1,721,003 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
National Oak Gall Wasp Survey : mapping with parabiologists in Finland
No full textA parabiologist is an assistant in biological research without formal academic training. In this study, I use volunteer parabiologists to conduct a national survey of oak cynipid gall wasps, tribe Cynipini (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae). My objectives were to produce an updated list of Finnish oak cynipid species, to map the distribution of these species, and to examine factors that could have an effect on local species richness and on the regional distribution and local abundance of individual species. I also wanted to examine whether the two generations of a species tend to occur on the same or on different individual trees.
Empirical data on local gall wasp assemblages were collected by over a hundred volunteers from all over Finland, mostly people with a general interest in nature. Since most gall wasps occur as two discrete generations, volunteers sampled oak trees twice during the summer of 2007, with the spring round encompassing 218 trees and the autumn one 180. From each tree, five half-metre branches were examined, followed by a ten-minute scan of the rest of the branches. The recovered samples were then sent to me for identification. Based on tree-specific information supplied by the volunteers, I used generalised linear models to examine the effects of the number of neighbouring oaks, of oak circumference and of sampling location on the species richness of gall wasps, on the local incidence of species and on their local abundance.
The survey produced data on 16 oak cynipid species, two of which were new to Finland. These new records bring the total number of species recorded in Finland up to 21. The centre of oak cynipid species richness was in the southwest, but some species were found as far north as Ostrobothnia. Within some species, different generations occurred on different individual trees. For this reason, I separated the generations in the distribution maps and statistical analyses. Against a backdrop of large-scale clines in species richness, local species richness was affected by the number of neighbouring oaks and by tree circumference. Large oaks that are surrounded by many other oaks support the most species-rich communities of oak cynipids, and the local incidence of certain species and of generations within species exhibit similar patterns.
To conclude, oak cynipids are suitable targets for sampling by parabiologists, and this survey has improved our knowledge of the Finnish oak cynipid fauna. Oak cynipids have successfully spread beyond the host plant's narrow natural distribution and colonised the planted trees in the north. Since large oaks close to other oaks exhibit the most diverse gall wasp communities, the natural old oak forests in the southwest of Finland are particularly important to these species.Parabiologilla tarkoitetaan biologisen tutkimuksen avustajaa, jolla ei ole muodollista koulutusta. Tutkimuksessani käytän vapaaehtoisia parabiologeja valtakunnallisessa tammen äkämäpistiäiskartoituksessa (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, tribus Cynipini). Tavoitteeni olivat Suomen tammen äkämäpistiäisten lajilistan päivittäminen, lajien levinneisyyksien kartoittaminen sekä niiden tekijöiden tarkastelu, jotka mahdollisesti vaikuttavat paikalliseen lajirunsauteen ja lajien levinneisyyteen ja paikalliseen runsauteen. Halusin myös tutkia, esiintyvätkö lajien kaksi vuosittaista sukupolvea lähinnä samoilla vai eri puuyksilöillä.
Empiiristä aineistoa paikallisista äkämäpistiäislajistoista keräsivät yli sata vapaaehtoista joka puolella maata. Suurimmalla osalla vapaaehtoisista oli yleinen luontoharrastus. Koska suurin osa äkämäpistiäisistä esiintyy vuodessa kahtena erillisenä sukupolvena, vapaaehtoiset ottivat näytteitä tammista kaksi kertaa kesän 2007 aikana. Kevätnäytteenotossa oli mukana 218 tammea ja syksyllä 180. Jokaisesta puusta tutkittiin viisi puolen metrin pituista oksaa sekä tehtiin kymmenen minuutin tarkastelu muusta lehvästöstä. Saadut näytteet lähetettiin minulle tunnistettaviksi. Vapaaehtoisilta saatujen puukohtaisten tietojen perusteella käytin yleistettyjä lineaarisia malleja tutkiakseni läheisten tammien lukumäärän, näytetammen ympärysmitan ja näyttenottopaikan sijainnin vaikutuksia äkämäpistiäisten lajirunsauteen, lajien paikalliseen esiintymiseen ja lajien paikalliseen runsauteen.
Kartoitus tuotti tietoa kuudestatoista tammen äkämäpistiäislajista, joista kaksi todettiin Suomesta ensimmäistä kertaa. Nämä uudet havainnot nostavat Suomesta koskaan tavattujen lajien lukumäärän 21:een. Tammen äkämäpistiäisten lajirunsauden painopiste on Lounais-Suomessa, mutta joitain lajeja löytyi Pohjanmaalta asti. Joidenkin lajien kohdalla eri sukupolvet esiintyivät yleensä eri puuyksilöillä. Tämän takia käsittelin sukupolvia erikseen levinneisyyskartoilla ja tilastollisissa analyyseissä. Suuren mittakaavan lajirunsauskliinien taustaa vasten paikalliseen lajirunsauteen vaikuttivat lisäksi läheisten tammien lukumäärä sekä kohdepuun ympärysmitta. Suuret tammet, joiden ympärillä on paljon muita tammia, ylläpitävät lajirikkaimpia tammen äkämäpistiäisyhteisöjä, ja joidenkin lajien ja niiden sukupolvien paikallinen esiintyminen noudatti samanlaista mallia.
Yhteenvetona: tammen äkämäpistiäiset soveltuvat hyvin parabiologiseen näytteenottoon, ja tämä kartoitus on syventänyt tietämystä Suomen tammen äkämäpistiäislajistosta. Tammen äkämäpistiäiset ovat menestyksekkäästi levittäytyneet isäntäkasvinsa kapean luonnollisen levinneisyyden ulkopuolelle ja vallanneet pohjoisen istutetut tammet. Koska suuret tammet jotka ovat lähellä toisia tammia ylläpitävät lajirikkaimpia äkämäpistiäisyhteisöjä, Lounais-Suomen vanhat tammimetsät ovat erityisen tärkeitä näille lajeille
Monitoring Fungal Communities With the Global Spore Sampling Project
Full text linkThe kingdom Fungi is a megadiverse group represented in all ecosystem types. The global diversity and distribution of fungal taxa are poorly known, in part due to the limitations related to traditional fruit-body survey methods. These previous hurdles are now being overcome by rapidly developing DNA-based surveys. Past fungal DNA surveys have predominantly examined soil samples, which capture high species diversity but represent only the local soil community. Recent work has shown that DNA samples collected from the air with cyclone samplers provide information on fungal diversity at the scale of some tens of kilometers around the sampling location. To test the feasibility of air sampling for investigating global patterns of fungal diversity, we established a new initiative called the Global Spore Sampling Project (GSSP). The GSSP currently involves 50 sampling locations distributed on all continents, with each location collecting two 24-h samples per week. Here we describe the GSSP methodology, including the sampling, DNA extraction and sequencing protocols, and the bioinformatics pipeline. We further report results based on 75 pilot samples from five locations, of which three in Europe, one in Australia, and one in Greenland. The results show highly consistent patterns, suggesting that GSSP holds much promise for systematic global fungal monitoring. The GSSP provides highly standardized sampling across space and time, enabling much-improved estimation of total fungal diversity, the global distribution of different fungal groups, fungal fruiting phenology, and the extent of long-distance dispersal in fungi
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Unsealed: The Letters of Bess of Hardwick. An exhibition at Hardwick Hall, 2011
No full textDukes and spies, queens and servants, friends and lovers - all of the Elizabethan world populates the letters of Bess of Hardwick. Bess herself wrote hundreds of letters throughout her life: they were her lifeline to her travelling children and husbands, to the court at London, and to news from the world at large
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