1,720,958 research outputs found
Spatial distribution of dark heartwood and wood rot in sugar maple at the northern edge of its range
Full text linkThe wood of sugar maple trees (Acer saccharum Marsh.) is generally perceived as containing more defects, such as dark heart-wood and wood rot, at the northern limit of its range compared to southern locations; however, assessments of these internal defects have primarily relied on direct observation, limiting the scope of analysis. To enable large-scale assessments, models are needed to estimate the internal quality of individual trees based on external defects. Accordingly, this study aimed to investigate the relationships between external and internal defects within sugar maple stems. Then, large-scale estimates of the importance of such defects were produced to understand the effects of site conditions and climate. Increment cores were sampled from 1108 trees across 108 plots. Results revealed that the probability of wood rot and the proportion of internal defects were associated with the presence of cracks and fungal fruiting bodies. Also, colder sites increased the probability of wood rot as well as the proportion of the stem affected by internal defects. Moreover, the western Balsam fir–Yellow birch subdomain had both the highest probability of wood rot and the greatest proportion of internal defects. Future studies should examine how this spatial distribution could evolve with climate change
Age and growth reductions increase the proportion of dark heartwood in sugar maple at the northern limit of its range
Full text linkThe wood of sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) in the northernmost part of the species range often exhibits high proportions of discoloured wood at the centre of the stems, which is referred to as dark heartwood. This defect significantly decreases the wood market value of the species, which, in turn, challenges the implementation of state-of-the art silvicultural treatments. The causes of dark heartwood are associated with trauma and the colder climate of the northern regions. In this study, we investigate factors influencing the occurrence of dark heartwood in sugar maple's northern populations, considering tree age, vigour, stem growth, and local climate. We also aimed to determine whether the proportion of dark heartwood is higher in northern stands compared to more southern ones. We collected samples from 302 sugar maple stems at 16 sites within two bioclimatic domains of Quebec, Canada, i.e. the balsam fir-yellow birch domain (representing the northern limit of the sugar maple range) and the sugar maple-yellow birch domain (representing a more southern location within the range). Our results indicate a positive relationship between dark heartwood proportions and stem age, as well as with the amplitude of the maximum growth reduction throughout the tree's lifespan and the length of the longest suppression period. We also observed significantly higher dark heartwood proportion for a given tree age in northern stands. The results suggest that silvicultural systems aiming to release suppressed crop trees through group selection using a cut-to-length system could favour the development of high quality timber
Évaluation visuelle des arbres feuillus sur pied et valeur des produits transformés
No full textLes forêts feuillues tempérées du sud du Québec ont une grande importance économique, car elles sont la principale source d’approvisionnement des industries des produits d'apparence en bois. Toutefois, la difficulté de relier l’apparence externe d’un arbre à la qualité interne de son bois engendre des incertitudes liées à l’approvisionnement, puisque la qualité des bois sélectionnés pour la récolte peut ne pas correspondre aux besoins réels des usines de transformation. L’objectif principal de ce projet était d’améliorer les prévisions des caractéristiques des approvisionnements de bois feuillu en reliant l’évaluation de la qualité des arbres sur pied à la composition du panier de produits transformés et à sa valeur monétaire. Un des facteurs internes qui affecte la valeur des sciages d’érable à sucre (Acer saccharum Marsh.) et de bouleau jaune (Betula alleghaniensis Britt.) est la présence d’une zone de couleur brun-rougeâtre au centre de la tige, appelée coloration de cœur. Un échantillonnage dans 12 localisations de la zone tempérée du sud du Québec a montré que les différences régionales de la proportion radiale de la zone colorée chez ces deux espèces étaient principalement attribuables à des facteurs liés au développement des arbres, tels que l’âge et les accroissements autour de la zone colorée. Une partie de la variabilité chez l’érable à sucre était aussi associée à la température minimale annuelle d'une localisation. Par ailleurs, l’étude de 64 érables à sucre et 32 bouleaux jaunes abattus, tronçonnés et sciés en planches a mis en évidence le fait que parmi tous les types de défaut qui doivent être pris en considération lors du marquage des arbres, les signes visibles d’infection fongique et les fentes avaient la plus grande influence négative sur la valeur des deux espèces. L’analyse des sciages a montré que la proportion des meilleurs grades augmentait avec la longueur et le diamètre des billes, ce qui fait qu’elle était plus élevée dans le bas de l’arbre. Les billes présentant une grande zone colorée ont produit davantage de bois de moindre valeur. Dans leur ensemble, ces résultats permettent d’établir des liens entre le classement visuel des arbres sur pied et la qualité de produits transformés permettant une meilleure prise de décisions liée à l’approvisionnement en bois feuillu.Temperate deciduous forests of southern Quebec are of great economic importance because they are the main supply source of the appearance wood products industries. However, the difficulty of linking the external characteristics of a tree to the internal quality of its wood creates supply-related uncertainties, since the quality of selected trees for harvest may not correspond to the real needs of these processing industries. The main objective of this study was to improve the supply forecasts of hardwood processing industries by linking the quality assessment of standing trees to their products assortment and their monetary value. One of the most important internal factors affecting the value of sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) and yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britt.) lumber is the presence of a reddish-brown colored area in the center of the stem called red heartwood. Samples from 12 locations throughout the temperate zone in southern Quebec showed that regional differences in the radial proportion of the colored area in both species were mainly due to factors related to tree development, such as age and radial growth around the colored area. Part of the variability in sugar maple was also associated with the annual minimum temperature of a sampling location. In addition, the study of 64 sugar maple and 32 yellow birch trees that were harvested, bucked into logs and processed into lumber showed that among all defect types that need to be considered for tree marking, visible evidence of fungal infections and cracks had the largest negative influence on value in both species. The analysis of the lumber products assortment showed that the proportion of the best grades increased with the length and the diameter of the logs, so that it was higher at the bottom of the stem. Logs with a large red heartwood area produced more wood of lesser value. Overall, these results link the visual assessment of standing trees to the quality and value of processed products to allow better decision making in the hardwoods supply chain
Recent decline in sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) growth extends to the northern parts of its distribution range in eastern Canada
No full textSugar maple (Acer saccharum Marshall) growth in the species’ southern range has been declining since the 1980s, putting at risk a variety of ecosystem services that the species provides. Heatwaves, drought, frosts, acidic deposition, and insect defoliation, all reducing photosynthetic activity, have been suggested to be behind the phenomenon. Because the geographic scope of previous studies on maple growth is limited to the southern temperate biome, it is not currently understood whether the same negative trends and factors affecting growth rates apply to the species in more northern regions of its distribution range. Here we used annual ring-width data of 1675 trees from a network of 21 sites in Quebec and Ontario between 45 ̊N and 48 ̊N to reconstruct maple growth and to analyze its trends and climatic drivers since 1950 CE. We developed a retrospective tree growth index by employing a Generalized Additive Mixed Model (GAMM) that accounted for tree age and size, terrain altitude, slope, competition and mean site climatology. Our reconstruction suggested considerable geographical variations in maple growth trends, with declining growth being less pronounced in the central portion of the study region. The growth decline persisted at the time of sampling in 2019 and 2020. Maple growth negatively correlated with the summer vapour pressure deficit (VPD) during both the previous and current growth seasons. As the decline in sugar maple growth is observed at the northern limit of its distribution, climate change may not favor the expansion of sugar maples to the north. The observed decline along with increasing VPD will likely have a negative impact on the ecosystem services supported by this species and calls for management adaptation measures
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
- …
