1,720,996 research outputs found
Kohärenzeffekte zweiatomiger homonuklearer Moleküle und sequentielle Zwei-Photonen-Prozesse in Edelgasen bei der Photoionisation
No full textBei der atomaren und molekularen Photoionisation werden Elektronen und Ionen erzeugt, die mit Flugzeitspektroskopie hinsichtlich des Wirkungsquerschnitts und der Winkelverteilung untersucht werden können. Die Elektronenwinkelverteilungen von beiden Ionisationsstufen bei der sequentiellen Doppelionisation in Edelgasen werden in einem Photonenenergiebereich von 38 - 91 eV analysiert. Die Winkelabhängigkeit der emittierten Photoelektronen wird durch die Drehimpulsübertragung vom Photon an das Elektron verursacht. Bei der Doppelionisation durch zwei Photonen führt der totale Drehimpulstransfer zu einem Legendre Polynom vierter Ordnung. Dieser sogenannte \beta_4-Term hat einen Gewichtungsfaktor, der durch das Alignment des in der ersten Ionisationsstufe erzeugten Ions gegeben ist. Interessanterweise zeigt sich, dass dieser zusätzliche Term nicht nur die Winkelverteilung der zweiten Stufe beeinflusst, sondern ebenfalls die der ersten, die durch nur ein Photon erzeugt wird, was auf eine kohärente Koppelung beider Prozesse schließen lässt. Dieser Effekt wird für die Zwei-Photonen-Doppelionisation der Edelgase Neon, Argon und Krypton gezeigt, wobei die Messungen am FLASH in einer Kugelkammer mit 19 unabhängig voneinander arbeitenden Elektronenflugzeitspektrometern ausgeführt wurden. Die Winkelverteilung von 1s-Schalen-Photoionisation in Helium sollte kein \beta_4-Verhalten aufweisen, da sowohl das neutrale Atom wie auch das einfach geladene Ion eine isotrope Elektronenverteilung haben, was durch Messungen bei 79 eV und 91 eV bestätigt wird. Jedoch wird bei einer Photonenenergie von 61 eV in beiden Stufen ein starker \beta_4-Effekt beobachtet. Dieses unerwartete Ergebnis wird als induziert durch eine autoionisierende Doppelanregungsresonanz in Helium interpretiert. Da bei den FEL-Experimenten sehr große Datenmengen aufgenommen werden, wurde eine auf CUDA basierende Auswertungs- und Visualisierungssoftware entwickelt, die detailliert diskutiert wird. Die Analogie von homonuklearen zweiatomigen Molekülen zu dem Young'schen Doppelspaltexperiment war Gegenstand vieler wissenschaftlicher Photoionisationsuntersuchungen. Ein Beispiel sind Wirkungsquerschnittoszillationen in der Photoionisation von N2, die von Cohen und Fano als Interferenzerscheinung interpretiert wurde. Diese Zwei-Zentren-Interferenz wird durch Nichtlokalität der Elektronen in einem homonuklearen Molekül verursacht. Gegenstand dieser Arbeit ist die Untersuchung relativer Wirkungsquerschnittoszillationen im Wasserstoffmolekül H2 über einen weiten Photonenenergiebereich (29 - 1200 eV). Dabei wird zwischen dem zufällig im Raum verteilten Molekül und dem orientierten Target, bei dem die Orientierung der Molekülachse zu dem Polarisationsvektor des Lichts bestimmt wird, unterschieden. Ein Übergangseffekt von zufällig verteilten zu orientierten Targeteigenschaften wird beobachtet, wenn die de Broglie Wellenlänge des Photoelektrons die Molekülbindungslänge auflöst. Die durch den \beta_m Parameter beschriebene Winkelverteilung der Ionenfragmente wird analysiert und als Grund für den Übergangseffekt bestimmt. Bei hohen Photonenenergien konvergiert der \beta_m Parameter gegen -1, was eine bevorzugte Orientierung des Moleküls zur Polarisationsachse für den Ionisationsvorgang zur Folge hat. Es wurden mehrere Varianten von Ionenflugzeitdetektoren mit der Option auf Koinzidenzbetrieb mit einem Elektronenflugzeitspektrometer benutzt. Die Experimente wurden bei BESSY II und PETRA III ausgeführt. Ein gleichartiger Übergangseffekt wird in Innerschalenionisationdaten von N2 beobachtet.Atomic and molecular photoionization produces electrons and ions which can be analyzed with respect to cross sections and angular distributions of photoemission applying time-of-flight spectroscopy. The electron angular distributions of both ionization steps in sequential two-photon double ionization of noble gases are analyzed in a photon energy range of 38 - 91 eV. This angular dependence of emitted photoelectrons is determined by the transfer of the angular momentum from the ionizing photon to the ejected electron. In the case of two-photon double ionization the total angular momentum transfer gives rise to a Legendre polynomial of fourth order. This so-called \beta_4 term has a weighting factor given by the alignment of the ionic core left by the first ionization step. This additional term does not only affect the electrons emitted in the second step but also the first step electrons which indicates that both processes are coherently coupled. This effect is shown for the two-photon ionization of the rare gases neon, argon and krypton measured at FLASH in a spherical chamber with up to 19 independently working electron time-of-flight detectors. The angular distribution of 1s-shell double photon ionization of helium should exhibit no \beta_4 term because the neutral atom as well as the singly charged ion have an isotropic electron distribution. This is confirmed by measurements at 79 eV and 91 eV. Interestingly, a strong \beta_4 distribution is measured in both ionization steps at a particular photon energy of 61 eV. This unexpected result is interpreted as an autoionization process induced by a helium resonance into a doubly excited intermediate state. Since a large quantity of data is collected at FEL experiments, a CUDA-based evaluation and visualization software was developed and is discussed in detail. The analogy of photoemission processes in homonuclear diatomic molecules to the Young type double slit experiment has been topic of a large amount of photoionization investigations. One example is the oscillation in the photoionization cross section of N2 which Cohen and Fano interpreted as an interference effect. This two center interference is caused by electron non-locality in homonuclear molecules. Here, the oscillation in the cross section of molecular hydrogen is analyzed over a wide photon energy range (29 - 1200 eV) distinguishing between molecules that are oriented randomly in space and those with a molecular axis fixed in space (oriented sample). Furthermore, a transition effect from random to oriented target properties is detected if the de Broglie wavelength of the photoelectron is small enough to resolve the internuclear distance. The ion fragment angular distribution given by the \beta_m parameter is analyzed and found as a reason for this transition. At high photon energies the \beta_m value converges to -1 resulting in a preferred molecular orientation for the ionization process. Several variants of ion time-of-flight detectors with the option of a coincidence measurement mode together with an electron time-of-flight spectrometer were used. The experiments were performed at BESSY II and PETRA III facilities. A similar transition behavior is observed in the inner shell ionization data of N2
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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