24,374 research outputs found
HAPLA, Martin: Dělba moci a nezávislost justice
No full textRecenze publikace - HAPLA, Martin: Dělba moci a nezávislost justiceBrno: Masarykova univerzita, Právnická fakulta, 2017, 95 s. ISBN 978-80-210-8478-0
MRVA, Michal a Martin TURČAN: Interpretácia a argumentácia v práve
No full textRecenze publikace - MRVA, Michal a Martin TURČAN: Interpretácia a argumentácia v práveBratislava: Wolters Kluwer, 2016, 195 s. ISBN 978-80-8168-390-9
Theory of Needs as Justification of Human Rights: Current Approaches and Problems of Uncertainty and Normativeness
No full textThis paper deals with the theory of needs as a possible justification of human rights. First, it defines the concept of need, which differs from the concept of want. It states that need is, by definition, objective in nature. The paper then analyses some concepts of need (especially those of David Miller and Massimo Renzo) and examines their advantages and disadvantages in relation to justification theories (for example James Griffin's approach which is based on the idea of normative agency). According to the author, these concepts have natural-law foundations and cannot deal, in particular, with the problem of transition from facts to norms. In addition, the requirements that we usually derive from needs retain too much uncertainty. In spite of these shortcomings, using them as arguments in law and even more in politics retains a great convincing power. Its sources are difficult to identify, however, it is an important concept we use in everyday life (though in a shifted meaning). Finally, the author concludes that although needs are not able to establish human rights in a satisfactory way – provided we renounce the universal nature of these rights – they can play a very useful and important role in justifying them in certain local contexts.This paper deals with the theory of needs as a possible justification of human rights. First, it defines the concept of need, which differs from the concept of want. It states that need is, by definition, objective in nature. The paper then analyses some concepts of need (especially those of David Miller and Massimo Renzo) and examines their advantages and disadvantages in relation to justification theories (for example James Griffin's approach which is based on the idea of normative agency). According to the author, these concepts have natural-law foundations and cannot deal, in particular, with the problem of transition from facts to norms. In addition, the requirements that we usually derive from needs retain too much uncertainty. In spite of these shortcomings, using them as arguments in law and even more in politics retains a great convincing power. Its sources are difficult to identify, however, it is an important concept we use in everyday life (though in a shifted meaning). Finally, the author concludes that although needs are not able to establish human rights in a satisfactory way – provided we renounce the universal nature of these rights – they can play a very useful and important role in justifying them in certain local contexts
Is Separation of Powers a Useless Concept? Part II: Tripartite System Criticism and Application Problems
No full textIn this paper, the author raised the question of whether the separation of powers is a useless concept. It summarizes some critical arguments against the tripartite separation of powers. The paper deals with application issues related to the separation of powers and distinguishes several attitudes toward them, which it then analyses in more detail. Great attention is dedicated to formalism and functionalism. eventually, the author wonders whether it would be better to innovate the idea of separation of powers, or to dismiss and replace it with some other principle. He concludes that the separation of powers has problems, but we need to evaluate this idea in relation to its possible alternatives. In such a light it still sounds promising
(Im)moral Lawyers: Problem of Justifying Norms of Professional Ethics
No full textNormy profesní etiky často stanoví advokátům při výkonu jejich profese odlišné standardy chování, než jaké by v totožné situaci platily pro obyčejného člověka. Článek se zabývá otázkou, jak můžeme tyto rozdíly ospravedlnit prostřednictvím různých etických teorií. Autor v něm nejprve charakterizuje profesní etiku advokátů jako soubor právních a morálních norem. Následně analyzuje samotný problém její justifikace. Pozornost je věnována nejprve různým deontologickým přístupům (např. Charles Fried, David Luban). Autor rozebírá jejich nedostatky a dospívá k závěru, že musí primárně zdůrazňovat význam morálního a racionálního aktérství, pokud mají být věrohodné. Vstřícně se pak staví k utilitaristickému ospravedlnění. Také to je podle něj v kombinaci s některými pragmatickými hledisky schopno profesní etiku advokátů věrohodně justifikovat. Obě skupiny přístupů lze tedy považovat za relevantní a není proto vhodné z debat o výše uvedené etice některý z nich vylučovat.The norms of professional ethics often impose different standards of conduct on lawyers in the practicing of their profession than they would apply to an ordinary person in the same situation. The article analyzes how we can justify these differences through various ethical theories. The author describes the legal ethics as a set of legal and moral norms. He then analyzes the problem of its justification. Attention is first dedicated to various deontological approaches (eg Charles Fried, David Luban). The author analyzes their disadvantages and concludes that they must primarily emphasize the importance of moral and rational agency if they are to be credible. He evaluates utilitarian justification as appropriate. It is also this justification, combined with some pragmatic aspects, that is able to credibly justify the legal ethics. Both groups of approaches can be considered relevant and therefore it is not appropriate to exclude any of them from the professional ethics debate
Is the Separation of Powers a Useless Concept? The Components and Purpose of the Separation of Powers
No full textIn this paper, the author raised the question of whether the separation of powers is a use-less concept. It points out to insufficient reflection of its theoretical and philosophical origins. The paper also distinguishes its components, which it then analyses in more detail. Great attention is dedicated to the tension between the system of checks and bal-ances and the institutional independence. It also examines the purpose of the separation of powers, warning that we can no longer seek it exclusively in the prevention of tyranny but rather in the optimization of government. At the end of the paper is emphasized the need to examine the question of how to solve tension between these components
Richard Rorty and Human Rights
No full textLidská práva již tradičně představují jedno ze stěžejních témat právní filosofie. Již od svého zrodu vzbuzovala pozornost mnohých myslitelů a stávala se tak předmětem jejich úvah, zároveň však byla těmito reflexemi utvářena a formována. Je proto nepochybně na místě zeptat se, jaký postoj zaujímá právní filosofie k lidským právům dnes. Je-li však otázka položena právě takto, jen stěží lze na ni dát odpověď. Přístupů k těmto právům totiž v současné době existuje celá řada a spíše než o nějakém jednotném postoji je přesnější hovořit o široké škále různých náhledů.The author in his text examines a contribution of the American philosopher Richard Rorty to the theory of human rights. Author's attention is mostly dedicated to the analysis of three important parts of Rorty's efforts – refusal of the idea of human rights founding and its substitution for the development of human rights culture, formulation of the concept of sentimental education and finally, elimination of questions influenced by metaphysics from our contemporary discussion about human rights. The author endeavours to conceptualize these problems in a wider context of Rorty's philosophy and therefore he deals with some general aspects of Rorty's thinking. The author examines for example Rorty's emphasis on the concept of effectiveness, his perspectionism or his opinions on a human nature. The author also asks the question if Rorty's attitude is still philosophical. In his contribution the author dedicates attention to one of the critical commentaries on Rorty's opinions, namely Patrick Hayden's objections to the concept of sentimental education. The author's conclusion is that Rorty's attitude bears a lot of useful and valuable impulses to us but only under the condition that this attitude is recognized as peripheral. On the other hand, the author means that it is necessary to be aware of this attitude in case it should be recognized as predominant, because Rorty excessively underestimates the role of rationality in our discourse
Jack Alive / Martin Dead : The Location of the "Author" in Jack London\u27s Martin Eden
No full textThis essay is an attempt to read Martin Eden, Jack Londonʼs autobiographical novel, in terms of the inextricable relationship between the author and the protagonist. Critics have often taken the unbalanced plot and the lack of ironic distance between narrator and character in Martin Eden as the technical weakness of London, but this paper argues that the achievement of this novel owes a great deal to the attachment of London to Martin. The unbalanced structure is a necessary product of the severe struggle of the author to kill his romantic alter ego. // Martin, who aspires to win Ruth Morse, tries to cross class boundaries by making a career of a writer. Even after realizing the emptiness of Ruth, who turns out to be nothing but a typical figure of the bourgeoisie, he somehow persists in loving her. The notion underlying here is that, for Martin, love, career and art are fundamentally inseparable. He objects to the aestheteʼs view of Brissenden on account of his separation of art from career. Martinʼs identity and life consist only in the triunity of love/career/art; the alternative is the repudiation of life. Thus, the unnatural delay of his disappointment in love can be regarded as Londonʼs strategy to set the suicide of Martin as the necessary consequence of the story. // By finishing the story and killing Martin, London finally detaches himself from Martin, reconstructs his self, and, unlike Martin, survives as a professional writer. In this sense, Martin Eden is a story about “writerʼs self-reconstruction.
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Letter from Martin Chizzick
No full textCongratulations to Duane Pearsall for receiving the Enterpreneur of the Year award; note on the letter was written by Pearsall and it mentions that Martin, the author of the letter, died in a airplane accident
Robert Martin Tiffin's Mystery Man Newspaper Articles
No full textAdvertiser-Tribune newspaper clippings featuring a story about Robert Martin (written by Nancy Kleinhenz), a local author from Tiffin (Ohio) who wrote under the pseudonym of Lee Roberts, and two of his short stories. Martin wrote mystery novels in his spare time, creating more than 22 mystery novels. For more information about Robert Martin and a list of books go to http://www.mysteryfile.com/RMartin/JBennett.html
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