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Russell: Government, Labour, and Business Progressivism in a Canadian War Industry, 1899-1920
No full textIn May 1919, businessman and former munitions manufacturer Thomas Russell was brought before the Royal Commission on Industrial Relations (Mathers Commission) to provide insight into the largest collection of strikes in Canadian history. Russell was one of Canada’s pioneering automakers, first employed as general manager of the Canada Cycle and Motor Co. (CCM) and later as vice-president when the company was reorganized to become the Russell Motor Car Co. (RMCC). Russell had been actively engaged in business and political discourse for nearly two decades and played a leading role in implementing industrial reforms during the First World War. The RMCC became the largest private producer of shell fuses in Canada and employed one of the country’s largest female workforces. While these progressive reforms increased the productivity and profitability of munitions manufacturers, they had been implemented with little regard to their dramatic transformation of wartime labour conditions. As the war came to a close, Russell suspended his seemingly “progressive” program in favour of protecting his companies’ enormous late war profits. When asked what he believed to be the cause of labour unrest, he told the Mathers Commission that the strikes were not the fault of employers’ wartime industrial policies, but rather an unavoidable “natural desire for betterment” among dissatisfied workers and the unemployed. Contrary to Russell’s testimony, employers were very much responsible. This project explores the origins of progressive ideals in Canadian business at the turn of the 20th century and their impact on industrial reform during the First World War. As war manufacturers, business progressives failed to address the devastation their industries caused in the post-war period. Their post-war factory closures and reluctance to compromise with the growing labour movement substantially contributed to the outbreak of the 1919 labour revolt and fueled future advocacy for government intervention in the Canadian economy.Ontario Graduate ScholarshipUniversity of Guelp
Sharing the Nation's Heart Globally? Foreign Aid and the Canadian Public, 1950-1980
No full textIf asked to paint a picture of Canadian foreign policy after 1945, most would prominently include images of peacekeeping and refugee resettlement. Those painting a broader picture might also include images of trade deals and human rights campaigns. Some might also include images of foreign aid, though it is likely that those depictions would be relegated to the background. This reflects the fact that Canadians have never aligned foreign aid with national identity and shared values in the same way as other foreign policy pursuits. Canadians’ lack of engagement with foreign aid is somewhat surprising given that it outpaces most other post-war foreign policy priorities in terms of longevity, direct expenditures and individual involvement by Canadians. However, the fact that foreign aid has not become a symbol of Canadian generosity and humanitarianism in the same way as peacekeeping and refugee resettlement is by no means coincidental. Between 1950 and 1980, the federal government undertook significant efforts, both on its own and in partnership with churches, youth organizations, universities and NGOs, to build public support for foreign aid and portray it as favourably aligned with Canadian values. However, as time passed persistent political, policy, and economic challenges began to fracture public opinion on the foreign aid file. As divisions emerged, many of the civil society groups which were once strongly aligned with government’s approach to foreign aid began to assert themselves as alternative voices of authority on aid. Unlike civil society groups concerned with peacekeeping or refugee resettlement, aid organizations faced relatively low financial and legal barriers. This enabled them to more quickly gain legitimacy in the eyes of the public, and more effectively challenge the federal government’s ideas about what truly Canadian foreign aid should look like. The emergence of a diversity of authoritative narratives about foreign aid had the effect of fracturing public support and limiting foreign aid’s potential to be accepted as a national project on the same scale as peacekeeping and refugee resettlement
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
« À mon drapeau : je jure d’être fidèle » : le mouvement des Sociétés Saint-Jean-Baptiste, 1947-1984
No full textThis thesis explores the role played by the Sociétés Saint-Jean-Baptiste (SSJB) in Quebec as a political lobby group between 1947 and 1984. One of the oldest civil society organizations still active in Canada, the SSJB helped build a sense of belonging to the French-Canadian nation by promoting the history, symbols and national myths of French-speaking Canadians. Initially rooted in clerical nationalism and around the pillars of language, traditional institutions and the Catholic faith, the Society went through a period of profound changes starting in the late 1950s. Under the influence of neo-nationalism, it gradually abandoned these references in order to adopt a territorial and secular definition of nationalism. In parallel with these changes, the SSJB in Quebec adopted a political program focused on strengthening the province’s constitutional, linguistic, cultural, and economic sovereignty and autonomy. In addition, the organization’s structures were modified to reflect changes with regard of gender, class, and religion. As consequence, the relationship between the SSJB in Quebec and Ontario deteriorated as the two branches of the Society increasingly promoted different, and divergent, political projects for French-Canadians. In 1972, the Fédération des Sociétés Saint-Jean-Baptiste du Québec became the Mouvement national des Québécois. Drawing on social movement theory, the thesis explores how the SSJB’s leaders and their network mobilized their resources and used their symbolic capital to influence public decision-makers on constitutional and linguistic policies. It also demonstrates the contributions made by the SSJB by looking at their critique of Canadian federalism, and the promotion of the sovereigntist project. The study also investigates how public policies, and militancy influenced the organization’s identity
Public Commemorations and Personal Memories: Canadian Commemoration of the Second World War
No full textThis dissertation examines the many ways that the Second World War was remembered by Canadians from 1945 to the end of the twentieth century. Although a collective memory of the Second World War draws on commemorative forms from the First World War, the commemorative traditions of the Second evolved considerably with the rise of ‘modern’ Canada. Efforts to build a national war memorial to the Second World War in Ottawa were unsuccessful, prompting a wide range of commemorative efforts at the local level. This dissertation engages with changing notions of Canadian faith, identity, and foreign policy to consider how Canadians have included (and excluded) different visions of the ‘veteran’ in their commemorative practices. Remembrance Day ceremonies remained an important way that Canadians remembered war, but questions of who organized the ceremonies, their structure, and who was included also reflected shifting understandings of modern Canada. This dissertation also shows that, despite the increase of utilitarian places of memory after 1945, Canadians also drew upon many traditional forms of remembrance that resembled and echoed those from the post-1918 era. Controversies in the 1990s about how the memory of the role of Bomber Command was being depicted by publicly-funded institutions, on the other hand, spoke to the contested nature of commemoration and the narratives that veterans wanted to defend and promote about this aspect of Canada’s (and Canadians’) involvement in the Second World War. Commemoration of the Second World War has been important for many Canadians for reasons that have shifted and changed over time. Since the end of that war, Canadians have largely prioritized local community-based memories and personal stories over national narratives and large-scale commemoration. These commemorative activities, whether physical, built memorials of various forms, or annual rituals such as Remembrance Day ceremonies, have been used by Canadians as ways to articulate contemporary values and concerns, and to suggest a vision for the future. Commemorative events and monuments are brokers between the past, present, and future, and studying them allows for an understanding of changes in Canadian culture and society as well as Canadians’ relationship to their country’s history and past
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
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