2,839 research outputs found
sj-docx-1-pps-10.1177_17456916221082116 – Supplemental material for Sex/Gender Differences in Verbal Fluency and Verbal-Episodic Memory: A Meta-Analysis
No full textSupplemental material, sj-docx-1-pps-10.1177_17456916221082116 for Sex/Gender Differences in Verbal Fluency and Verbal-Episodic Memory: A Meta-Analysis by Marco Hirnstein, Josephine Stuebs, Angelica Moè and Markus Hausmann in Perspectives on Psychological Science</p
Dichotic-listening performance after complete callosotomy: No relief from left-ear extinction by selective attention
No full textThe surgical section of the corpus callosum (callosotomy) has been frequently demonstrated to result in a left-ear extinction in dichotic listening. That is, callosotomy patients report the left-ear stimulus below chance level, resulting in substantially enhanced right-ear advantage (REA) compared with controls. A small number of previous studies also suggest that callosotomy patients can overcome left-ear extinction when the instruction encourages to attend selectively to the left-ear stimulus. In the present case study, we re-examine the role of selective attention in dichotic listening in two patients with complete callosotomy and 40 age- and sex-matched controls. We used the standardised Bergen dichotic-listening paradigm which uses stop-consonant-vowel syllables as stimulus material and includes both a free-report and selective-attention condition. As was predicted, both patients showed a clear left-ear extinction. However, contrasting the earlier reports, we did not find any evidence for a relief from this extinction by selectively attending to the left-ear stimulus. We conclude that previous demonstrations of an attention-improved left-ear recall in callosotomy patients may be attributed to the use of suboptimal dichotic paradigms or residual callosal connectivity, rather than representing a genuine effect of attention
Sex/Gender differences in Verbal Fluency and Verbal-Episodic Memory: A Meta-Analysis
No full textWomen are thought to fare better in verbal abilities, especially in verbal-fluency and verbal-memory tasks. However, the last meta-analysis on sex/gender differences in verbal fluency dates from 1988. Although verbal memory has only recently been investigated meta-analytically, a comprehensive meta-analysis is lacking that focuses on verbal memory as it is typically assessed, for example, in neuropsychological settings. On the basis of 496 effect sizes and 355,173 participants, in the current meta-analysis, we found that women/girls outperformed men/boys in phonemic fluency (ds = 0.12-0.13) but not in semantic fluency (ds = 0.01-0.02), for which the sex/gender difference appeared to be category-dependent. Women/girls also outperformed men/boys in recall (d = 0.28) and recognition (ds = 0.12-0.17). Although effect sizes are small, the female advantage was relatively stable over the past 50 years and across lifetime. Published articles reported stronger female advantages than unpublished studies, and first authors reported better performance for members of their own sex/gender. We conclude that a small female advantage in phonemic fluency, recall, and recognition exists and is partly subject to publication bias. Considerable variance suggests further contributing factors, such as participants' language and country/region
Interactive effects of sex hormones and gender stereotypes on cognitive sex differences – a psychobiosocial approach
No full textBiological and social factors have been shown to affect cognitive sex differences. For example, several studies have found that sex hormones have activating effects on sex-sensitive tasks. On the other hand, it has been shown that gender stereotypes can influence the cognitive performance of (gender-) stereotyped individuals. However, few studies have investigated the combined effects of both factors. The present study investigated the interaction between sex hormones and gender stereotypes within a psychobiosocial approach. One hundred and fourteen participants (59 women) performed a battery of sex-sensitive cognitive tasks, including mental rotation, verbal fluency, and perceptual speed. Saliva samples were taken immediately after cognitive testing. Levels of testosterone (T) were analysed using chemiluminescence immunoassay (LIA). To activate gender stereotypes, a questionnaire was applied to the experimental group that referred to the cognitive tasks used. The control group received an identical questionnaire but with a gender-neutral content. As expected, significant sex differences favouring males and females appeared for mental rotation and verbal fluency tasks, respectively. The results revealed no sex difference in perceptual speed. The male superiority in the Revised Vandenberg and Kuse Mental Rotations Tests (MRT-3D) was mainly driven by the stereotype-active group. No significant sex difference in MRT-3D appeared in the control group. The MRT-3D was also the task in which a strong gender-stereotype favouring males was present for both males and females. Interestingly, T levels of the stereotype-activated group were 60% higher than that of male controls. The results suggest that sex hormones mediate the effects of gender stereotypes on specific cognitive abilities
The Neuromodulatory Effects of Sex Hormones on Functional Cerebral Asymmetries and Cognitive Control
No full textNearly 20 years ago, Hausmann and Güntürkün (2000a, 2000b) published a review article in the Journal of Neuropsychology/Zeitschrift für Neuropsychologie on the influences of sex hormones on functional cerebral asymmetries (FCAs). They further presented a neuroendocrinological model (Hausmann & Güntürkün, 2000c) that could potentially explain how sex hormones modulate FCAs. Their model proposed that high levels of progesterone reduce the synaptic efficiency of cortico-cortical transmission, leading to a reduction of FCAs. However, empirical data testing their hypothesis directly were missing. Using various approaches, we have now gathered behavioral, electrophysiological, and neuroimaging data that partly support the original idea, while also pointing toward estradiol-modulating FCAs. The current review provides an update on this fascinating topic and briefly explores clinical applications
Gender stereotypes and incremental beliefs in STEM and non-STEM students in three countries. Relationships with performance in cognitive tasks
No full textWomen’s underrepresentation in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) has been linked, among others, to gender stereotypes and ability-related beliefs as well as gender differences in specific cognitive abilities. However, the bulk of studies focused on gender stereotypes related to mathematics. The present study therefore aimed to map gender stereotypes and incremental beliefs (i.e., the conviction about modifiability) with respect to a wide range of stereotypical male-favouring and female-favouring abilities. Gender stereotypes and incremental beliefs were assessed with self-report questionnaires in 132 STEM students (65 women) and 124 non-STEM students (73 women) in three European countries ranked in the top, middle, and bottom of the Global Gender Gap Report. Moreover, a mental rotation and a verbal fluency test were completed. Men endorsed male-favouring stereotypes more than women, and women endorsed female-favouring stereotypes more than men, an effect that was most pronounced in the country with the larger gender gap. Male STEM students endorsed male-favouring stereotypes more strongly than male non-STEM and female STEM students. Male non-STEM students endorsed female-favouring stereotypes less than female and male STEM students. Female STEM students reported higher incremental beliefs than female non-STEM students, especially in the country with the lowest gender gap. Men outperformed women, and STEM students outperformed non-STEM in mental rotation, while women outperformed men in verbal fluency. Male STEM students’ stronger endorsement of male-favouring stereotypes might reflect genuine group differences, at least in mental rotation. While potentially such gender stereotypes can help creating a “chilly climate” where women in academic STEM degrees are expected to perform poorly, those women believed more in the possibility to change and improve in male-favouring abilities which could help them to overcome the potential negative effect of stereotyping
Global homotopy theory via partially lax limits
No full textGlobal equivariant homotopy theory is often motivated as the study of compatible collections of equivariant objects for some family of compact Lie groups. In this thesis we make this heuristic precise, by exhibiting the infinity categories of global spaces and global spectra as a partially lax limit of a diagram of equivariant spaces and spectra respectively. An object of such a partially lax limit is precisely a compatible collection of equivariant objects. We in fact present two approaches to this result. The first is of a direct and calculational nature, and works for arbitrary families of compact Lie groups. This method has the advantage of working in related situations, for example we also obtain a description of proper equivariant homotopy theory as a limit. It is the content of joint work of the author with Denis Nardin and Luca Pol, reproduced in this thesis. The second is of a more categorical nature, but only works for families of finite groups. In this generality it provides an interpretation of the partially lax limits above as a cocompletion procedure for infinity categories parametrized over the global indexing infinity category. We then identify a parametrized enhancement of global spaces and spectra with cocompletions of parametrized categories of equivariant spaces and spectra, using results of Bastiaan Cnossen, Tobias Lenz and the author. Additionally, we deduce a new universal property for Fin-global spectra, as the "representation stabilization" of global spaces at the representation spheres
Evidence based leadership
No full textAuthor Markus PodduikinMasterarbeit Johannes Kepler Universität Linz 2024Arbeit gesperr
Improving the search for monitoring tools using recommender technology
No full textAuthor Markus Eisl BSc.Masterarbeit Universität Linz 2023Arbeit gesperr
Improving the search for monitoring tools using recommender technology
No full textAuthor Markus Eisl BSc.Masterarbeit Universität Linz 2023Arbeit gesperr
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