1,721,268 research outputs found
The application of beam annealing to silicon device fabrication
No full textA scanning electron-beam annealer (SEBA) has been constructed using readily available components and featuring simple electrostatic deflection systems and versatile control electronics. This system has several novel features and offers many advantages over other equipment available, and provides two main modes of annealing, the isothermal and linescan modes. Measurement of sample temperature-time cycles is described, together with simulations based upon a simple analytic expression. This SEBA has been used in the isothermal mode for the annealing of ion implantation damage remaining after the formation of As+ and BF2+ source/drain regions in NMOS and CMOS technologies. Detailed studies have been made of the activation and diffusion of arsenic and boron from such high dose implanted regions. Measurements of sheet resistivity, dopant profiles and device characteristics have been made using a variety of techniques. Lower sheet resistivities coupled with shallower junction depths, as compared with conventional furnace annealing methods, have been observed. MOSFETs with sub-micron gate lengths have been fabricated using these anneals, and ring oscillator circuits exhibit faster switching times than for conventionally processed devices. Scanning electron-beam annealing methods have been applied to an advanced polysilicon emitter bipolar transistor process. Devices fabricated using two different emitter interfacial treatments have been studied and measurements of such devices have shown that these electron-beam annealing experiments have produced poor device characteristics. Reasons for the reduced device gains and non-ideal behaviour, as compared with conventionally processed devices are suggested in terms of `balling-up' of the interfacial layer and proximity of the emitter-base junction to the interfacial region. A new `dual-pulse' electron-beam annealing technique is described, made possible by making simple modifications to the SEBA. This technique, which enables sub-second anneal schedules to be performed, has been applied to the high dose As+ and BF2+ source/drain implants, and significant reductions in dopant diffusion have been observed, as compared with the isothermal annealing mode. (D82112)</p
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Patiriella pseudoexigua Dartnall 1971
No full textPatiriella pseudoexigua Dartnall, 1971 Status: See C. pentagona (above)Published as part of Dartnall, Alan J., Byrne, Maria, Collins, John & Hart, Michael W, 2003, A new viviparous species of asterinid (Echinodermata, Asteroidea, Asterinidae) and a new genus to accommodate the species of pantropical exiguoid sea stars, pp. 1-14 in Zootaxa 359 on page 10, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.15637
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
- …
