1,721,085 research outputs found
Healthy Eating and Active Lifestyles for Diabetes (HEAL-D): study protocol for the design and feasibility trial, with process evaluation, of a culturally tailored diabetes self-management programme for African-Caribbean communities
Get PDFINTRODUCTION: Black British communities are disproportionately burdened by type 2 diabetes (T2D) and its complications. Tackling these inequalities is a priority for healthcare providers and patients. Culturally tailored diabetes education provides long-term benefits superior to standard care, but to date, such programmes have only been developed in the USA. The current programme of research aims to develop the Healthy Eating and Active Lifestyles for Diabetes (HEAL-D) culturally tailored T2D self-management programme for black British communities and to evaluate its delivery, acceptability and the feasibility of conducting a future effectiveness trial of HEAL-D. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: Informed by Medical Research Council Complex Interventions guidance, this research will rigorously develop and evaluate the implementation of the HEAL-D intervention to understand the feasibility of conducting a full-scale effectiveness trial. In phase 1, the intervention will be developed. The intervention curriculum will be based on existing evidence-based T2D guidelines for diet and lifestyle management; codesign methods will be used to foster community engagement, identify the intervention's underpinning theory, identify the optimal structure, format and delivery methods, ascertain adaptations that are needed to ensure cultural sensitivity and understand issues of implementation. In phase 2, the intervention will be delivered and compared with usual care in a feasibility trial. Process evaluation methods will evaluate the delivery and acceptability of HEAL-D. The effect size of potential primary outcomes, such as HbA1c and body weight, will be estimated. The feasibility of conducting a future effectiveness trial will also be evaluated, particularly feasibility of randomisation, recruitment, retention and contamination. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: This study is funded by a National Institute of Health Research Fellowship (CDF-2015-08-006) and approved by National Health Service Research Ethics Committee (17-LO-1954). Dissemination will be through national and international conferences, peer-reviewed publications and local and national clinical diabetes networks. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT03531177; Pre-results
Social mobility and self-reported limiting long-term illness among West Indian and South Asian migrants living in England and Wales
No full textThis study examined the relationship between social mobility and self-reported limiting long-term illness (LLTI) in West Indian and South Asian migrants in England and Wales present at the 1971, 1981 and 1991 Censuses in the Office for National Statistics Longitudinal Study. Most people remained in the same social position regardless of migrant status and those who remained most disadvantaged reported more LLTI than those who remained least disadvantaged. Amongst those who were mobile, upward mobility was more common than downward mobility for South Asians and West Indians but not for all other study members. The findings for the impact of downward mobility on LLTI were particularly striking. Migrants who were downwardly mobile reported more LLTI than all other study members. All other study members who were downwardly mobile reported more LLTI than people who remained in the least disadvantaged group they left but less than those who remained in the most disadvantaged group they joined. Downwardly mobile South Asians reported more LLTI than those of the least disadvantaged group but this was not significantly different from the most disadvantaged group they joined. Downwardly mobile West Indians reported also more LLTI than the least disadvantaged group they left but, in contrast, to the South Asians this appeared to be more than that of the disadvantaged group they joined. Empirical studies are needed to understand the context of social mobility and how this affects health-related behaviours and specific diseases among migrants. In a situation where migrants do not have established economic or social support, the loss of resources or self-esteem could have a disproportionate negative effect on their health.West Indians South Asians Migrants Mobility Limiting long-term illness England and Wales
Mortality and morbidity patterns in ethnic minorities in England and Wales: evidence from the Office for National Statistics Longitudinal Study
No full textEthnic differences in the prevalence of diseases are known but the underlying causes and mechanisms remain unclear. The field of ethnic inequalities in health is relatively young in the UK, compromised by the lack of relevant data. It is, nevertheless, curious that while the UK has long provided some of the best empirical evidence and theoretical understanding of social inequalities in health, the exploration of ethnicity as an alternative dimension of social inequality is relatively recent. It was not until 1984 that first national study of ethnic differences in mortality was published. Between 1984 and 1996 the epidemiological knowledge base increased rapidly but weaknesses in these studies were evident. They were cross-sectional, small, based mainly on migrants of working ages from the Caribbean and the Indian subcontinent and tended to focus on CHD in South Asians and hypertension in Black Caribbeans. The use of ethnicity was linked to a biological or cultural concept, and the examination of the role of socio-economic environmental factors was cursory.
The ten papers that I am submitting for this thesis were published between 1996 and 2004 and are located within this developing context of research in ethnic differences in health. At a time when there were no other national longitudinal studies of ethnic minorities, these papers were among the first to exploit the potential of the Office for National Statistics Longitudinal Study to examine ethnic differences in health.
The findings of my submitted papers enhance the understanding of mortality and morbidity patterns in migrant groups and their children. Briefly, Papers I-III show that, in spite of the progressive improvement in socio-economic circumstances across three generations (grandparents, parents and children), Irish people living in England and Wales continued to show adverse mortality and cancer incidence patterns; Paper IV signals that addressing the risk of cancers is a public health priority for all minority groups, even though rates may be lower than the national average in some groups; Paper V shows the continuity of limiting long-term illness patterns across most migrant and UK-born minority groups; Papers VI and VII show that cumulative disadvantage was more common in South Asian and Caribbean migrants and that downward social mobility is associated with a disproportionate impact on limiting long-term illness in migrants; Papers VIII and IX show that the duration of residence in England and Wales and age at migration are important influences on the mortality of South Asian and Caribbean migrants in England and Wales; Paper X shows that there was little shift in mean birth weight between babies of migrant mothers and babies of UK-born minority mothers in the same ethnic group, which may have a continuing legacy on ethnic health inequalities, notably in cardiovascular disease.
In summary, these published papers shed light on the social patterning of ethnic differences in health. This work stimulated the development of my current research programme.
The papers included in the submission for the degree of PhD by published work are
I. Harding S, Balarajan R. Patterns of mortality in second generation Irish living in England and Wales: longitudinal study. British Medical Journal 1996;312(7043):1389-1392.
II. Harding S, Balarajan R. Mortality of third generation Irish people living in England and Wales: longitudinal study. British Medical Journal 2001;322(7284):466-467.
III. Harding S. The incidence of cancers among second generation Irish living in England and Wales. British Journal of Cancer 1998;78(7):958-961.
IV. Harding S, Rosato M. Cancer incidence among first generation Scottish, Irish, West Indian and South Asian migrants living in England and Wales. Ethnicity and Health 1999;4(1-2):83-92.
V. Harding S, Balarajan R. Limiting long-term illness among Black Caribbeans, Black Africans, Indians, Pakistanis, Bangladeshis and Chinese born in the UK. Ethnicity and Health 2000;5(1):41-46.
VI. Harding S, Balarajan R. Longitudinal Study of Socio-economic Differences in Mortality Among South Asian and West Indian Migrants. Ethnicity and Health 2001;6(2):121-128.
VII. Harding S. Social mobility and self-reported limiting long-term illness among West Indian and South Asian migrants living in England and Wales. Social Science and Medicine 2003;56(2):355-361.
VIII. Harding S. Mortality of migrants from the Indian subcontinent to England and Wales: Effect of duration of residence. Epidemiology 2003;14(3):287-292.
IX. Harding S. Mortality of migrants from the Caribbean to England and Wales: effect of duration of residence. Int. J. Epidemiol. 2004;33(2):382-386.
X. Harding S, Rosato M, Cruickshank JK. Lack of change in birthweights of infants by generational status among Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi, Black Caribbean, and Black African mothers in a British cohort study. Int. J. Epidemiol. 2004;33(6):1279-1285
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
4.5 THE EFFECT OF LUNG FUNCTION ON BLOOD PRESSURE AND VASCULAR INDICES FROM ADOLESCENCE TO EARLY ADULTHOOD IN A MULTI-ETHNIC COHORT
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