphal system of context</i> <p>Monomitic, generative hyphae 3-15 µm wide, simple septate, frequently to occasionally branched, thin- to thick-walled (<1.5 µm), hyaline or pale yellowish to dark brownish, becoming collapsed when old; walls smooth or sometimes with crystal deposits.</p> <i>Hymenophoral trama</i> <p>Composed of parallel and compactly arranged, thin- (mostly) to moderately thick-walled generative hyphae mixed with submerged gloeocystidial hyphae; generative hyphae 2-6 µm wide; submerged gloeocystidial hyphae 40-105 × 4-10 µm, septate, unbranched (mostly) to rarely branched, thin-walled, smooth, pale coffee brown to dark brown, filled with dense cytoplasmic contents.</p> <i>Hymenial gloeocystidia</i> <p>Measuring 10-105 × 4-15 µm, clavate to cylindrical, irregularly capitate, thin- to moderately thick-walled, smooth, projected up to 55 µm beyond hymenial layer, filled with dense pale yellowish contents before becoming empty in older specimens.</p> <i>Basidia</i> <p>16-53 × 7-12 µm, clavate to pedicellate-clavate, thin-walled, smooth, 4-spored; sterigmata 6-8 µm long, hyaline.</p> <i>Basidiospores</i> <p>6-(8.97)-11 × 6-(6.75)-7.8 µm, Q = 1-(1.32)-1.57, ellipsoid to ovoid, thin-walled, smooth, distinctly apiculate, hyaline, acyanophilic, inamyloid.</p> NOTES <p> During fungal forays to the North district of Sikkim in 2018 and 2019, three of us (KD, MEH and AP) repeatedly came across populations of an unknown species growing on bark of standing trees of <i>Abies densa</i>. This species is quite distinct based on phylogenetic analyses including obtained ITS & LSU sequences that place it sister to <i>Phaeolus schweinitzii</i>, a species widely distributed in the northern hemisphere (Gilbertson & Ryvarden 1987; Ryvarden & Gilbertson 1994; Núñez & Ryvarden 2001; Sharma 2012; Prasher 2015).</p> <p> Within Polyporales, species of <i>Phaeolus</i> (Pat.) Pat. are easily confused with various xanthochoric polypores but the genus is phylogenetically distinct and causes a brown rot. Within family Laetiporaceae, <i>Phaeolus</i> can be separated from <i>Laetiporus</i> Murrill and <i>Wolfiporia</i> Ryvarden & Gilb. because these lack gloeoplerous elements. Also <i>Inonotus hispidus</i> (Bull.) P. Karst., which lacks hymenial setae and forms lightweight, brittle basidiocarps with a strongly hispid pileus surface and large hymenial pores, may resemble our species in the field. Yet, it equally lacks gloeoplerous elements in context and hymenium.</p> <p> <i>Phaeolus</i> harbours six species, half of these described by Patouillard, from which <i>P</i>. <i>sharmae</i> sp. nov. can be distinguished by its combination of having broadly attached basidiomata with rough pilear surface forming irregular papillae, a shiny pinkish orange young hymenophore and larger basidia and basidiospores. Berkley’s (1845), Léveillé’s (1844) and Patouillard’s (1900) descriptions for <i>P</i>. <i>tabulaeformis</i> (Berk.) Pat., <i>P</i>. <i>javanicus</i> (Pat.) Henn., and the description of <i>P</i>. <i>rigidus</i> (Lév.) Pat. lack microscopic details to compare these with our species. Moreover, <i>P</i>. <i>tabulaeformis</i> has been considered as synonym of <i>P</i>. <i>schweinitzii</i> (Overholts 1953; Bakshi 1971). The African <i>Phaeolus manihotis</i> R. Heim has stipitate (6-7 × 3-4 mm) basidiomata and minute basidia (11-14 × 6-8 µm) and smaller spores (5.5-7 × 3.2-4.3µm) (Heim 1931). The medium sized (up to 60 × 50 × 10 mm), laterally stipitate (40 × 20 mm) basidiomata with whitish yellow context and smaller basidiospores (5-6 × 4-4.3 µm) of <i>P</i>. <i>amazonica</i> M. A. De Jesus & Ryvarden (De Jesus & Ryvarden 2010) separate it from our novel species, while <i>P</i>. <i>subbulbipes</i> (Henn.) O. Fidalgo & M. Fidalgo possesses much smaller spores (3.5-4 µm).</p> <p> In our combined (nrITS+nrLSU) phylogenetic analysis (Fig. 1), our species appeared as sister to the American, European and Asian samples of <i>P. schweinitzii</i> (Fr.) Pat. But <i>P. sharmae</i> sp. nov. always occupies upper parts of living tree trunks and branches rather than growing on the ground or on bases of trees as found in <i>P. schweinitzii</i> (Overholts 1953; Gilbertson & Ryvarden 1987; Zhao & Zhang 1992; Sharma 2012). The distinctly shiny pinkish orange hymenophore that changes on bruising, observed in young specimens of our species, is also worth mentioning, along with its non-decurrent tubes attached to a duplex context, thus clearly distinguishing it from <i>P. schweinitzii</i> (Overholts 1953; Ryvarden & Gilbertson 1994; Sharma 2012; Ryvarden & Melo 2014) where context is homogeneous and continuous with tube layer. Microscopically, the larger basidiospores (6-11 × 6-7.8 µm) and basidia (16-53 × 7-12 µm) distinguish our species from <i>P.schweinitzii</i> (usually with spores 5.5-9 × 2-5.6 µm and basidia 20-30 × 6-8 µm) known from India and abroad (Overholts 1953; Bakshi 1971; Ryvarden & Johansen 1980; Gilbertson & Ryvarden 1987; Zhao & Zhang 1992; Ryvarden & Gilbertson 1994; Sharma 2012; Ryvarden & Melo 2014). Another Indian report of <i>P. schweinitzii</i> made by Prasher (2015) from Shimla Himachal Pradesh should be recollected and re-examined under the light of phylogenetic estimations as sizes of basidiospores (6-11.5 × 4-6.8 µm) and clavate basidia (12.4-15.3 × 5-6.8 µm) are deviating from report of similar kind of standard Indian and extralimital materials (Overholts 1953; Bakshi 1971; Ryvarden & Johansen 1980; Gilbertson & Ryvarden 1987; Zhao & Zhang 1992; Ryvarden & Gilbertson 1994; Sharma 2012; Ryvarden & Melo 2014).</p>Published as part of <i>Buyck, Bart, Eyssartier, Guillaume, Armada, François, Corrales, Adriana, Hembrom, Manoj Emanuel, Rossi, Walter, Bellanger, Jean-Michel, Das, Kanad, Dima, Bálint & Ghosh, Aniket, 2022, Fungal biodiversity profiles 111 - 120, pp. 23-61 in Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (2)</i> on pages 38-40, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2022v43a2, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/7828891">http://zenodo.org/record/7828891</a>
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