1,720,988 research outputs found
Heavy-metal modulation of the human intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM-1) gene expression
No full textTranscriptional modulation of the human intercellular adhesion molecule gene I (ICAM-1) by retinoic acid in melanoma cells
No full textTissue-specific Butyrophilin-like Molecules are Master Regulators of Intraepithelial γδ T cell Composition
Get PDFMany epithelial barriers are constitutively populated by large numbers of organ-specific γδ T cells that collectively make up a substantial proportion of the body’s T cells. In mice, these intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) display striking site-specific T cell receptor (TCR) Variable (V)γ chain usage, such that Vγ5+, Vγ6+ and Vγ7+ T cells form lifelong associations with the murine epidermis, uterine and the small intestinal epithelium, respectively. The maintenance of IEL composition is critically important to host physiology and its disruption in murine epidermis is associated with dysregulated cutaneous inflammation and heightened susceptibility to carcinogenesis. Furthermore, tumour-associated γδ T cell gene-expression signatures were recently found to be the greatest correlate with overall survival in a genome-wide expression analysis of ~18,000 human tumours. Thus, there is considerable interest in identifying molecules that regulate infiltration, composition and activation of tissue-resident γδ T cells. Skint1 is a Butyrophilin-like (Btnl) gene expressed by thymic medullary epithelium and suprabasal keratinocytes, which shapes DETC composition. However, as neither Skint1 nor DETC are conserved, a general mechanism by which epithelia shape IEL composition remains unelucidated. Here we show that enterocyte Btnl1 expression shapes small intestinal IEL composition by driving extrathymic maturation and expansion of Vγ7+ IEL in trans upon their arrival in the gut. Uninfluenced by microbial or solid food antigens, this mechanism evokes the Major Histocompatibility Complex-driven selection of αβ T cell repertoires. Consistent with this, we show that Btnl1 together with Btnl6 elicits specific TCR-dependent responses of intestinal Vγ7+ cells in vitro. From these data, a generalizable mechanism emerges whereby organ-specific expression of Btnl molecules enables epithelial cells to actively shape the lifelong composition of their signature IEL compartments. Moreover, by identifying selection elements that regulate signature γδ IEL, our models also provide novel avenues to study the unique contributions of discreet IEL compartments to host immunity
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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