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Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
IbM Mushroom Cultivation to Empowerment Mothers Dasa Wisma
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†眼唺敳䕆慌潹瑵㸯†⼼㩷潃灭瑡扩汩瑩㹹†洼洺瑡偨㹲†㰠㩭慭桴潆瑮洠瘺污∽慃扭楲慍桴⼢ാ †洼戺歲楂㩭慶㵬戢晥牯≥㸯†㰠㩭牢䉫湩畓㩭慶㵬☢㐣㬵∭㸯†㰠㩭浳污䙬慲㩭慶㵬漢晦⼢ാ †洼携獩䑰晥㸯†㰠㩭䵬牡楧㩭慶㵬〢⼢ാ †洼爺慍杲湩洠瘺污∽∰㸯†㰠㩭敤䩦㩭慶㵬挢湥整䝲潲灵⼢ാ †洼眺慲䥰摮湥⁴㩭慶㵬ㄢ㐴∰㸯†㰠㩭湩䱴浩洠瘺污∽畳卢灵⼢ാ †洼渺牡䱹浩洠瘺污∽湵佤牶⼢ാ 㰠洯洺瑡偨㹲⼼㩷潗摲潄畣敭瑮ാ㰊砯汭㰾嬡湥楤嵦ⴭ㰾ⴡ嬭晩朠整洠潳㤠㹝砼汭ാ 眼䰺瑡湥却祴敬敄䱦捯敫卤慴整∽慦獬≥䐠晥湕楨敤桗湥獕摥∽牴敵ഢ 䐠晥敓業楈摤湥∽牴敵•敄兦潆浲瑡∽慦獬≥䐠晥牐潩楲祴∽㤹ഢ 䰠瑡湥却祴敬潃湵㵴㈢㜶㸢†眼䰺摳硅散瑰潩潌正摥∽慦獬≥倠楲牯瑩㵹〢•敓業楈摤湥∽慦獬≥†唠桮摩坥敨啮敳㵤昢污敳•䙑牯慭㵴琢畲≥丠浡㵥丢牯慭≬㸯†眼䰺摳硅散瑰潩潌正摥∽慦獬≥倠楲牯瑩㵹㤢•敓業楈摤湥∽慦獬≥†唠桮摩坥敨啮敳㵤昢污敳•䙑牯慭㵴琢畲≥丠浡㵥栢慥楤杮ㄠ⼢ാ 㰠㩷獌䕤捸灥楴湯䰠捯敫㵤昢污敳•牐潩楲祴∽∹儠潆浲瑡∽牴敵•慎敭∽敨摡湩∲㸯†眼䰺摳硅散瑰潩潌正摥∽慦獬≥倠楲牯瑩㵹㤢•䙑牯慭㵴琢畲≥丠浡㵥栢慥楤杮㌠⼢ാ 㰠㩷獌䕤捸灥楴湯䰠捯敫㵤昢污敳•牐潩楲祴∽∹儠潆浲瑡∽牴敵•慎敭∽敨摡湩∴㸯†眼䰺摳硅散瑰潩潌正摥∽慦獬≥倠楲牯瑩㵹㤢•䙑牯慭㵴琢畲≥丠浡㵥栢慥楤杮㔠⼢ാ 㰠㩷獌䕤捸灥楴湯䰠捯敫㵤昢污敳•牐潩楲祴∽∹儠潆浲瑡∽牴敵•慎敭∽敨摡湩∶㸯†眼䰺摳硅散瑰潩潌正摥∽慦獬≥倠楲牯瑩㵹㤢•䙑牯慭㵴琢畲≥丠浡㵥栢慥楤杮㜠⼢ാ 㰠㩷獌䕤捸灥楴湯䰠捯敫㵤昢污敳•牐潩楲祴∽∹儠潆浲瑡∽牴敵•慎敭∽敨摡湩∸㸯†眼䰺摳硅散瑰潩潌正摥∽慦獬≥倠楲牯瑩㵹㤢•䙑牯慭㵴琢畲≥丠浡㵥栢慥楤杮㤠⼢ാ 㰠㩷獌䕤捸灥楴湯䰠捯敫㵤昢污敳•牐潩楲祴∽㤳•慎敭∽潴∱㸯†眼䰺摳硅散瑰潩潌正摥∽慦獬≥倠楲牯瑩㵹㌢∹丠浡㵥琢捯㈠⼢ാ 㰠㩷獌䕤捸灥楴湯䰠捯敫㵤昢污敳•牐潩楲祴∽㤳•慎敭∽潴∳㸯†眼䰺摳硅散瑰潩潌正摥∽慦獬≥倠楲牯瑩㵹㌢∹丠浡㵥琢捯㐠⼢ാ 㰠㩷獌䕤捸灥楴湯䰠捯敫㵤昢污敳•牐潩楲祴∽㤳•慎敭∽潴∵㸯†眼䰺摳硅散瑰潩潌正摥∽慦獬≥倠楲牯瑩㵹㌢∹丠浡㵥琢捯㘠⼢ാ 㰠㩷獌䕤捸灥楴湯䰠捯敫㵤昢污敳•牐潩楲祴∽㤳•慎敭∽潴∷㸯†眼䰺摳硅散瑰潩潌正摥∽慦獬≥倠楲牯瑩㵹㌢∹丠浡㵥琢捯㠠⼢ാ 㰠㩷獌䕤捸灥楴湯䰠捯敫㵤昢污敳•牐潩楲祴∽㤳•慎敭∽潴∹㸯†眼䰺摳硅散瑰潩潌正摥∽慦獬≥倠楲牯瑩㵹㌢∵儠潆浲瑡∽牴敵•慎敭∽慣瑰潩≮㸯†眼䰺摳硅散瑰潩潌正摥∽慦獬≥倠楲牯瑩㵹ㄢ∰匠浥䡩摩敤㵮昢污敳ഢ †湕楨敤桗湥獕摥∽慦獬≥儠潆浲瑡∽牴敵•慎敭∽楔汴≥㸯†眼䰺摳硅散瑰潩潌正摥∽慦獬≥倠楲牯瑩㵹ㄢ•慎敭∽敄慦汵⁴慐慲牧灡潆瑮⼢ാ 㰠㩷獌䕤捸灥楴湯䰠捯敫㵤昢污敳•牐潩楲祴∽ㄱ•敓業楈摤湥∽慦獬≥†唠桮摩坥敨啮敳㵤昢污敳•䙑牯慭㵴琢畲≥丠浡㵥匢扵楴汴≥㸯†眼䰺摳硅散瑰潩潌正摥∽慦獬≥倠楲牯瑩㵹㈢∲匠浥䡩摩敤㵮昢污敳ഢ †湕楨敤桗湥獕摥∽慦獬≥儠潆浲瑡∽牴敵•慎敭∽瑓潲杮⼢ാ 㰠㩷獌䕤捸灥楴湯䰠捯敫㵤昢污敳•牐潩楲祴∽〲•敓業楈摤湥∽慦獬≥†唠桮摩坥敨啮敳㵤昢污敳•䙑牯慭㵴琢畲≥丠浡㵥䔢灭慨楳≳㸯†眼䰺摳硅散瑰潩潌正摥∽慦獬≥倠楲牯瑩㵹㔢∹匠浥䡩摩敤㵮昢污敳ഢ †湕楨敤桗湥獕摥∽慦獬≥丠浡㵥吢扡敬䜠楲≤㸯†眼䰺摳硅散瑰潩潌正摥∽慦獬≥唠桮摩坥敨啮敳㵤昢污敳•慎敭∽汐捡桥汯敤敔瑸⼢ാ 㰠㩷獌䕤捸灥楴湯䰠捯敫㵤昢污敳•牐潩楲祴∽∱匠浥䡩摩敤㵮昢污敳ഢ †湕楨敤桗湥獕摥∽慦獬≥儠潆浲瑡∽牴敵•慎敭∽潎匠慰楣杮⼢ാ 㰠㩷獌䕤捸灥楴湯䰠捯敫㵤昢污敳•牐潩楲祴∽〶•敓業楈摤湥∽慦獬≥†唠桮摩坥敨啮敳㵤昢污敳•慎敭∽楌桧⁴桓摡湩≧㸯†眼䰺摳硅散瑰潩潌正摥∽慦獬≥倠楲牯瑩㵹㘢∱匠浥䡩摩敤㵮昢污敳ഢ †湕楨敤桗湥獕摥∽慦獬≥丠浡㵥䰢杩瑨䰠獩≴㸯†眼䰺摳硅散瑰潩潌正摥∽慦獬≥倠楲牯瑩㵹㘢∲匠浥䡩摩敤㵮昢污敳ഢ †湕楨敤桗湥獕摥∽慦獬≥丠浡㵥䰢杩瑨䜠楲≤㸯†眼䰺摳硅散瑰潩潌正摥∽慦獬≥倠楲牯瑩㵹㘢∳匠浥䡩摩敤㵮昢污敳ഢ †湕楨敤桗湥獕摥∽慦獬≥丠浡㵥䴢摥畩桓摡湩∱㸯†眼䰺摳硅散瑰潩潌正摥∽慦獬≥倠楲牯瑩㵹㘢∴匠浥䡩摩敤㵮昢污敳ഢ †湕楨敤桗湥獕摥∽慦獬≥丠浡㵥䴢摥畩桓摡湩∲㸯†眼䰺摳硅散瑰潩潌正摥∽慦獬≥倠楲牯瑩㵹㘢∵匠浥䡩摩敤㵮昢污敳ഢ †湕楨敤桗湥獕摥∽慦獬≥丠浡㵥䴢摥畩楌瑳ㄠ⼢ാ 㰠㩷獌䕤捸灥楴湯䰠捯敫㵤昢污敳•牐潩楲祴∽㘶•敓業楈摤湥∽慦獬≥†唠桮摩坥敨啮敳㵤昢污敳•慎敭∽敍楤浵䰠獩⁴∲㸯†眼䰺摳硅散瑰潩潌正摥∽慦獬≥倠楲牯瑩㵹㘢∷匠浥䡩摩敤㵮昢污敳ഢ †湕楨敤桗湥獕摥∽慦獬≥丠浡㵥䴢摥畩片摩ㄠ⼢ാ 㰠㩷獌䕤捸灥楴湯䰠捯敫㵤昢污敳•牐潩楲祴∽㠶•敓業楈摤湥∽慦獬≥†唠桮摩坥敨啮敳㵤昢污敳•慎敭∽敍楤浵䜠楲∲㸯†眼䰺摳硅散瑰潩潌正摥∽慦獬≥倠楲牯瑩㵹㘢∹匠浥䡩摩敤㵮昢污敳ഢ †湕楨敤桗湥獕摥∽慦獬≥丠浡㵥䴢摥畩片摩㌠⼢ാ 㰠㩷獌䕤捸灥楴湯䰠捯敫㵤昢污敳•牐潩楲祴∽〷•敓業楈摤湥∽慦獬≥†唠桮摩坥敨啮敳㵤昢污敳•慎敭∽慄歲䰠獩≴㸯†眼䰺摳硅散瑰潩潌正摥∽慦獬≥倠楲牯瑩㵹㜢∱匠浥䡩摩敤㵮昢污敳ഢ †湕楨敤桗湥獕摥∽慦獬≥丠浡㵥䌢汯牯畦桓摡湩≧㸯†眼䰺摳硅散瑰潩潌正摥∽慦獬≥倠楲牯瑩㵹㜢∲匠浥䡩摩敤㵮昢污敳ഢ †湕楨敤桗湥獕摥∽慦獬≥丠浡㵥䌢汯牯畦楌瑳⼢ാ 㰠㩷獌䕤捸灥楴湯䰠捯敫㵤昢污敳•牐潩楲祴∽㌷•敓業楈摤湥∽慦獬≥†唠桮摩坥敨啮敳㵤昢污敳•慎敭∽潃潬晲汵䜠楲≤㸯†眼䰺摳硅散瑰潩潌正摥∽慦獬≥倠楲牯瑩㵹㘢∰匠浥䡩摩敤㵮昢污敳ഢ †湕楨敤桗湥獕摥∽慦獬≥丠浡㵥䰢杩瑨匠慨楤杮䄠捣湥⁴∱㸯†眼䰺摳硅散瑰潩潌正摥∽慦獬≥倠楲牯瑩㵹㘢∱匠浥䡩摩敤㵮昢污敳ഢ †湕楨敤桗湥獕摥∽慦獬≥丠浡㵥䰢杩瑨䰠獩⁴捁散瑮ㄠ⼢ാ 㰠㩷獌䕤捸灥楴湯䰠捯敫㵤昢污敳•牐潩楲祴∽㈶•敓業楈摤湥∽慦獬≥†唠桮摩坥敨啮敳㵤昢污敳•慎敭∽楌桧⁴片摩䄠捣湥⁴∱㸯†眼䰺摳硅散瑰潩潌正摥∽慦獬≥倠楲牯瑩㵹㘢∳匠浥䡩摩敤㵮昢污敳ഢ †湕楨敤桗湥獕摥∽慦獬≥丠浡㵥䴢摥畩桓摡湩‱捁散瑮ㄠ⼢ാ 㰠㩷獌䕤捸灥楴湯䰠捯敫㵤昢污敳•牐潩楲祴∽㐶•敓業楈摤湥∽慦獬≥†唠桮摩坥敨啮敳㵤昢污敳•慎敭∽敍楤浵匠慨楤杮㈠䄠捣湥⁴∱㸯†眼䰺摳硅散瑰潩潌正摥∽慦獬≥倠楲牯瑩㵹㘢∵匠浥䡩摩敤㵮昢污敳ഢ †湕楨敤桗湥獕摥∽慦獬≥丠浡㵥䴢摥畩楌瑳ㄠ䄠捣湥⁴∱㸯†眼䰺摳硅散瑰潩潌正摥∽慦獬≥唠桮摩坥敨啮敳㵤昢污敳•慎敭∽敒楶楳湯⼢ാ 㰠㩷獌䕤捸灥楴湯䰠捯敫㵤昢污敳•牐潩楲祴∽㐳•敓業楈摤湥∽慦獬≥†唠桮摩坥敨啮敳㵤昢污敳•䙑牯慭㵴琢畲≥丠浡㵥䰢獩⁴慐慲牧灡≨㸯†眼䰺摳硅散瑰潩潌正摥∽慦獬≥倠楲牯瑩㵹㈢∹匠浥䡩摩敤㵮昢污敳ഢ †湕楨敤桗湥獕摥∽慦獬≥儠潆浲瑡∽牴敵•慎敭∽畑瑯≥㸯†眼䰺摳硅散瑰潩潌正摥∽慦獬≥倠楲牯瑩㵹㌢∰匠浥䡩摩敤㵮昢污敳ഢ †湕楨敤桗湥獕摥∽慦獬≥儠潆浲瑡∽牴敵•慎敭∽湉整獮畑瑯≥㸯†眼䰺摳硅散瑰潩潌正摥∽慦獬≥倠楲牯瑩㵹㘢∶匠浥䡩摩敤㵮昢污敳ഢ †湕楨敤桗湥獕摥∽慦獬≥丠浡㵥䴢摥畩楌瑳㈠䄠捣湥⁴∱㸯†眼䰺摳硅散瑰潩潌正摥∽慦獬≥倠楲牯瑩㵹㘢∷匠浥䡩摩敤㵮昢污敳ഢ †湕楨敤桗湥獕摥∽慦獬≥丠浡㵥䴢摥畩片摩ㄠ䄠捣湥⁴∱㸯†眼䰺摳硅散瑰潩潌正摥∽慦獬≥倠楲牯瑩㵹㘢∸匠浥䡩摩敤㵮昢污敳ഢ †湕楨敤桗湥獕摥∽慦獬≥丠浡㵥䴢摥畩片摩㈠䄠捣湥⁴∱㸯†眼䰺摳硅散瑰潩潌正摥∽慦獬≥倠楲牯瑩㵹㘢∹匠浥䡩摩敤㵮昢污敳ഢ †湕楨敤桗湥獕摥∽慦獬≥丠浡㵥䴢摥畩片摩㌠䄠捣湥⁴∱㸯†眼䰺摳硅散瑰潩潌正摥∽慦獬≥倠楲牯瑩㵹㜢∰匠浥䡩摩敤㵮昢污敳ഢ †湕楨敤桗湥獕摥∽慦獬≥丠浡㵥䐢牡楌瑳䄠捣湥⁴∱㸯†眼䰺摳硅散瑰潩潌正摥∽慦獬≥倠楲牯瑩㵹㜢∱匠浥䡩摩敤㵮昢污敳ഢ †湕楨敤桗湥獕摥∽慦獬≥丠浡㵥䌢汯牯畦桓摡湩捁散瑮ㄠ⼢ാ 㰠㩷獌䕤捸灥楴湯䰠捯敫㵤昢污敳•牐潩楲祴∽㈷•敓業楈摤湥∽慦獬≥†唠桮摩坥敨啮敳㵤昢污敳•慎敭∽潃潬晲汵䰠獩⁴捁散瑮ㄠ⼢ാ 㰠㩷獌䕤捸灥楴湯䰠捯敫㵤昢污敳•牐潩楲祴∽㌷•敓業楈摤湥∽慦獬≥†唠桮摩坥敨啮敳㵤昢污敳•慎敭∽潃潬晲汵䜠楲捁散瑮ㄠ⼢ാ 㰠㩷獌䕤捸灥楴湯䰠捯敫㵤昢污敳•牐潩楲祴∽〶•敓業楈摤湥∽慦獬≥†唠桮摩坥敨啮敳㵤昢污敳•慎敭∽楌桧⁴桓摡湩捁散瑮㈠⼢ാ 㰠㩷獌䕤捸灥楴湯䰠捯敫㵤昢污敳•牐潩楲祴∽ㄶ•敓業楈摤湥∽慦獬≥†唠桮摩坥敨啮敳㵤昢污敳•慎敭∽楌桧⁴楌瑳䄠捣湥⁴∲㸯†眼䰺摳硅散瑰潩潌正摥∽慦獬≥倠楲牯瑩㵹㘢∲匠浥䡩摩敤㵮昢污敳ഢ †湕楨敤桗湥獕摥∽慦獬≥丠浡㵥䰢杩瑨䜠楲捁散瑮㈠⼢ാ 㰠㩷獌䕤捸灥楴湯䰠捯敫㵤昢污敳•牐潩楲祴∽㌶•敓業楈摤湥∽慦獬≥†唠桮摩坥敨啮敳㵤昢污敳•慎敭∽敍楤浵匠慨楤杮ㄠ䄠捣湥⁴∲㸯†眼䰺摳硅散瑰潩潌正摥∽慦獬≥倠楲牯瑩㵹㘢∴匠浥䡩摩敤㵮昢污敳ഢ †湕楨敤桗湥獕摥∽慦獬≥丠浡㵥䴢摥畩桓摡湩′捁散瑮㈠⼢ാ 㰠㩷獌䕤捸灥楴湯䰠捯敫㵤昢污敳•牐潩楲祴∽㔶•敓業楈摤湥∽慦獬≥†唠桮摩坥敨啮敳㵤昢污敳•慎敭∽敍楤浵䰠獩⁴‱捁散瑮㈠⼢ാ 㰠㩷獌䕤捸灥楴湯䰠捯敫㵤昢污敳•牐潩楲祴∽㘶•敓業楈摤湥∽慦獬≥†唠桮摩坥敨啮敳㵤昢污敳•慎敭∽敍楤浵䰠獩⁴′捁散瑮㈠⼢ാ 㰠㩷獌䕤捸灥楴湯䰠捯敫㵤昢污敳•牐潩楲祴∽㜶•敓業楈摤湥∽慦獬≥†唠桮摩坥敨啮敳㵤昢污敳•慎敭∽敍楤浵䜠楲‱捁散瑮㈠⼢ാ 㰠㩷獌䕤捸灥楴湯䰠捯敫㵤昢污敳•牐潩楲祴∽㠶•敓業楈摤湥∽慦獬≥†唠桮摩坥敨啮敳㵤昢污敳•慎敭∽敍楤浵䜠楲′捁散瑮㈠⼢ാ 㰠㩷獌䕤捸灥楴湯䰠捯敫㵤昢污敳•牐潩楲祴∽㤶•敓業楈摤湥∽慦獬≥†唠桮摩坥敨啮敳㵤昢污敳•慎敭∽敍楤浵䜠楲″捁散瑮㈠⼢ാ 㰠㩷獌䕤捸灥楴湯䰠捯敫㵤昢污敳•牐潩楲祴∽〷•敓業楈摤湥∽慦獬≥†唠桮摩坥敨啮敳㵤昢污敳•慎敭∽慄歲䰠獩⁴捁散瑮㈠⼢ാ 㰠㩷獌䕤捸灥楴湯䰠捯敫㵤昢污敳•牐潩楲祴∽ㄷ•敓業楈摤湥∽慦獬≥†唠桮摩坥敨啮敳㵤昢污敳•慎敭∽潃潬晲汵匠慨楤杮䄠捣湥⁴∲㸯†眼䰺摳硅散瑰潩潌正摥∽慦獬≥倠楲牯瑩㵹㜢∲匠浥䡩摩敤㵮昢污敳ഢ †湕楨敤桗湥獕摥∽慦獬≥丠浡㵥䌢汯牯畦楌瑳䄠捣湥⁴∲㸯†眼䰺摳硅散瑰潩潌正摥∽慦獬≥倠楲牯瑩㵹㜢∳匠浥䡩摩敤㵮昢污敳ഢ †湕楨敤桗湥獕摥∽慦獬≥丠浡㵥䌢汯牯畦片摩䄠捣湥⁴∲㸯†眼䰺摳硅散瑰潩潌正摥∽慦獬≥倠楲牯瑩㵹㘢∰匠浥䡩摩敤㵮昢污敳ഢ †湕楨敤桗湥獕摥∽慦獬≥丠浡㵥䰢杩瑨匠慨楤杮䄠捣湥⁴∳㸯†眼䰺摳硅散瑰潩潌正摥∽慦獬≥倠楲牯瑩㵹㘢∱匠浥䡩摩敤㵮昢污敳ഢ †湕楨敤桗湥獕摥∽慦獬≥丠浡㵥䰢杩瑨䰠獩⁴捁散瑮㌠⼢ാ 㰠㩷獌䕤捸灥楴湯䰠捯敫㵤昢污敳•牐潩楲祴∽㈶•敓業楈摤湥∽慦獬≥†唠桮摩坥敨啮敳㵤昢污敳•慎敭∽楌桧⁴片摩䄠捣湥⁴∳㸯†眼䰺摳硅散瑰潩潌正摥∽慦獬≥倠楲牯瑩㵹㘢∳匠浥䡩摩敤㵮昢污敳ഢ †湕楨敤桗湥獕摥∽慦獬≥丠浡㵥䴢摥畩桓摡湩‱捁散瑮㌠⼢ാ 㰠㩷獌䕤捸灥楴湯䰠捯敫㵤昢污敳•牐潩楲祴∽㐶•敓業楈摤湥∽慦獬≥†唠桮摩坥敨啮敳㵤昢污敳•慎敭∽敍楤浵匠慨楤杮㈠䄠捣湥⁴∳㸯†眼䰺摳硅散瑰潩潌正摥∽慦獬≥倠楲牯瑩㵹㘢∵匠浥䡩摩敤㵮昢污敳ഢ †湕楨敤桗湥獕摥∽慦獬≥丠浡㵥䴢摥畩楌瑳ㄠ䄠捣湥⁴∳㸯†眼䰺摳硅散瑰潩潌正摥∽慦獬≥倠楲牯瑩㵹㘢∶匠浥䡩摩敤㵮昢污敳ഢ †湕楨敤桗湥獕摥∽慦獬≥丠浡㵥䴢摥畩楌瑳㈠䄠捣湥⁴∳㸯†眼䰺摳硅散瑰潩潌正摥∽慦獬≥倠楲牯瑩㵹㘢∷匠浥䡩摩敤㵮昢污敳ഢ †湕楨敤桗湥獕摥∽慦獬≥丠浡㵥䴢摥畩片摩ㄠ䄠捣湥⁴∳㸯†眼䰺摳硅散瑰潩潌正摥∽慦獬≥倠楲牯瑩㵹㘢∸匠浥䡩摩敤㵮昢污敳ഢ †湕楨敤桗湥獕摥∽慦獬≥丠浡㵥䴢摥畩片摩㈠䄠捣湥⁴∳㸯†眼䰺摳硅散瑰潩潌正摥∽慦獬≥倠楲牯瑩㵹㘢∹匠浥䡩摩敤㵮昢污敳ഢ †湕楨敤桗湥獕摥∽慦獬≥丠浡㵥䴢摥畩片摩㌠䄠捣湥⁴∳㸯†眼䰺摳硅散瑰潩潌正摥∽慦獬≥倠楲牯瑩㵹㜢∰匠浥䡩摩敤㵮昢污敳ഢ †湕楨敤桗湥獕摥∽慦獬≥丠浡㵥䐢牡楌瑳䄠捣湥⁴∳㸯†眼䰺摳硅散瑰潩潌正摥∽慦獬≥倠楲牯瑩㵹㜢∱匠浥䡩摩敤㵮昢污敳ഢ †湕楨敤桗湥獕摥∽慦獬≥丠浡㵥䌢汯牯畦桓摡湩捁散瑮㌠⼢ാ 㰠㩷獌䕤捸灥楴湯䰠捯敫㵤昢污敳•牐潩楲祴∽㈷•敓業楈摤湥∽慦獬≥†唠桮摩坥敨啮敳㵤昢污敳•慎敭∽潃潬晲汵䰠獩⁴捁散瑮㌠⼢ാ 㰠㩷獌䕤捸灥楴湯䰠捯敫㵤昢污敳•牐潩楲祴∽㌷•敓業楈摤湥∽慦獬≥†唠桮摩坥敨啮敳㵤昢污敳•慎敭∽潃潬晲汵䜠楲捁散瑮㌠⼢ാ 㰠㩷獌䕤捸灥楴湯䰠捯敫㵤昢污敳•牐潩楲祴∽〶•敓業楈摤湥∽慦獬≥†唠桮摩坥敨啮敳㵤昢污敳•慎敭∽楌桧⁴桓摡湩捁散瑮㐠⼢ാ 㰠㩷獌䕤捸灥楴湯䰠捯敫㵤昢污敳•牐潩楲祴∽ㄶ•敓業楈摤湥∽慦獬≥†唠桮摩坥敨啮敳㵤昢污敳•慎敭∽楌桧⁴楌瑳䄠捣湥⁴∴㸯†眼䰺摳硅散瑰潩潌正摥∽慦獬≥倠楲牯瑩㵹㘢∲匠浥䡩摩敤㵮昢污敳ഢ †湕楨敤桗湥獕摥∽慦獬≥丠浡㵥䰢杩瑨䜠楲捁散瑮㐠⼢ാ 㰠㩷獌䕤捸灥楴湯䰠捯敫㵤昢污敳•牐潩楲祴∽㌶•敓業楈摤湥∽慦獬≥†唠桮摩坥敨啮敳㵤昢污敳•慎敭∽敍楤浵匠慨楤杮ㄠ䄠捣湥⁴∴㸯†眼䰺摳硅散瑰潩潌正摥∽慦獬≥倠楲牯瑩㵹㘢∴匠浥䡩摩敤㵮昢污敳ഢ †湕楨敤桗湥獕摥∽慦獬≥丠浡㵥䴢摥畩桓摡湩′捁散瑮㐠⼢ാ 㰠㩷獌䕤捸灥楴湯䰠捯敫㵤昢污敳•牐潩楲祴∽㔶•敓業楈摤湥∽慦獬≥†唠桮摩坥敨啮敳㵤昢污敳•慎敭∽敍楤浵䰠獩⁴‱捁散瑮㐠⼢ാ 㰠㩷獌䕤捸灥楴湯䰠捯敫㵤昢污敳•牐潩楲祴∽㘶•敓業楈摤湥∽慦獬≥†唠桮摩坥敨啮敳㵤昢污敳•慎敭∽敍楤浵䰠獩⁴′捁散瑮㐠⼢ാ 㰠㩷獌䕤捸灥楴湯䰠捯敫㵤昢污敳•牐潩楲祴∽㜶•敓業楈摤湥∽慦獬≥†唠桮摩坥敨啮敳㵤昢污敳•慎敭∽敍楤浵䜠楲‱捁散瑮㐠⼢ാ 㰠㩷獌䕤捸灥楴湯䰠捯敫㵤昢污敳•牐潩楲祴∽㠶•敓業楈摤湥∽慦獬≥†唠桮摩坥敨啮敳㵤昢污敳•慎敭∽敍楤浵䜠楲′捁散瑮㐠⼢ാ 㰠㩷獌䕤捸灥楴湯䰠捯敫㵤昢污敳•牐潩楲祴∽㤶•敓業楈摤湥∽慦獬≥†唠桮摩坥敨啮敳㵤昢污敳•慎敭∽敍楤浵䜠楲″捁散瑮㐠⼢ാ 㰠㩷獌䕤捸灥楴湯䰠捯敫㵤昢污敳•牐潩楲祴∽〷•敓業楈摤湥∽慦獬≥†唠桮摩坥敨啮敳㵤昢污敳•慎敭∽慄歲䰠獩⁴捁散瑮㐠⼢ാ 㰠㩷獌䕤捸灥楴湯䰠捯敫㵤昢污敳•牐潩楲祴∽ㄷ•敓業楈摤湥∽慦獬≥†唠桮摩坥敨啮敳㵤昢污敳•慎敭∽潃潬晲汵匠慨楤杮䄠捣湥⁴∴㸯†眼䰺摳硅散瑰潩潌正摥∽慦獬≥倠楲牯瑩㵹㜢∲匠浥䡩摩敤㵮昢污敳ഢ †湕楨敤桗湥獕摥∽慦獬≥丠浡㵥䌢汯牯畦楌瑳䄠捣湥⁴∴㸯†眼䰺摳硅散瑰潩潌正摥∽慦獬≥倠楲牯瑩㵹㜢∳匠浥䡩摩敤㵮昢污敳ഢ †湕楨敤桗湥獕摥∽慦獬≥丠浡㵥䌢汯牯畦片摩䄠捣湥⁴∴㸯†眼䰺摳硅散瑰潩潌正摥∽慦獬≥倠楲牯瑩㵹㘢∰匠浥䡩摩敤㵮昢污敳ഢ †湕楨敤桗湥獕摥∽慦獬≥丠浡㵥䰢杩瑨匠慨楤杮䄠捣湥⁴∵㸯†眼䰺摳硅散瑰潩潌正摥∽慦獬≥倠楲牯瑩㵹㘢∱匠浥䡩摩敤㵮昢污敳ഢ †湕楨敤桗湥獕摥∽慦獬≥丠浡㵥䰢杩瑨䰠獩⁴捁散瑮㔠⼢ാ 㰠㩷獌䕤捸灥楴湯䰠捯敫㵤昢污敳•牐潩楲祴∽㈶•敓業楈摤湥∽慦獬≥†唠桮摩坥敨啮敳㵤昢污敳•慎敭∽楌桧⁴片摩䄠捣湥⁴∵㸯†眼䰺摳硅散瑰潩潌正摥∽慦獬≥倠楲牯瑩㵹㘢∳匠浥䡩摩敤㵮昢污敳ഢ †湕楨敤桗湥獕摥∽慦獬≥丠浡㵥䴢摥畩桓摡湩‱捁散瑮㔠⼢ാ 㰠㩷獌䕤捸灥楴湯䰠捯敫㵤昢污敳•牐潩楲祴∽㐶•敓業楈摤湥∽慦獬≥†唠桮摩坥敨啮敳㵤昢污敳•慎敭∽敍楤浵匠慨楤杮㈠䄠捣湥⁴∵㸯†眼䰺摳硅散瑰潩潌正摥∽慦獬≥倠楲牯瑩㵹㘢∵匠浥䡩摩敤㵮昢污敳ഢ †湕楨敤桗湥獕摥∽慦獬≥丠浡㵥䴢摥畩楌瑳ㄠ䄠捣湥⁴∵㸯†眼䰺摳硅散瑰潩潌正摥∽慦獬≥倠楲牯瑩㵹㘢∶匠浥䡩摩敤㵮昢污敳ഢ †湕楨敤桗湥獕摥∽慦獬≥丠浡㵥䴢摥畩楌瑳㈠䄠捣湥⁴∵㸯†眼䰺摳硅散瑰潩潌正摥∽慦獬≥倠楲牯瑩㵹㘢∷匠浥䡩摩敤㵮昢污敳ഢ †湕楨敤桗湥獕摥∽慦獬≥丠浡㵥䴢摥畩片摩ㄠ䄠捣湥⁴∵㸯†眼䰺摳硅散瑰潩潌正摥∽慦獬≥倠楲牯瑩㵹㘢∸匠浥䡩摩敤㵮昢污敳ഢ †湕楨敤桗湥獕摥∽慦獬≥丠浡㵥䴢摥畩片摩㈠䄠捣湥⁴∵㸯†眼䰺摳硅散瑰潩潌正摥∽慦獬≥倠楲牯瑩㵹㘢∹匠浥䡩摩敤㵮昢污敳ഢ †湕楨敤桗湥獕摥∽慦獬≥丠浡㵥䴢摥畩片摩㌠䄠捣湥⁴∵㸯†眼䰺摳硅散瑰潩潌正摥∽慦獬≥倠楲牯瑩㵹㜢∰匠浥䡩摩敤㵮昢污敳ഢ †湕楨敤桗湥獕摥∽慦獬≥丠浡㵥䐢牡楌瑳䄠捣湥⁴∵㸯†眼䰺摳硅散瑰潩潌正摥∽慦獬≥倠楲牯瑩㵹㜢∱匠浥䡩摩敤㵮昢污敳ഢ †湕楨敤桗湥獕摥∽慦獬≥丠浡㵥䌢汯牯畦桓摡湩捁散瑮㔠⼢ാ 㰠㩷獌䕤捸灥楴湯䰠捯敫㵤昢污敳•牐潩楲祴∽㈷•敓業楈摤湥∽慦獬≥†唠桮摩坥敨啮敳㵤昢污敳•慎敭∽潃潬晲汵䰠獩⁴捁散瑮㔠⼢ാ 㰠㩷獌䕤捸灥楴湯䰠捯敫㵤昢污敳•牐潩楲祴∽㌷•敓業楈摤湥∽慦獬≥†唠桮摩坥敨啮敳㵤昢污敳•慎敭∽潃潬晲汵䜠楲捁散瑮㔠⼢ാ 㰠㩷獌䕤捸灥楴湯䰠捯敫㵤昢污敳•牐潩楲祴∽〶•敓業楈摤湥∽慦獬≥†唠桮摩坥敨啮敳㵤昢污敳•慎敭∽楌桧⁴桓摡湩捁散瑮㘠⼢ാ 㰠㩷獌䕤捸灥楴湯䰠捯敫㵤昢污敳•牐潩楲祴∽ㄶ•敓業楈摤湥∽慦獬≥†唠桮摩坥敨啮敳㵤昢污敳•慎敭∽楌桧⁴楌瑳䄠捣湥⁴∶㸯†眼䰺摳硅散瑰潩潌正摥∽慦獬≥倠楲牯瑩㵹㘢∲匠浥䡩摩敤㵮昢污敳ഢ †湕楨敤桗湥獕摥∽慦獬≥丠浡㵥䰢杩瑨䜠楲捁散瑮㘠⼢ാ 㰠㩷獌䕤捸灥楴湯䰠捯敫㵤昢污敳•牐潩楲祴∽㌶•敓業楈摤湥∽慦獬≥†唠桮摩坥敨啮敳㵤昢污敳•慎敭∽敍楤浵匠慨楤杮ㄠ䄠捣湥⁴∶㸯†眼䰺摳硅散瑰潩潌正摥∽慦獬≥倠楲牯瑩㵹㘢∴匠浥䡩摩敤㵮昢污敳ഢ †湕楨敤桗湥獕摥∽慦獬≥丠浡㵥䴢摥畩桓摡湩′捁散瑮㘠⼢ാ 㰠㩷獌䕤捸灥楴湯䰠捯敫㵤昢污敳•牐潩楲祴∽㔶•敓業楈摤湥∽慦獬≥†唠桮摩坥敨啮敳㵤昢污敳•慎敭∽敍楤浵䰠獩⁴‱捁散瑮㘠⼢ാ 㰠㩷獌䕤捸灥楴湯䰠捯敫㵤昢污敳•牐潩楲祴∽㘶•敓業楈摤湥∽慦獬≥†唠桮摩坥敨啮敳㵤昢污敳•慎敭∽敍楤浵䰠獩⁴′捁散瑮㘠⼢ാ 㰠㩷獌䕤捸灥楴湯䰠捯敫㵤昢污敳•牐潩楲祴∽㜶•敓業楈摤湥∽慦獬≥†唠桮摩坥敨啮敳㵤昢污敳•慎敭∽敍楤浵䜠楲‱捁散瑮㘠⼢ാ 㰠㩷獌䕤捸灥楴湯䰠捯敫㵤昢污敳•牐潩楲祴∽㠶•敓業楈摤湥∽慦獬≥†唠桮摩坥敨啮敳㵤昢污敳•慎敭∽敍楤浵䜠楲′捁散瑮㘠⼢ാ 㰠㩷獌䕤捸灥楴湯䰠捯敫㵤昢污敳•牐潩楲祴∽㤶•敓業楈摤湥∽慦獬≥†唠桮摩坥敨啮敳㵤昢污敳•慎敭∽敍楤浵䜠楲″捁散瑮㘠⼢ാ 㰠㩷獌䕤捸灥楴湯䰠捯敫㵤昢污敳•牐潩楲祴∽〷•敓業楈摤湥∽慦獬≥†唠桮摩坥敨啮敳㵤昢污敳•慎敭∽慄歲䰠獩⁴捁散瑮㘠⼢ാ 㰠㩷獌䕤捸灥楴湯䰠捯敫㵤昢污敳•牐潩楲祴∽ㄷ•敓業楈摤湥∽慦獬≥†唠桮摩坥敨啮敳㵤昢污敳•慎敭∽潃潬晲汵匠慨楤杮䄠捣湥⁴∶㸯†眼䰺摳硅散瑰潩潌正摥∽慦獬≥倠楲牯瑩㵹㜢∲匠浥䡩摩敤㵮昢污敳ഢ †湕楨敤桗湥獕摥∽慦獬≥丠浡㵥䌢汯牯畦楌瑳䄠捣湥⁴∶㸯†眼䰺摳硅散瑰潩潌正摥∽慦獬≥倠楲牯瑩㵹㜢∳匠浥䡩摩敤㵮昢污敳ഢ †湕楨敤桗湥獕摥∽慦獬≥丠浡㵥䌢汯牯畦片摩䄠捣湥⁴∶㸯†眼䰺摳硅散瑰潩潌正摥∽慦獬≥倠楲牯瑩㵹ㄢ∹匠浥䡩摩敤㵮昢污敳ഢ †湕楨敤桗湥獕摥∽慦獬≥儠潆浲瑡∽牴敵•慎敭∽畓瑢敬䔠灭慨楳≳㸯†眼䰺摳硅散瑰潩潌正摥∽慦獬≥倠楲牯瑩㵹㈢∱匠浥䡩摩敤㵮昢污敳ഢ †湕楨敤桗湥獕摥∽慦獬≥儠潆浲瑡∽牴敵•慎敭∽湉整獮浅桰獡獩⼢ാ 㰠㩷獌䕤捸灥楴湯䰠捯敫㵤昢污敳•牐潩楲祴∽ㄳ•敓業楈摤湥∽慦獬≥†唠桮摩坥敨啮敳㵤昢污敳•䙑牯慭㵴琢畲≥丠浡㵥匢扵汴敒敦敲据≥㸯†眼䰺摳硅散瑰潩潌正摥∽慦獬≥倠楲牯瑩㵹㌢∲匠浥䡩摩敤㵮昢污敳ഢ †湕楨敤桗湥獕摥∽慦獬≥儠潆浲瑡∽牴敵•慎敭∽湉整獮敒敦敲据≥㸯†眼䰺摳硅散瑰潩潌正摥∽慦獬≥倠楲牯瑩㵹㌢∳匠浥䡩摩敤㵮昢污敳ഢ †湕楨敤桗湥獕摥∽慦獬≥儠潆浲瑡∽牴敵•慎敭∽潂歯吠瑩敬⼢ാ 㰠㩷獌䕤捸灥楴湯䰠捯敫㵤昢污敳•牐潩楲祴∽㜳•慎敭∽楂汢潩牧灡票⼢ാ 㰠㩷獌䕤捸灥楴湯䰠捯敫㵤昢污敳•牐潩楲祴∽㤳•䙑牯慭㵴琢畲≥丠浡㵥吢䍏䠠慥楤杮⼢ാ ⼼㩷慌整瑮瑓汹獥ാ㰊砯汭㰾嬡湥楤嵦ⴭാ㰊瑳汹㹥ℼⴭ⼠潆瑮䐠晥湩瑩潩獮⨠യ 晀湯慦散笉潦瑮昭浡汩㩹慃楬牢㭩瀉湡獯ⵥ㨱′㔱㔠㈠㈠㈠㐠㌠㈠㐠഻ऊ獭ⵯ潦瑮挭慨獲瑥〺഻ऊ獭ⵯ敧敮楲ⵣ潦瑮昭浡汩㩹睳獩㭳洉潳昭湯楰捴㩨慶楲扡敬഻ऊ獭ⵯ潦瑮猭杩慮畴敲ⴺ㌵㠶〷㐱‵〱㌷㠷ㄶㄱㄠ〠㐠㔱〠紻晀湯慦散笉潦瑮昭浡汩㩹夢⁵楍据潨㬢洉潳昭湯污㩴䄢楲污唠楮潣敤䴠≓഻ऊ獭ⵯ潦瑮挭慨獲瑥ㄺ㠲഻ऊ獭ⵯ敧敮楲ⵣ潦瑮昭浡汩㩹潲慭㭮洉潳昭湯楰捴㩨慶楲扡敬഻ऊ獭ⵯ潦瑮猭杩慮畴敲〺㜠㜱㐷㐹㠸ㄠ‸‰㌱㈱ㄳ〠紻晀湯慦散笉潦瑮昭浡汩㩹尢奀⁵楍据潨㬢洉潳昭湯档牡敳㩴㈱㬸洉潳札湥牥捩昭湯慦業祬爺浯湡഻ऊ獭ⵯ潦瑮瀭瑩档瘺牡慩汢㭥洉潳昭湯楳湧瑡牵㩥‰ㄷ㜷㤴㠴‸㠱〠ㄠㄳ㌲‱㬰ൽ ⨯匠祴敬䐠晥湩瑩潩獮⨠യ 獍乯牯慭ⱬ氠獍乯牯慭ⱬ搠癩䴮潳潎浲污笉獭ⵯ瑳汹ⵥ湵楨敤渺㭯洉潳猭祴敬焭潦浲瑡示獥഻ऊ獭ⵯ瑳汹ⵥ慰敲瑮∺㬢洉牡楧潴㩰挰㭭洉牡楧楲桧㩴挰㭭洉牡楧潢瑴浯ㄺ⸰瀰㭴洉牡楧敬瑦〺浣഻ऊ楬敮栭楥桧㩴ㄱ┵഻ऊ獭ⵯ慰楧慮楴湯眺摩睯漭灲慨㭮昉湯楳敺ㄺ⸱瀰㭴昉湯慦業祬∺慃楬牢≩∬慳獮猭牥晩㬢洉潳昭牡慥瑳昭湯慦業祬∺留䴠湩档≯഻ऊ獭ⵯ楢楤昭湯慦業祬∺楔敭敎⁷潒慭≮഻ऊ獭ⵯ湡楳氭湡畧条㩥剆഻ऊ獭ⵯ慦敲獡慬杮慵敧䔺ⵎ单紻䴮潳桃䑰晥畡瑬笉獭ⵯ瑳汹ⵥ祴数攺灸牯湯祬഻ऊ獭ⵯ敤慦汵牰灯㩳敹㭳昉湯楳敺ㄺ⸰瀰㭴洉潳愭獮潦瑮猭穩㩥〱〮瑰഻ऊ獭ⵯ楢楤昭湯楳敺ㄺ⸰瀰㭴昉湯慦業祬∺慃楬牢≩∬慳獮猭牥晩㬢洉潳愭捳楩昭湯慦業祬䌺污扩楲഻ऊ獭ⵯ慦敲獡潦瑮昭浡汩㩹夢⁵楍据潨㬢洉潳栭湡楳昭湯慦業祬䌺污扩楲紻灀条潗摲敓瑣潩ㅮ笉楳敺㘺㈱〮瑰㜠㈹〮瑰഻ऊ慭杲湩㜺⸲瀰⁴㈷〮瑰㜠⸲瀰⁴㈷〮瑰഻ऊ獭ⵯ敨摡牥洭牡楧㩮㘳〮瑰഻ऊ獭ⵯ潦瑯牥洭牡楧㩮㘳〮瑰഻ऊ獭ⵯ慰数潳牵散〺紻楤潗摲敓瑣潩ㅮ笉慰敧场牯卤捥楴湯㬱ൽⴊ㸭⼼瑳汹㹥ℼⴭ楛瑧獭〱㹝猼祴敬ാ ⨯匠祴敬䐠晥湩瑩潩獮⨠യ 慴汢獍乯牯慭呬扡敬笉獭ⵯ瑳汹ⵥ慮敭∺慔汢潎浲污㬢洉潳琭瑳汹ⵥ潲扷湡ⵤ楳敺〺഻ऊ獭ⵯ獴祴敬挭汯慢摮猭穩㩥㬰洉潳猭祴敬渭獯潨㩷敹㭳洉潳猭祴敬瀭楲牯瑩㩹㤹഻ऊ獭ⵯ瑳汹ⵥ慰敲瑮∺㬢洉潳瀭摡楤杮愭瑬〺浣㔠㐮瑰〠浣㔠㐮瑰഻ऊ獭ⵯ慰慲洭牡楧㩮挰㭭洉潳瀭牡ⵡ慭杲湩戭瑯潴㩭〮〰瀱㭴洉潳瀭条湩瑡潩㩮楷潤牯桰湡഻ऊ潦瑮猭穩㩥〱〮瑰഻ऊ潦瑮昭浡汩㩹䌢污扩楲Ⱒ猢湡敳楲≦紻⼼瑳汹㹥ℼ敛摮晩ⵝ㸭⼼敨摡ാഊ㰊潢祤氠湡㵧义猠祴敬✽慴ⵢ湩整癲污㌺⸶瀰❴ാ㰊ⴡ匭慴瑲牆条敭瑮ⴭ㰾灳湡猠祴敬✽潦瑮猭穩㩥〱〮瑰氻湩ⵥ敨杩瑨ㄺ㔱㬥潦瑮昭浡汩㩹吢浩獥丠睥删浯湡Ⱒ猢牥晩㬢獭ⵯ慦敲獡潦瑮昭浡汩㩹夢⁵楍据潨㬢獭ⵯ湡楳氭湡畧条㩥义活潳昭牡慥瑳氭湡畧条㩥久唭㭓獭ⵯ楢楤氭湡畧条㩥剁匭❁䴾⼼灳湡㰾灳湡慬杮䔽⁎瑳汹㵥昧湯楳敺ㄺ⸰瀰㭴楬敮栭楥桧㩴ㄱ┵昻湯慦業祬∺楔敭敎⁷潒慭≮∬敳楲≦഻洊潳昭牡慥瑳昭湯慦業祬∺留䴠湩档≯活潳愭獮慬杮慵敧䔺㭎獭ⵯ慦敲獡慬杮慵敧ഺ䔊ⵎ单活潳戭摩慬杮慵敧䄺ⵒ䅓㸧瑡牵椠湯景搠獩牴捩獴椠桴牡慥漠⼼灳湡㰾灳湡瑳汹㵥昧湯楳敺ㄺ⸰瀰㭴楬敮栭楥桧㩴ㄱ┵昻湯慦業祬∺楔敭敎⁷潒慭≮∬敳楲≦഻洊潳昭牡慥瑳昭湯慦業祬∺留䴠湩档≯活潳愭獮慬杮慵敧䤺㭎獭ⵯ慦敲獡慬杮慵敧ഺ䔊ⵎ单活潳戭摩慬杮慵敧䄺ⵒ䅓㸧態畢慰整㱁猯慰㹮猼慰慬杮䔽ൎ猊祴敬✽潦瑮猭穩㩥〱〮瑰氻湩ⵥ敨杩瑨ㄺ㔱㬥潦瑮昭浡汩㩹吢浩獥丠睥删浯湡Ⱒ猢牥晩㬢獭ⵯ慦敲獡潦瑮昭浡汩㩹夢⁵楍据潨㬢獭ⵯ湡楳氭湡畧条㩥久活潳昭牡慥瑳氭湡畧条㩥久唭㭓獭ⵯ楢楤氭湡畧条㩥剁匭❁朾浡㰮猯慰㹮猼慰慬杮䔽⁎瑳汹㵥昧湯楳敺ㄺ⸰瀰㭴楬敮栭楥桧㩴ㄱ┵昻湯慦業祬∺楔敭敎⁷潒慭≮∬敳楲≦活潳昭牡慥瑳昭湯慦業祬ഺ∊留䴠湩档≯活潳愭獮慬杮慵敧䤺㭎獭ⵯ慦敲獡慬杮慵敧䔺ⵎ单活潳戭摩慬杮慵敧ഺ䄊ⵒ䅓㸧㰠猯慰㹮猼慰慬杮䔽⁎瑳汹㵥昧湯楳敺ㄺ⸰瀰㭴楬敮栭楥桧㩴ㄱ┵഻昊湯慦業祬∺楔敭敎⁷潒慭≮∬敳楲≦活潳昭牡慥瑳昭湯慦業祬∺留䴠湩档≯഻洊潳愭獮慬杮慵敧䔺㭎獭ⵯ慦敲獡慬杮慵敧䔺ⵎ单活潳戭摩慬杮慵敧䄺ⵒ䅓㸧敒楧湯污⼼灳湡㰾灳湡猠祴敬✽潦瑮猭穩㩥〱〮瑰氻湩ⵥ敨杩瑨ㄺ㔱㬥潦瑮昭浡汩㩹吢浩獥丠睥删浯湡Ⱒ猢牥晩㬢獭ⵯ慦敲獡潦瑮昭浡汩㩹夢⁵楍据潨㬢獭ⵯ湡楳氭湡畧条㩥义活潳昭牡慥瑳氭湡畧条㩥久唭㭓獭ⵯ楢楤氭湡畧条㩥剁匭❁䴾⼼灳湡㰾灳湡氠湡㵧久猠祴敬✽潦瑮猭穩㩥〱〮瑰഻氊湩ⵥ敨杩瑨ㄺ㔱㬥潦瑮昭浡汩㩹吢浩獥丠睥删浯湡Ⱒ猢牥晩㬢獭ⵯ慦敲獡潦瑮昭浡汩㩹夢⁵楍据潨㬢獭ⵯ湡楳氭湡畧条㩥久活潳昭牡慥瑳氭湡畧条㩥久唭㭓獭ⵯ楢楤氭湡畧条㩥剁匭❁愾畴慨楶杮瘠牡潩獵瀠瑯湥楴污ⱳ渠瑯漠汮⁹湩琠牥獭漠敧杯慲桰捩污ബ琊畯楲浳愠摮琠敨挠湯楤楴湯漠瑩慮畴慲畢⁴污潳椠整浲景栠浵湡爠獥畯捲獥ബ渊浡汥⁹慤慳眠獩慭㰮猯慰㹮ℼⴭ湅䙤慲浧湥㸭⼼潢祤ാഊ㰊栯浴㹬</jats:p
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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