24,338 research outputs found
A remarkable new species of Mythomantis Giglio-Tos, 1916 from northern Borneo, with notes on the systematics of Deroplatyinae Westwood, 1889 (Mantodea: Mantidae)
No full textSchwarz, Christian J., Helmkampf, Martin (2014): A remarkable new species of Mythomantis Giglio-Tos, 1916 from northern Borneo, with notes on the systematics of Deroplatyinae Westwood, 1889 (Mantodea: Mantidae). Zootaxa 3797 (1): 120-129, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3797.1.1
FIGURE 8 in A remarkable new species of Mythomantis Giglio-Tos, 1916 from northern Borneo, with notes on the systematics of Deroplatyinae Westwood, 1889 (Mantodea: Mantidae)
No full textFIGURE 8. Ventral phallomere and phalloid apophysis of Pseudempusa pinnapavonis (scale: 0.1 mm)Published as part of Schwarz, Christian J. & Helmkampf, Martin, 2014, A remarkable new species of Mythomantis Giglio-Tos, 1916 from northern Borneo, with notes on the systematics of Deroplatyinae Westwood, 1889 (Mantodea: Mantidae), pp. 120-129 in Zootaxa 3797 (1) on page 123, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3797.1.11, http://zenodo.org/record/22743
Mythomantis serrata Schwarz & Helmkampf, 2014, sp. nov.
No full textMythomantis serrata sp. nov. (FIGURES 1–7) Type material. Holotype: m#, Sarawak, Gunung Mulu Nat. Park, R. G. S. Exped. 1977 – 78, J. D. Holloway et al., B. M. 1978 - 206; Site 19, March, W. Melinau Gorge, 100 m, 427567, Alluvial forest, Acl-understorey (NHM). Paratypes: m#, same data as holotype; m#, Sarawak, Gunung Mulu Nat. Park, R. G. S. Exped. 1977 – 78, J. D. Holloway et al., B. M. 1978 - 206; Site 21, March, W. Melinau Gorge, 130 m, 423576, Alluvial/kerangas bank, Aclunderstory (NHM); m#, Sarawak, Gunung Mulu Nat. Park, R. G. S. Exped. 1977 – 78, J. D. Holloway et al., B. M. 1978 – 206; Site 23, April, W. Melinau Gorge, 250 m, 430558, FEG 4 Limestone forest, MV, canopy-understory (this specimen will be deposited in the MNHN, with kind permission of George Beccaloni, NHM); m#, MY, Sabah (Borneo), Danum Valley, 340 m, N04° 58 ’06.9”, E 117 ° 50 ’ 16.9 ”, 16. Mar. 2003, col. M. Helmkampf, Select. logged forest, UV light-trap (this specimen will be deposited in the SMNH); m#, Malaysia, Sarawak, Gunung Mulu National Park, Head Quarters, 125 m, N04°02’32,97”, E 114 ° 48 ’52,20”, 1–25 July 2009, G. J. Svenson leg.; GSMC 000080; MN 393 Primary Voucher (this specimen will be deposited in the CMNH). Description (based on complete type series). Body brownish (Fig. 1), paler parts possibly with greenish tinge in life, 56.5–62.5 mm long. The specimen from Sabah is smaller than those from Sarawak. Head (Fig. 2) 3.6 –4.0 mm long and 5.9–6.2 mm wide, yellowish brown; frontal shield, area between the ocelli, labrum and juxta-ocular protuberance mottled with dark brown. Eyes round, exophthalmic, traversed by an irregular yellowish band. Scutellum pentagonal, wider than long. Ocelli large. Vertex with four sulci, juxta-ocular protuberance weakly pronounced. Antennae about 25 mm long, filiform, proximal ten segments pale, the following becoming successively darker. Maxillary palps pale, labial palps pale with distal segment darkened. Pronotum (Figs. 1, 4) slender, 24.0– 28.1 mm long, metazona 3.8–4.1 times as long as prozona. Prozona 4.9–5.7 mm long, granulate, with denticulate margins. Metazona triangular in cross section, dorsally with a sharp ridge and occasional granulations, 3.1–3.7 mm wide at supracoxal dilation and 1.5–1.8 mm at the middle (excluding lateral lobes). Lateral margins of metazona with 4–6 (only 3 on the right side of the Sabah specimen) large, triangular, sawtooth-like lobes interspersed with smaller teeth. Prosternum exhibiting an inconspicuous, longitudinal brownish band. Forecoxae 12.0– 13.5 mm long, slender. Posterior margin irregularly denticulate, anterior margin with 6 dark teeth. Dorsal surface indistinctly banded, ventral surface dark brown with a light band in the distal third. Trochantera light brown, with an indistinctive dark spot near base of femur. Anterior femora (Fig. 3) 14.8–16.6 mm long (the Sabah specimen showing a regenerated left femur), slender, slightly sinuate, with 4 posteroventral, 14–15 anteroventral and 4 discoidal spines, all with dark apices. Posterior surface with several dark tubercles, anterior surface smooth, sometimes with 3 indistinct dorsoventral bands. Claw groove located in distal half of femur, featuring a dark spot. Anterior tibiae 6.4–7.2 mm long, with 5 posteroventral and 12 (occasionally 13) anteroventral spines; posteroventral spines curved, all spines with dark apex. Anterior tarsus long, yellowish, ventrally darkened. Middle and hind coxae longitudinally striped. Metathoracic ear present, of the DK type (Yager & Svenson 2008). Middle and hind femora with thickened bases, 12.3–13.5 mm and 13.6 –15.0 mm long, respectively, with interrupted longitudinal brown bands and pale annulations in the proximal and distal third. Apical lobes (Fig. 5) long, acute, with a dark longitudinal stripe. Middle tibiae about the same length as femora, hind tibiae with 15.5 –17.0 mm longer than corresponding femora. Proximal tarsomere of hind legs about twice as long as the remaining segments combined. Tegmina 36.5–42.5 mm long, 1.5 times as long as pronotum. Costal area opaque, discoidal area subhyaline, with small smoky spots and larger opaque yellowish patches, the latter concentrated in the distal portion of the tegmen. Stigma conspicuous and shiny, of ivory color (sometimes encircled by a large whitish patch) and bordered by a dark spot on each end. Alae 33.7 –38.0 mm long, smoky with preapical hyaline band, apical part opaque. Small veinlets of anal area whitish. Abdomen with small lateral lobes and slightly larger medio-ventral lobes. Anterior part of tergites ochraceous, posterior part dark. Sternites brownish, proximal segments sometimes mottled with pale markings, projecting medio-posteriorly into a lobe. Supra-anal plate (Fig. 6 a) wider than long, with concave margins and rounded apex. Cerci (Fig. 6 a) pale, setose, moniliform, 5.3-5.4 mm long, with 18–19 cercomeres; distal cercomere slender, acute, longer than preceding segment. Subgenital plate (Fig. 6 b) stout, slightly asymmetrical, with a dark, irregular median stripe in the anterior half and two even darker bands on each side. Styli long and slender. Male genitalia (Fig. 7) typical for the genus, apical process of left dorsal phallomere strongly curved, phalloid apophysis digitiform, slightly acuminated, moderately pigmented, except for a small, heavily sclerotized and spiny dorsal lobe just before its distal end; distal process of ventral phallomere bilobate (boat-shaped), heavily sclerotized, irregularly dentate, left lobe pointed; ventral process of right phallomere strongly sclerotized, bulged, apex roughly acuminate. Female: unknown. Diagnosis. The new species can be easily distinguished from both M. confusa and M. gracilis by the unique shape of the pronotum, exhibiting rather large triangular lobes, a pattern not observed in any other mantid species known to date, and by the concave margins of its supraanal plate. Additionally, its body length exceeds that of both congeners. Mythomantis serrata resembles M. gracilis in the shape of the pronotum, the ratio length/width exceeding 7.1 in both species, whereas the pronotum of M. confusa is more robust than that of the two other species (P length/P width of males: 6.2–6.8). Mythomantis serrata also differs from M. confusa and M. gracilis in having the distal process of the ventral phallomere pointed on its left side, the same structure being blunt in the two latter species, and by having a heavily sclerotized dorsal lobe on the phalloid apophysis of the left dorsal phallomere. The genus remains poorly known due to the paucity of specimens, particularly females, which are known only for M. confusa. The males of the three species of Mythomantis can be distinguished by the following key (after Roy 2004, modified): 1. Margin of metazona with large sawtooth-like lobes..................................................... serrata - Margin of metazona more or less denticulate, but never with sawtooth-like lobes................................... 2 2. Slender species, width of pronotum not exceeding 2.6 mm at supracoxal dilation and 1.4 mm at middle of metazona. gracilis - Robust, width of pronotum exceeding 2.9 mm at supracoxal dilatation and 1.9 mm at middle of metazona......... confusa Etymology. The species is named for the conspicuous, large, sawtooth-like lobes on the margins of the metazona (serratus [Latin]: toothed, serrate). Distribution. Mythomantis serrata is known only from Malaysian Borneo (NE Sarawak and Sabah, Fig. 9). Mythomantis confusa is definitely recorded from Java and Sumatra (Roy 2004). Older Sulawesian and Bornean records dating back to De Haan (1842) and quoted by Giglio-Tos (1927), Beier (1935 b), and Ehrmann (2002) need confirmation, as De Haan did not specify which of the locations have to be attributed to the male (= Euchomenella heteroptera) and which to the female (= Mythomantis confusa) of his Mantis heteroptera. Mythomantis gracilis is only known from the (probably lost) type specimen from Ambon Island and an additional male from Java deposited in the SMNK (Roy 2004). Biological notes. Due to its rarity and restricted distribution not much is known about the ecology of M. serrata, except that it seems to be confined to mature dipterocarp forests. As this biologically highly diverse area is severely threatened by deforestation and expanding oil palm plantations, the species might be endangered by habitat loss. Systematic placement. When Giglio-Tos (1916) erected the genus Mythomantis for Euchomena confusa Westwood, 1889, he regarded it as related to Pseudempusa Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1892. Later on, Giglio-Tos (1927) placed the two genera more precisely among Eufischeriellinae, which largely correspond to today’s Rivetinini (see Ehrmann 2002). Beier (1935 b) did not retain this systematic placement, but moved Mythomantis to the pantropically distributed tribe Angelini, which was later elevated to subfamily level (Beier 1964), a position which remained unchanged until this study. Currently, the Angelinae are assigned to the family Mantidae and comprise the following genera: Angela Audinet-Serville, 1839 (Neotropical), Stenopyga Karsch, 1892, Agrionopsis Werner, 1908 and Leptocola Gerstaecker, 1883 (all Afrotropical), and Euchomenella Giglio-Tos, 1916, Indomenella Roy, 2008, Cotigaonopsis Vyjayandi, 2009, Tagalomantis Hebard, 1920 and Mythomantis Giglio-Tos, 1916 (all Oriental) (Ehrmann 2002, Ghate & Mukherjee 2004, Otte & Spearman 2005, Roy 2008 b, Vyjayandi et al. 2009). Roy (2002) also presumed Rhodomantis Giglio-Tos, 1917 to belong to Angelinae. One additional, often cited, Neotropical monotypic genus, Thespoides Chopard, 1916, turned out to be a chimeric individual (Rivera 2014). Members of this subfamily are characterized by their slender, more or less elongate bodies, comparatively short foretibiae with respect to the forefemora, and brachypterous females. The only exception is Mythomantis confusa (and presumably its congeners, whose females, however, are unknown), which has macropterous females and a slender, but not especially elongate body. Beier (1935 b) assumed a close relationship between Mythomantis and Euchomenella based on the fact that, in contrast to other Angelinae, both genera exhibit closed inner apical lobes on the forecoxae. Roy (2001) doubted the affiliation of Mythomantis with the Angelinae, but reconfirmed its systematic position after a thorough revision of the genus (Roy 2004). However, recent morphological and molecular studies (Yager & Svenson 2008, Svenson & Whiting 2009) presented evidence for Angelinae to be polyphyletic. According to the latter study (in which Mythomantis was not included) the group consists of several superficially similar but not directly related groups of species that have independently evolved into the same ecomorph. The Neotropical genus Angela plesiomorphically lacks the metathoracic hearing organ (“cyclopean ear”, see Yager & Hoy 1986, 1987, 1989, Yager 1999) used in bat attack avoidance by “higher” mantids (Yager & May 1990, Yager et al. 1990, Cumming 1996, Triblehorn & Yager 2001, 2005, Triblehorn et al. 2008, Yager & Svenson 2008). In contrast, the Oriental and Afrotropical members of Angelinae all have a functional ear, albeit secondarily more or less reduced in brachypterous females (Svenson & Whiting 2008). Nonetheless, the Oriental Angelinae do not group with their Afrotropical counterparts in the molecular phylogeny, although they are members of the same major clade (clade 253 in Svenson & Whiting 2009). Instead, the two analyzed oriental Angelinae, Euchomenella and Indomenella, formed a clade sister to Deroplatys Westwood, 1839, an Indomalayan genus of macropterous, leaf-like looking mantids with enlarged, foliaceous pronota and subapical lobes on the ventral side of mid- and hind femora (with the exception of D. indica Roy, 2007). Deroplatys, along with the Madagascan Brancsikia Saussure & Zehntner, 1895, are classified in the subfamily Deroplatyinae Westwood, 1889 (Fam. Mantidae). Beier (1935 a, 1964, 1968) also assigned the Indomalayan genus Parablepharis Saussure, 1870 to Deroplatyinae due to its foliaceous pronotum and subapical lobes on mid and hind legs, while Ehrmann & Roy (in: Ehrmann 2002) transferred Parablepharis to Hymenopodidae, Epaphroditinae. Comparison of genitalia of Mythomantis with those of Pseudempusa (Fig. 8), Deroplatys (Anisyutkin 1998, Roy 2007) and members of oriental “ Angelinae ” (Roy 2001, 2008b, Vyjayandi et al. 2009) indeed suggests a close relationship between Pseudempusa and Mythomantis, as first proposed almost hundred years ago by Giglio-Tos (1916). Both genera share most genital similarities with Deroplatys, and to a lesser degree with oriental “ Angelinae ”, but are very different from those of Rivetinini (compare Figs. 7 and 8 and Roy 2004 with La Greca & Lombardo 1983, Roy 2001, 2007, Vyjayandi et al. 2009 and Shcherbakov 2012). There is a sclerotized ridge on the left side of the ventral phallomere which extends onto the distal process, ending in a small lobe. It is well visible in Pseudempusa and in at least two Deroplatys species (D. desiccata Westwood, 1839 and D. indica, see Anisyutkin 1998 and Roy 2007), and it is also present in Mythomantis, although without extending onto the distal process. On the right side of the distal process of the ventral phallomere there is a sclerotized lobe in Mythomantis and Pseudempusa, but not in Deroplatys. It may have been lost in the latter genus or represent an autapomorphy of Pseudempusa + Mythomantis. The distal process of the ventral phallomere is elongate and strongly curved in D. desiccata, D. indica and Pseudempusa, while in Mythomantis it shows considerable shortening, with the “primary” hook (i.e. the distal process) being reduced in size and curvature. On the other side, the lobe on the right side is more elongate in Mythomantis. It seems to have adopted the functions of the primary hook to a large extent. The phalloid apophysis is digitiform with acute or subacute apex in Mythomantis, Pseudempusa, and some Deroplatys species like D. desiccata and D. indica. While Giglio-Tos (1916) did not specify why he regarded Pseudempusa and Mythomantis as closely related, Beier (1964) assigned Pseudempusa to Miomantinae due to crenulated dorsal margins of the forefemora. Ehrmann (2002) placed the genus more specifically among Miomantinae-Rivetinini. The character used by Beier is highly homoplastic, though, since it evolved independently in different unrelated mantodean lineages (e.g. among Acromantinae, Amelinae, Miomantinae and Stagmomantinae, Giglio-Tos 1927, Ehrmann 2002). Another morphological trait that on a first glimpse may support a placement of Pseudempusa among Rivetinini, the eyespot on the alae, does not resemble the ones seen in Rivetinini, and has most likely evolved independently. No author so far considered the genital morphology of Pseudempusa, which is depicted here for the first time. The similarities of the genitalia of Pseudempusa to those of Mythomantis on the one hand, and Deroplatys on the other, and the difference between the genitalia of these three genera and those of other mantodeans, indicate that Deroplatys, Pseudempusa and Mythomantis most likely form a monophyletic unit, despite rather different external morphology. Therefore, we transfer both Mythomantis (from Angelinae), and Pseudempusa (from Miomantinae Rivetinini) to Deroplatyinae. Other potential characters supporting this relationship are the basal, partly sclerotized lobe on the right side of the ventral phallomere, closed apical lobes on the forecoxae, elongate apical lobes on the walking legs (most strongly expressed in Mythomantis), and an ivory-white stigma. Deroplatys and Pseudempusa also share the foliaceous expansion on the pronotum (in Pseudempusa around supracoxal dilatation, in Deroplatys along entire length of pronotum), and two oblique dark stripes on the metazona, a consistent pattern independent of body coloration; the latter feature is also discernible in females of Mythomantis confusa. Deroplatys and Mythomantis, on the other hand, have the pale subapical band on the hindwings in common. This feature is obscured in Pseudempusa by the eye-spot present at the same place; it remains unclear whether the eye-spot is homologous to the pale band. When compared to other groups, the genitalia of Deroplatyinae in its new sense most closely match those of the oriental “angeline” genera Indomenella and Tagalomantis (Roy 2007, Shcherbakov 2012). The genitalia of Euchomenella and Cotigaonopsis are much more simplified (Roy 2001, Vyjayandi et al. 2009, Shcherbakov 2012), but not fundamentally different from those of Deroplatyinae, Indomenella and Tagalomantis. Whether this reflects a close relationship, as indicated by molecular phylogeny (Svenson & Whiting 2009), remains an open question until more morphological and molecular data become available. In contrast, we believe that both Brancsikia and Parablepharis are not members of Deroplatyinae but more closely related to Hymenopodidae. This was suggested for Parablepharis before by Roy (2008 a), and is supported, among other things, by the simple structure of their genital organs, devoid of the structures discussed above, and by the configuration of the postero-ventral spines on the anterior tibiae. Parablepharis also has a bifid process on the vertex, while Brancsikia has strongly conical eyes ending in a small tubercle (Paulian 1957, Roy 2008 a, Schwarz pers. obs.). None of these structures are found in Deroplatys, but are frequently seen in Hymenopodidae (D. truncata Guérin-Méneville, 1843 has convergently evolved slightly conical eyes of a different shape than those of Brancsikia). The two genera also lack other features characteristic for Deroplatyinae, like elongate apical lobes on mid and hind legs, the oblique stripes on the metazona or the pale subapical band on the alae. Their phylogenetic position among Hymenopodidae, however, needs to be more thoroughly investigated. Mythomantis serrata represents an intriguing addition to the known Southeast Asian mantid fauna. Despite its striking morphology, the species had so far escaped formal description, highlighting how poorly the diversity of this group is still understood even in the face of accelerating habitat destruction. Future studies of Mythomantis focusing on the analysis of both morphological and molecular characters in a phylogenetic framework will not only allow to corroborate the systematic rearrangement outlined here, but also to resolve the phylogenetic relationships both within and near the Deroplatyinae, as well as yield valuable insight into the evolution of mantid characters.Published as part of Schwarz, Christian J. & Helmkampf, Martin, 2014, A remarkable new species of Mythomantis Giglio-Tos, 1916 from northern Borneo, with notes on the systematics of Deroplatyinae Westwood, 1889 (Mantodea: Mantidae), pp. 120-129 in Zootaxa 3797 (1) on pages 121-127, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3797.1.11, http://zenodo.org/record/22743
The complete mitochondrial genome of <it>Flustra foliacea </it>(Ectoprocta, Cheilostomata) - compositional bias affects phylogenetic analyses of lophotrochozoan relationships
No full textAbstract Background The phylogenetic relationships of the lophophorate lineages, ectoprocts, brachiopods and phoronids, within Lophotrochozoa are still controversial. We sequenced an additional mitochondrial genome of the most species-rich lophophorate lineage, the ectoprocts. Although it is known that there are large differences in the nucleotide composition of mitochondrial sequences of different lineages as well as in the amino acid composition of the encoded proteins, this bias is often not considered in phylogenetic analyses. We applied several approaches for reducing compositional bias and saturation in the phylogenetic analyses of the mitochondrial sequences. Results The complete mitochondrial genome (16,089 bp) of Flustra foliacea (Ectoprocta, Gymnolaemata, Cheilostomata) was sequenced. All protein-encoding, rRNA and tRNA genes are transcribed from the same strand. Flustra shares long intergenic sequences with the cheilostomate ectoproct Bugula, which might be a synapomorphy of these taxa. Further synapomorphies might be the loss of the DHU arm of the tRNA L(UUR), the loss of the DHU arm of the tRNA S(UCN) and the unique anticodon sequence GAG of the tRNA L(CUN). The gene order of the mitochondrial genome of Flustra differs strongly from that of the other known ectoprocts. Phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial nucleotide and amino acid data sets show that the lophophorate lineages are more closely related to trochozoan phyla than to deuterostomes or ecdysozoans confirming the Lophotrochozoa hypothesis. Furthermore, they support the monophyly of Cheilostomata and Ectoprocta. However, the relationships of the lophophorate lineages within Lophotrochozoa differ strongly depending on the data set and the used method. Different approaches for reducing heterogeneity in nucleotide and amino acid data sets and saturation did not result in a more robust resolution of lophotrochozoan relationships. Conclusion The contradictory and usually weakly supported phylogenetic reconstructions of the relationships among lophotrochozoan phyla based on mitochondrial sequences indicate that these alone do not contain enough information for a robust resolution of the relations of the lophotrochozoan phyla. The mitochondrial gene order is also not useful for inferring their phylogenetic relationships, because it is highly variable in ectoprocts, brachiopods and some other lophotrochozoan phyla. However, our study revealed several rare genomic changes like the evolution of long intergenic sequences and changes in the structure of tRNAs, which may be helpful for reconstructing ectoproct phylogeny.</p
Molekular-phylogenetische Analysen der Bryozoen, Brachiopoden und Phoroniden
No full textZiel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist mittels molekulargenetischer Analysen die phylogenetische Stellung der lophophoraten Linien, d.h. der ektoprokten Bryozoen, der Brachiopoden und der Phoroniden, aufzudecken. Der zentrale Forschungsbericht ist in Kapitel gegliedert, die in Fachzeitschriften publizierten oder zur Veröffentlichung eingereichten Manuskripten entsprechen. Im Rahmen der ersten Studie wurden partielle Sequenzen von sieben nukleären Haushaltsgenen mittels PCR in sieben Vertretern der ektoprokten Bryozoen, Brachiopoden, Phoroniden und Chaetognathen bestimmt. Den phylogenetischen Analysen dieses Datensatzes zufolge — und gut gestützt durch Topologie-Tests — sind die lophophoraten Linien näher mit Mollusken und Anneliden verwandt als mit Deuterstomiern. Zwar legt die Studie auch die Polyphylie dieser Taxa nahe, jedoch erwiesen sich die Daten sowohl als ungenügend, die phylogenetische Position der Chaetognathen zu bestimmen, als auch die verwandtschaftlichen Beziehungen zwischen den Lophophoraten oder den Lophotrochozoen im Allgemeinen aufzuklären. Infolgedessen wurde dieser Ansatz zugunsten der EST-Technik verworfen. Mehr als 4000 “Expressed Sequence Tags” (ESTs) des cheilostomen Ektoprokten Flustra foliacea flossen in eine zweite Studie ein. Unter Einsatz zusätzlicher EST-Projekte und Zugriff auf öffentliche Datenbanken wurde ein Alignment erstellt, das Sequenzen von 79 ribosomalen Proteinen aus 38 Taxa enthielt. Maximum-Likelihood und Bayes’sche Analysen basierend auf diesem Datensatz zeigen die Monophylie der Bryozoa einschließlich Ectoprocta und Entoprocta, zweier Taxa, die aufgrund scheinbar tief greifender morphologischer Unterschiede vor über einem Jahrhundert getrennt wurden. Diese und andere Ergebnisse legen nahe, dass klassische ontogenetische und morphologische Schlüssel-Merkmale wie Furchungsmuster, Coelomräume, Architektur des Darms und Segmentierung im Lauf der Evolution Gegenstand größerer Plastizität sind als traditionell angenommen. Die Erweiterung dieses Datensatzes um jeweils 2000 ESTs des craniiformen Brachiopoden Novocrania anomala und des Phoroniden Phoronis muelleri führte zur Publikation einer dritten Studie. Dieser Untersuchung zufolge müssen alle drei lophophoraten Linien eindeutig innerhalb der Lophotrochozoa platziert werden. Deren Monophylie konnte jedoch nicht bestätigt werden; stattdessen zweigen Ekto- und Entoprokten vermutlich an der Basis der Lophotrochozoen ab, während die robust zu Brachiozoa vereinigten Brachiopoden und Phoroniden näher mit Anneliden, Mollusken und Nemertinen verwandt zu sein scheinen. Diese Ergebnisse sind kongruent zu sorgfältigen Neubewertungen jener morphologischer Merkmale, die traditionell verwendet werden, um die nähere Verwandtschaft der Lophophoraten zu den Deuterostomiern zu untermauern, z.B. Archimerie, der Besitz eines mesodermalen Tentakel-Apparats und der Modus der Mesoderm-Bildung. Nachdem eine robuste Auflösung zwischen den Stämmen noch immer nicht erreicht wurde, wurden weitere EST-Projekte durchgeführt, um die Zahl der Taxa zu erhöhen. Insgesamt jeweils 2000 ESTs des cyclostomen Bryozoen Tubulipora sp. und des ctenostomen Bryozoen Alcyonidium diaphanum wurden für eine vierte Studie erhoben. Wie zuvor wurden ribosomale Protein-Sequenzen erfasst und durch entsprechende Daten aller bis dato verfügbaren Bryozoen, Brachiopoden und Phoroniden ergänzt. Um den potentiellen Einfluss heterogener Aminosäure-Zusammensetzung zu mindern, wurden mehrere Ansätze verfolgt. Am effizientesten erwies sich die Rekodierung der Aminosäuren in Gruppen funktioneller Ähnlichkeit, wodurch weitere Belege für die Monophylie der Bryozoen und der Brachiozoen erbracht werden konnten. Obwohl Verwandtschaftsverhältnisse innerhalb beider Taxa ebenfalls beleuchtet werden konnten, bleiben die Beziehungen zwischen den Stämmen der Lophotrochozoen dennoch schlecht unterstützt, was die Vorstellung nährt, dass diese Gruppe im Präkambrium durch eine schnelle Folge kladogenetischer Ereignisse entstand. Da Paralogie eine weiteres Problem in der phylogenetischen Rekonstruktion darstellt, wurde in einer fünften Studie ein neuartiger, phylogenetischer Ansatz zur Evaluation von Homologie-Verhältnissen von Genen vorgestellt. Mithilfe eines automatisierten Arbeitsablaufs wurden Gen-Bäume ribosomaler Proteine rekonstruiert, und jedes Gen einer von dreien Kategorien zugeteilt, die Grade unterschiedlicher Beweiskraft für Orthologie oder Paralogie repräsentieren. Dadurch konnte der Großteil der ribosomalen Proteine als geeignet identifiziert werden, die Stammesgeschichte der Bilateria zu untersuchen. Eine abschließende, umfassende phylogenetische Analyse, die sich auf diese Gene beschränkt, bestätigt die zentralen Ergebnisse der vorherigen Studien und zeigt, dass diese nicht durch paraloge Genkopien beeinflusst wurden.The present thesis focuses on molecular and computational analyses to elucidate the phylogenetic
position of the lophophorate lineages, i.e., ectoproct bryozoans, brachiopods, and phoronids. Its main
section is organized in chapters corresponding to manuscripts that have been published in or submitted
to scientific journals.
For the first manuscript, “Multigene analysis of lophophorate and chaetognath phylogenetic relationships”,
seven nuclear housekeeping gene fragments of seven representatives of ectoproct bryozoans, brachiopods,
phoronids, and chaetognaths were PCR amplified and sequenced. According to phylogenetic analyses
based on this dataset — and strongly supported by topology tests — the lophophorate lineages are more
closely related to molluscs and annelids than to deuterostomes. While this study also suggests that they
are polyphyletic, the data was neither sufficient to place chaetognaths, nor to robustly resolve the
phylogenetic relations among lophophorates or among lophotrochozoans in general.
Consequently, this approach was abandoned in favour of EST sequencing. More than 4000
expressed sequence tags (ESTs) of the cheilostome ectoproct Flustra foliacea were incorporated into a
second study, “Spiralian phylogenomics supports the resurrection of Bryozoa comprising Ectoprocta and Entoprocta.”
Accessing additional EST projects and public archives, a super-alignment derived from 79 ribosomal
protein gene sequences of 38 metazoan taxa was compiled. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference
analyses based on this dataset indicate the monophyly of Bryozoa including ectoprocts and entoprocts —
two taxa that have been separated for more than a century due to seemingly profound morphological
differences. These and other findings suggest that classical developmental and morphological key
characters such as cleavage pattern, coelomic cavities, gut architecture and body segmentation are
subject to greater evolutionary plasticity than traditionally assumed.
This dataset was further complemented by 2000 ESTs each of the craniiform brachiopod
Novocrania anomala and the phoronid Phoronis muelleri, leading to the publication of the third study,
“Phylogenomic analyses of lophophorates (brachiopods, phoronids and bryozoans) confirm the Lophotrochozoa concept.”
According to this analysis, all three lophophorate lineages are clearly to be placed within Lophotrochozoa. Their monophyly, however, was not recovered; instead, ectoprocts and entoprocts
presumably branch off at the lophotrochozoan base, while brachiopods and phoronids, robustly united to
Brachiozoa, appear to be more closely allied to molluscs, annelids, and nemertines. These results are
congruent with recent and careful re-evaluations of morphological characters traditionally used to unite
lophophorate taxa with deuterostomes, e.g., archimery, possession of a mesodermal tentacular apparatus
and the mode of mesoderm formation.
With robust interphyletic resolution still lacking, additional EST projects were performed to
improve the taxon sampling within Lophotrochozoa. A total of 2000 ESTs each of the cyclostome
bryozoan Tubulipora sp. and the ctenostome bryozoan Alcyonidium diaphanum were generated for the study
“Reducing compositional heterogeneity improves phylogenomic inference of lophotrochozoan relationships.” Again,
ribosomal protein sequences were retrieved and supplemented by all data available of bryozoan,
brachiopod, and phoronid taxa to date. To mitigate the potential impact of compositional heterogeneity
displayed by metazoan taxa, several approaches were applied to reduce this trait. Among these, recoding
amino acids into groups of functional interchangeability proved to be the most efficient, and provides
further evidence for the monophyly of Bryozoa and Brachiozoa. Although internal relations of both taxa
could also be elucidated, most interphyletic relationships within Lophotrochozoa remain nevertheless
poorly supported, nourishing the idea that this group underwent a rapid series of cladogenetic events in
the Precambrium.
As paralogy has been identified as another pitfall of phylogenetic inference, a novel, phylogenetic
approach to evaluate gene homology relations is finally proposed in „Tree-based orthology assessment illustrated
by the evaluation of ribosomal protein genes.” By reconstructing gene trees of ribosomal proteins gathered from
genomic datasets using an automated pipeline, and assigning each gene to one of three categories
representing varying degrees of evidence for orthology or paralogy, most ribosomal protein genes were
identified as suitable for the reconstruction of bilaterian phylogeny. A final, comprehensive phylogenetic
analysis restricted to these genes confirms the central results of the previous phylogenetic studies,
emphasising that these were not misled by artefacts related to paralogy
Jack Alive / Martin Dead : The Location of the "Author" in Jack London\u27s Martin Eden
No full textThis essay is an attempt to read Martin Eden, Jack Londonʼs autobiographical novel, in terms of the inextricable relationship between the author and the protagonist. Critics have often taken the unbalanced plot and the lack of ironic distance between narrator and character in Martin Eden as the technical weakness of London, but this paper argues that the achievement of this novel owes a great deal to the attachment of London to Martin. The unbalanced structure is a necessary product of the severe struggle of the author to kill his romantic alter ego. // Martin, who aspires to win Ruth Morse, tries to cross class boundaries by making a career of a writer. Even after realizing the emptiness of Ruth, who turns out to be nothing but a typical figure of the bourgeoisie, he somehow persists in loving her. The notion underlying here is that, for Martin, love, career and art are fundamentally inseparable. He objects to the aestheteʼs view of Brissenden on account of his separation of art from career. Martinʼs identity and life consist only in the triunity of love/career/art; the alternative is the repudiation of life. Thus, the unnatural delay of his disappointment in love can be regarded as Londonʼs strategy to set the suicide of Martin as the necessary consequence of the story. // By finishing the story and killing Martin, London finally detaches himself from Martin, reconstructs his self, and, unlike Martin, survives as a professional writer. In this sense, Martin Eden is a story about “writerʼs self-reconstruction.
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Letter from Martin Chizzick
No full textCongratulations to Duane Pearsall for receiving the Enterpreneur of the Year award; note on the letter was written by Pearsall and it mentions that Martin, the author of the letter, died in a airplane accident
Robert Martin Tiffin's Mystery Man Newspaper Articles
No full textAdvertiser-Tribune newspaper clippings featuring a story about Robert Martin (written by Nancy Kleinhenz), a local author from Tiffin (Ohio) who wrote under the pseudonym of Lee Roberts, and two of his short stories. Martin wrote mystery novels in his spare time, creating more than 22 mystery novels. For more information about Robert Martin and a list of books go to http://www.mysteryfile.com/RMartin/JBennett.html
Experiences Using Large Scale Video Walls for Distance Education
No full textWe describe our experiences building and using the Rutgers Videowall, a low-cost telepresence system that has been used teaching 15 courses and colloquia. By relaxing typical spatial telepresence features, such as background continuity, we greatly reduced costs and gained flexibility in the rooms it could be deployed in. The lower costs and room flexibility enabled academic departments to use the wall, in contrast to traditional telepresence systems which remained inaccessible. We found that the Videowall’s spatial distortions did not have a significant impact on useability, as our initial survey results show that students had an overall positive experience.Technical report DCS-tr-72
Hans Martin Schwarz Collection 1934 - 1938
No full textThis collection contains clippings of articles by Hans Martin Schwarz (1917, Hamburg – 2006, New York, better known as Martin Ebon), published between 1934 and 1938 in German-Jewish newspapers on a wide variety of subjects such as sports, emigration, the political situation in Germany, and religious attitudes of the young. It also contains reviews of his books "Einer wie Du und Ich" and "Heiteres, Besinnliches, Nachdenkliches."digitizedHans Martin Schwarz (1917, Hamburg – 2006, New York, better known as Martin Ebon), was a journalist and author. In Germany during the 1930s, he published in a variety of German-Jewish periodicals, primarily the Israelitisches Familienblatt. After immigrating to the United States in 1938, he changed his name to Martin Ebon, and published dozens of books in the areas of world affairs and parapsychology.Processe
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