2,638 research outputs found
The Singer or the Song? Developments in Performers' Rights from the Perspective of a Cultural Economist
No full textOver the last century, performers gradually acquired statutory protection of their economic and moral
rights. These rights are not copyright in the legal sense but neighboring rights and until recently, they
were mainly remuneration rights that are collectively administered. With the WPPT (WIPO
Performers and Phonograms Treaty), performers now have individual exclusive rights for digital
performances; this leads to the question: what has motivated this change – is it a change in the
perception of the value of performer or a change brought about by the changing technology of copying or,
indeed, a change that reflects different economic costs and benefits? The paper discusses the role of
copyright law as an incentive to performers and asks if the economic role of the performer is so different
from that of the author. The conclusion is that a complex interaction of the legal regulations, economic
conditions and institutional arrangements for administering these new rights will determine the outcome
Singer
No full textMedium: Lithograph.Print Image Size: 14 1/2 x 11 inches.Print Edition: 20 (with 1 artist's proof).Alternate Medium: Lithograph.Ink(s): black.Support: wove paper.Bust-length portrait of the author Isaac Bashevis Singer, with only an outline of a collared shirt. The lithograph was printed by Will Peterson at Plucked Chicken Press in Morgantown, West Virginia. One impression is inscribed to the artist's son, Dan Chafetz
Sentience and Beyond - A Representative Interview With Peter Singer AI
No full textPublisher Copyright: © The Author(s), 2025. Published by Cambridge University Press.This interview with Peter Singer AI serves a dual purpose. It is an exploration of certain - utilitarian and related - views on sentience and its ethical implications. It is also an exercise in the emerging interaction between natural and artificial intelligence, presented not as just ethics of AI but perhaps more importantly, as ethics with AI. The one asking the questions - Matti Häyry - is a person, in the contemporary sense of the word, sentient and self-aware, whereas Peter Singer AI is an artificial intelligence persona, created by Sankalpa Ghose, a person, through dialogue with Peter Singer, a person, to programmatically model and incorporate the latter's writings, presentations, recipes, and character qualities as a renowned philosopher. The interview indicates some subtle differences between natural perspectives and artificial representation, suggesting directions for further development. PSai, as the project is also known, is available to anyone to chat with, anywhere in the world, on almost any topic, in almost any language, at www.petersinger.ai.Peer reviewe
Trends and Persistence in Primary Commodity Prices
No full textThis paper applies new time-series procedures to examine the Prebisch-Singer hypothesis of a secular deterioration in relative primary commodity prices and the nature of their persistence. Employing a dataset of 24 relative commodity prices for the 1900-98 period, the pervasiveness of the Prebisch-Singer hypothesis is shown to be a function of a priori selected decision criteria, providing an explanation of conflicting findings in the recent literature. Moreover, much less persistence is found in the relative commodity prices than previously reported, since 23 out of the 24 commodities can be classified as trend-stationary. This implies there may well be more room for stabilization and price support mechanisms than previously advocated.primary commodities, unit root tests, structural breaks
Can reforming global institutions help developing countries share more in the benefits from globalization?
No full textGlobalization could significantly expand trade, international investment, and technological advances, but the gains from global integration have been unevenly distributed across and within nations. Greater global interdependence has also brought greater macroeconomic volatility, resulting in several serious financial crises in the second half of the 1990s. The global matrix of Bretton Woods and United Nations institutions that developed starting in the 1940s, formed under a different balance of power, in a world of fixed exchange rates and limited capital mobility. Since the 1960s regional financial institutions have emerged because of the greater autonomy of different regions and the greater financial needs of development. The author reviews different proposals for reform of the international financial institutions and changes in the roles of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank. He highlights the implications for developing countries of (1) Policy conditionality. (2) The countercyclical role of multilaterals'lending. (3) Greater lending to middle-income than to low-income developing countries. (3) Access to liquidity at times of crisis. (4) Mechanisms for giving low-income countries a greater voice in IMF and World Bank decisionmaking. The author streses the overlapping responsibilities of the Bretton Woods and regional financial institutions and the need to reassess the allocation of responsibilities and to develop better coordination mechanisms between these institutions. Those designing institutional reform must consider the corporate capabilities of each type of institution. The corporate cultures of global and regional institutions differ. So does the kind of knowledge they generate and disseminate, and so do patterns of interactions with, and mechanisms for representation of, client countries.Finally, the author calls attention to the need to harmonize national and global growth-oriented policies in a way that reduces volatility and promotes social equity.Environmental Economics&Policies,Governance Indicators,Financial Intermediation,Economic Theory&Research,Banks&Banking Reform
Deficits in high- (>60 Hz) gamma-band oscillations during visual processing in schizophrenia
No full textCurrent theories of the pathophysiology of schizophrenia have focused on abnormal temporal coordination of neural activity. Oscillations in the gamma-band range (>25 Hz) are of particular interest as they establish synchronization with great precision in local cortical networks. However, the contribution of high gamma (>60 Hz) oscillations toward the pathophysiology is less established. To address this issue, we recorded magnetoencephalographic (MEG) data from 16 medicated patients with chronic schizophrenia and 16 controls during the perception of Mooney faces. MEG data were analysed in the 25–150 Hz frequency range. Patients showed elevated reaction times and reduced detection rates during the perception of upright Mooney faces while responses to inverted stimuli were intact. Impaired processing of Mooney faces in schizophrenia patients was accompanied by a pronounced reduction in spectral power between 60–120 Hz (effect size: d = 1.26) which was correlated with disorganized symptoms (r = −0.72). Our findings demonstrate that deficits in high gamma-band oscillations as measured by MEG are a sensitive marker for aberrant cortical functioning in schizophrenia, suggesting an important aspect of the pathophysiology of the disorder
Peter Singer foundations of Moral Philosophy
No full textThis research aims to reconstruct and explain the argument proposed by Peter
Singer to justify the principle of equal consideration of interests (PECI). The PECI is
the basic normative principle according to people should consider the interests of all
sentient beings affected when somebody taking a moral decision. It is the join that
Singer proposes between universalizability and the principle of equal consideration of
interests that constitutes a compelling reason to justify it. The universalizability
requires to disregard the numerical differences, putting yourself in other people s
shoes, and to consider preferences, interests, desires and ideals of those affected.
Singer joins universalizability to normative principle and molds the form and content
of his theory. The first chapter introduces the discussion will be developed in this
essay. The second chapter deals the historical and philosophical viewpoint from
which Singer starts his studies. The third chapter is about the Singer s critiques of
naturalism, intuitionism, relativism, simple subjectivism and emotivism. The fourth
chapter exposes the design of universal prescriptivism proposed by R. M. Hare. The
universal prescriptivism indicates, in the Singer s viewpoint, a consistent way to
create the join between the universalizability and PECI. It highlights also the criticism
designed by J. L. Mackie and Singer himself to universal prescriptivism. The second
part of this chapter shows briefly some of the main points of the classical conception
of utilitarianism and its possible relationship with the theory of Singer. The fifth
chapter introduces the Singer s thesis about the origin of ethics and the
universalizability as a feature necessary to the point of view of ethic, and the way
which this argument is developed to form the PECI. The sixth chapter exposes the
main distinctions that characterize the PECI. Finally the seventh chapter provides a
discussion about the reasons highlighted by Singer for one who wants orient his life
according to the standpoint of ethics. This structure allows explaining the main ideas
of the author concerning the theoretical foundations of his moral philosophyCoordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorEsta investigação tem como objetivo reconstruir e explicitar o argumento proposto
por Peter Singer para justificar o princípio de igual consideração de interesses
(PICI). O PICI é o princípio normativo básico segundo o qual as pessoas devem
considerar igualmente os interesses de todos os seres sencientes afetados ao
tomarem uma decisão moral. É o vínculo que Singer estabelece entre a
universalizabilidade e o princípio de igual consideração de interesses que se
constitui em uma razão convincente para justificá-lo. A universalizabilidade consiste
na exigência de desconsiderar as diferenças numéricas, de colocar-se no lugar do
outro e de consideração igual pelas preferências, interesses, desejos e ideais dos
afetados. Singer ao vincular a universalizabilidade e o princípio normativo estabelece
a forma e o conteúdo da sua teoria. No primeiro capítulo, introduzimos a discussão
que será desenvolvida nesta dissertação. No segundo capítulo, apresentamos o
panorama histórico-filosófico no qual Singer inicia suas investigações. No terceiro
capítulo, apresentamos a sua crítica ao naturalismo, intuicionismo, relativismo e
subjetivismo simples e, por fim, ao emotivismo. No quarto capítulo, expomos a
concepção do prescritivismo universal proposta por R. M. Hare. O prescritivismo
universal indica, para Singer, uma forma consistente para estabelecer o vínculo
entre a universalizabilidade e o PICI. Apontamos, também, as críticas feitas por J. L.
Mackie e pelo próprio Singer ao prescritivismo universal. Na segunda parte do
capítulo, apresentamos resumidamente alguns pontos centrais da concepção
clássica do utilitarismo e uma possível relação com a teoria de Singer. No quinto
capítulo, apresentamos a tese de Singer sobre a origem da ética e sobre a
universalizabilidade como uma característica necessária do ponto de vista da ética,
bem como o argumento que é desenvolvido para estabelecer o PICI. No sexto
capítulo, expomos as principais distinções que caracterizam o PICI. Encerramos no
sétimo capítulo com uma discussão sobre as razões apresentadas por Singer para
que uma pessoa oriente a sua vida de acordo com o ponto de vista da ética. Essa
estrutura permite-nos explicitar as principais ideias do autor naquilo que concerne
aos fundamentos teóricos da sua filosofia mora
Complexin 3 Increases the Fidelity of Signaling in a Retinal Circuit by Regulating Exocytosis at Ribbon Synapses
No full textSummaryComplexin (Cplx) proteins modulate the core SNARE complex to regulate exocytosis. To understand the contributions of Cplx to signaling in a well-characterized neural circuit, we investigated how Cplx3, a retina-specific paralog, shapes transmission at rod bipolar (RB)→AII amacrine cell synapses in the mouse retina. Knockout of Cplx3 strongly attenuated fast, phasic Ca2+-dependent transmission, dependent on local [Ca2+] nanodomains, but enhanced slower Ca2+-dependent transmission, dependent on global intraterminal [Ca2+] ([Ca2+]I). Surprisingly, coordinated multivesicular release persisted at Cplx3−/− synapses, although its onset was slowed. Light-dependent signaling at Cplx3−/− RB→AII synapses was sluggish, owing largely to increased asynchronous release at light offset. Consequently, propagation of RB output to retinal ganglion cells was suppressed dramatically. Our study links Cplx3 expression with synapse and circuit function in a specific retinal pathway and reveals a role for asynchronous release in circuit gain control
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PANDAS: The Need to Use Definitive Diagnostic Criteria
No full textThe entity Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcal infections (PANDAS) was initially proposed in 1998 (Swedo, et al. 1998). The formal diagnosis required that the affected individual meet five specific criteria: prepubertal onset, obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and/or a tic disorder, the dramatic sudden explosive onset of symptoms, a relapsing and remitting course of symptoms that are temporally associated with Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal (GABHS) infection, and the presence of other neuropsychiatric abnormalities (hyperactivity, emotional lability, anxiety, or piano-playing choreiform movements). Since that original report, the PANDAS hypothesis has remained controversial based on both clinical grounds and the failure to confirm a definitive immune process. This editorial was written in response to:Helm CE, Blackwood RA. Pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorder associated with streptococcal infections (PANDAS): Experience at a tertiary referral center. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov. 2015; 5. doi: 10.7916/D8348JCX </p
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