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Materials tested by time. Quality and durability of the restorations of the temples of Paestum from the nineteenth-century approaches to the contemporary issues of conservation
No full textThe issues linked to the physical, mechanical and aesthetical compatibility between pre-existences and additions, as well as to the durability of these latter, represent one of the main challenges of a restoration project. Furthermore, these actions become more complex within archaeological contexts, where more attention has to be paid in order to avoid the loss of the fragile ancient materials or any possible damages.
Taking into account these premises, it is interesting to consider the archaeological site of Paestum – one of the most significant city of Magna Graecia, where structures and stratifications belonging to Greek, Lucan, Roman and Medieval Ages coexist – as a particular testing ground for the evolution of restoration principles and practical approaches [1]. In this case, in fact, a critical interpretation of the conservation proposals and of the restorations of the temples, carried out starting from the end of the 18th century, shows the high quality of the choices, all aimed at ensuring the compatibility between new and old materials, the durability of the additions, and their distinguishability. This awareness – gained over time through the experiences of many architects and technicians – brought to culturally advanced approaches, closer to the aims of the contemporary archaeological restoration also for the will to reduce the works to those indispensable to prevent the loss of the structures.
As result of the in-depth knowledge of the material and mechanical properties of these ancient structures and of the hard fieldwork carried out during the first half of the 19th century, the methodological acquisitions and the practical skills showed an increased attention in the selection of those materials considered more compatible with the travertine of the temples. Among several experimentations – characterized by a high variability in terms of materials and constructive techniques –, it emerges, for example, the proposal by Francesco La Vega (1795) of strengthening a portion of an architrave using iron bars covered with «a good concrete», made of lime mortar, in order to prevent oxidations, or the choice to fill some shortcomings using the same travertine blocks fixed with visible iron clamps (Antonio Bonucci, 1805). Furthermore, it should be recalled the partial reconfiguration of the gables of the Temple of Athena with brick masonry in order to ensure the distinguishability of the new parts (Ciro Cuciniello, 1829-30), and the ability showed by Ulisse Rizzi (1849-60) in adding, only where indispensable, iron chains, limited portions of brick masonry or travertine blocks with well-smoothed surfaces, clearly different from the ancient ones.
The results of the nineteenth-century restorations, nowadays still well preserved, show the quality of the technical expedients – aimed at preserving also the structural authenticity of the temples – and the durability of the materials chosen for the additions and acquire even more importance if compared with the outcomes of the twentieth-century yards. Despite that methodological lesson and similarly to what was happening in other archaeological contexts during the first decades of the Twentieth century, these works, in fact, were characterized by approaches less careful about the issues of compatibility and durability. As result, these interventions led to a larger use of concrete injections, reinforced concrete addictions, armed perforations, as well as undocumented reconstructions in correspondence of the city walls [2].
Taking these considerations into account, the paper aims at defining a critical interpretation of the evolution of techniques and approaches through the 19th century and, at the same time, at focusing the attention on the outcomes of the restoration yards carried out starting from the first decades of the 20th century. In particular, a critical comparison between the results of the nineteenth-century works and of those of the following century will allow to evaluate the quality of the choices in terms of durability and compatibility between old and new. These considerations will be carried on taking into account the present state of conservation of the temples, where it emerges, as a critical instance, that the most recent materials have answered to the test of time worse than the older ones only after few decades
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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