37 research outputs found
INFLUENCE OF TILLAGE SYSTEMS IN A LONG-TERM EXPERIMENT ON TRACK DEPTHS AND CROP YIELDS UNDER PANNONIAN CLIMATE
No full textBased on a long-term experiment under Pannonian climate, the tillage effects on track depth, soil moisture content and grain yield of winter wheat in the vegetation period 2016/2017 are shown. The physical soil properties were measured in March 2017 indirectly: soil strength was measured through the track depth caused by a wheel load ballasted tractor with a rear wheel load of 13.7 kN. Soil moisture content was measured with a soil moisture meter at the depth of 5 cm after track depth measurement. No tillage resulted in the lowest track depth. Water content was highest in the conservation tillage systems, which had also a higher grain yield of winter wheat than the mouldboard-plough-system
Effect of Cover Crop, Slurry Application with Different Loads and Tire Inflation Pressures on Tire Track Depth, Soil Penetration Resistance and Maize Yield
No full textAgricultural soils can be affected in their ecological functions by in-field traffic of agricultural machinery. A three-factorial research design was carried out in a field experiment to test the effect of slurry tanker filling level (filled, half-filled, empty), tire inflation pressure of the slurry tanker (high: 300 kPa, low: 100 kPa), and ground covering (+cover crop, −cover crop) on tire track and soil penetration resistance (averaged, 0–20 cm, 21–40 cm) after application on the fields in spring. Additionally, the effect on grain yield of the subsequent culture was considered. The total weight of the tractor slurry tanker combination was 16,470 kg (empty), 25,940 kg (half-filled), and 34,620 kg (filled). The low tire inflation pressure of the slurry tanker increased the mean tire–soil contact area by 75% (filled), 38% (half-filled), and 16% (empty tanker). The results obtained show a significant effect of tire inflation pressure and ground covering on the measured parameters. The tire inflation pressure reduction effect on track depth was highest in the filled slurry tanker (−17.8%). With increasing wheel load, the effect of reduced tire inflation pressure on soil penetration resistance (0–20 cm) increased. In the subsoil (21–40 cm), the effect of tire inflation pressure was much lower, indicating that a reduction of tire inflation pressure preserves the upper layers rather than the lower ones. Furthermore, cover crops are linked to a higher degree of soil deformation after traffic with the tractor–slurry combination due to their loosening effect on the topsoil. Tire tracks were 15.0% deeper in the cover crop field than in the field without a cover crop. It is assumed that cover crop mixtures with different types of root mass can influence the mitigation of soil compaction in an ameliorative way
Kontinuitäten und Brüche im Werk Jura Soyfers nach 1934
No full textIn der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde versucht aufzuzeigen, inwieweit die Ereignisse im Februar 1934 und deren Folgen einen Bruch in Jura Soyfers politischem, privatem und künstlerischem Leben bewirkt haben. Dazu wurde zunächst Soyfers Schaffen vor 1934 dargelegt, wobei besonders seine theatertheoretischen Texte im Fokus standen. In Kapitel 9 der gegenständlichen Arbeit schließlich wurde versucht zu zeigen, dass der Bruch, den die Februarereignisse initiiert hatten sich auf drei Ebenen vollzog: erstens auf der Produktionsebene, da durch die Wiedereinführung der Zensur die Produktionsbedingungen grundlegend verändert wurden. Zweitens auf Rezeptionsebene, da laut Horst Jarka nach 1934 bei Soyfer eine Störung des Verhältnisses zwischen Autor und Rezipienten feststellbar ist. Drittens auf ideologischer Ebene, da Soyfer einige der Positionen, die er vor 1934 vertrat später, als Mitglied der illegalen KPÖ modifiziert oder gar aufgegeben hatte: exemplarisch hierfür wurde in der gegenständlichen Arbeit versucht zu zeigen, inwiefern sich der politische Diskurs um die Volksfront- und Einheitsfrontpolitik sowie die Frage nach dem nationalen Charakter Österreichs in Soyfers Mittelstücken widerspiegelt.The present thesis tries to demonstrate, to what extent the events of February 1934 and their consequences altered the political, private, and artistic life of Jura Soyfer. For this purpose, Soyfer’s work predating the year 1934 was set forth, whereby his texts on dramatic theory were dealt with in particular. Finally, chapter 9 of the present thesis attempts to highlight the fact that the break, that had been initiated by the events of February, strongly influenced three levels: firstly, the production level, since the its conditions were fundamentally changed through the reintroduction of censorship. Secondly, the level of audience reception was affected, since, according to Horst Jarka, a disturbance between the author and recipient is detectable in Soyfer’s work after 1934. Thirdly, the ideological level, for Soyfer, as a member of the illegal Communist Party of Austria (KPÖ), modified or even gave up positions that had been supported before 1934: exemplary thereof, this thesis tries to point out how far the political discourse of the people’s front and unity front policies as well as the question for Austria’s national character is reflected in Soyfer’s middle plays
Anbauverfahren „Weite Reihe“ von Winterweizen unter den kontinentalen Anbaubedingungen Ostösterreichs
No full textProblemstellung und Ziele: Winterweizen mit 12% Protein wird in der Regel gesichert nur nach kleinsamigen Leguminosen wie Rotklee oder Luzerne mit einem hohen Stickstoffangebot aus den mineralisierten Ernte-Wurzelrückstanden erreicht.
Um dieses Qualitätsziel auch im viehlosen Anbau in niederschlagsarmen Regionen zu erreichen, wurden anhand von Feldversuchen verschiedene Saatstärken und Reihenabstände geprüft
Efficiency of Mineral Nitrogen Fertilization in Winter Wheat under Pannonian Climate Conditions
No full textImprovements in nitrogen (N) use efficiency in crop production are important for addressing the triple challenges of food security, environmental degradation and climate change. The three fertilizers, calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN), urea (Urea) and stabilized urea (Ureastab), were applied at a rate of 160 kg N ha−1 with two or three splits to winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in the Pannonian climate region of eastern Austria. On average, over all fertilization treatments, the grain yield (GY) increased by about a quarter and the grain N concentration (GNC) doubled compared to the control without fertilization. Consequently, the grain N yield (NYGRAIN) was increased with N fertilization by 154%. The GY increased due to a higher grain density with no differences between N fertilizers but with a tendency of a higher grain yield with three compared to two splits. Three splits also slightly increased the GNC and consequently the NYGRAIN of CAN and Ureastab in one year. The removal of N fertilizer with the NYGRAIN (N surplus) was higher than the amount of applied fertilizer. Fertilization decreased the N use efficiency (NUE), the N uptake efficiency (NUpE) and the N utilization efficiency (NUtE) but increased the soil mineral nitrate (NO3-N) at harvest and the apparent N loss (ANL). Three compared to two applications resulted in a higher NO3-N at harvest but also a lower N surplus due to partly higher NYGRAIN. Consequently, the ANL was lower with three compared to two splits. Also, the NUpE and the apparent N recovery efficiency (ANRE) were higher with three splits. The best N treatment regarding highest above-ground biomass yield with lowest N surplus, N balance and ANL was the three-split treatment (50 CAN, 50 CAN, 60 liquid urea ammonium nitrate). Three splits can, under semi-arid conditions, be beneficial when aiming high-quality wheat for bread-making and also for reducing the N loss. Whereas, two splits are recommended when aiming only at high GY, e.g., for ethanol-wheat production
Effect of tillage systems on energy input and energy efficiency for sugar beet and soybean under Pannonian climate conditions
No full textComparison of energy inputs and energy efficiency for maize in a long-term tillage experiment under Pannonian climate conditions
No full textEnergy Efficiency of Continuous Rye, Rotational Rye and Barley in Different Fertilization Systems in a Long-Term Field Experiment
No full textA goal in sustainable agriculture is to use fossil energy more efficiently in crop production. This 60-year-old experiment on a silt loam chernozem investigated effects of fertilization (unfertilized control, mineral fertilizer (NPK) and farmyard manure (FYM)) and rotation (continuous winter rye (CR), winter rye in rotation (RR), spring barley in rotation (SB) on diesel fuel consumption, total energy input (made of both direct and indirect inputs), crop yield, energy output, net-energy output, energy intensity, energy productivity and energy use efficiency. The input rates of fertilizer, herbicides and seeds were set constant during the experiment. Soil tillage was done with a moldboard plough with subsequent combined seedbed preparation and seeding. The mean calculated total energy input was highest in NPK with 11.28 GJ ha−1 and lowest in the unfertilized control with 5.00 GJ ha−1. Total energy input for FYM was intermediate with 6.30 GJ ha−1. With energetic consideration of NPK nutrients in FYM the total energy input increased to the level of NPK. The share of the fertilizer energy on the total energy input was 49% for NPK. Fertilization with FYM and NPK increased yield and energy output considerably, especially of CR and SB which attained about doubled values. Crop rotation also increased the yield and energy output, especially of unfertilized rye, which attained values increased by about 75%. Fertilization with FYM resulted in the highest energy efficiency as the net-energy output, the energy productivity and the energy use efficiency were higher but the energy intensity was lower compared to unfertilized controls and NPK. When the nutrients in FYM were also energetically considered, the energy efficiency parameters of FYM decreased to the level of the NPK treatment. Crop rotation increased the energy efficiency of winter rye compared to the monoculture
Energy efficiency of winter wheat in a long-term tillage experiment under Pannonian climate conditions
No full textConcentrations and uptake of macro and micronutrients by chickpea compared to pea, barley and oat in Central Europe
No full textEin zweijähriger Feldversuch wurde im Osten Österreichs durchgeführt, um die Konzentrationen und die Aufnahme von Makro- (Ca, K, Mg, P) und Mikronährstoffen (Cu, Mn, Zn) durch Kichererbse (Cicer arietinum) im Vergleich zu Erbse, Gerste und Hafer zu erheben, um so Informationen für die mögliche Einführung von Kichererbse in zentraleuropäische Agrarsysteme zu gewinnen. Die Körner von Kichererbse wiesen höhere Nährstoffkonzentrationen (mit Ausnahme von Mn) auf als jene der beiden Getreidearten. In einem Jahr mit durchschnittlichen klimatischen Verhältnissen konnte die Kichererbse eine geringe Aufnahme von Mg und P ins Korn pro Fläche erreichen, während der K-, Cu- und Zn-Kornertrag ähnlich jenem von Gerste und Hafer war, da die Kichererbse den geringeren Kornertrag durch höhere Nährstoffkonzentrationen kompensieren konnte. Indessen konnte die Kichererbse in einem Jahr mit starker Trockenheit die anderen Kulturpflanzen im Kornertrag der Makronährstoffe Ca, K, Mg und P und des Mikronährstoffes Cu übertreffen, und zwar aufgrund des mit den weiteren Kulturpflanzen ähnlichen Kornertrages und den höheren Kornkonzentrationen dieser Elemente im Vergleich zu Gerste und Hafer. DOI: 10.5073/JfK.2015.12.02, https://doi.org/10.5073/JfK.2015.12.02Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) could be a promising new crop in Central Europe for contributing to agro-system diversification and reducing the substantial deficit of vegetable protein sources in the European Union. A two-year field experiment was conducted in eastern Austria to assess concentrations and uptake of macro (Ca, K, Mg, P) and micronutrients (Cu, Mn, Zn) of chickpea as compared to pea, barley and oat to gain information for a possible introduction of chickpea to Central European agro-system with regard to its contribution to human and livestock nutrition and its nutrient demand. Chickpea grain had higher concentrations of all analysed nutrients (except of Mn) than cereal grains. In year with average climatic conditions, chickpea had a lower grain nutrient uptake of Mg and P than pea, barley and oat but a similar one to barley and oat for K, Cu and Zn as higher grain concentrations of chickpea could compensate its lower grain yield. Whereas, chickpea could outperform the other crops in a year with drought conditions regarding the uptake of macronutrients Ca, K, Mg and P and micronutrient Cu due to both a similar grain yield with the other crops and higher grain concentrations of these elements as compared to barley and oat. DOI: 10.5073/JfK.2015.12.02, https://doi.org/10.5073/JfK.2015.12.0
