57 research outputs found
Basic Living Expenses for the Canadian Elderly
Get PDFOur research undertakes to determine the basic living expenses required by Canadian seniors living in different circumstances in terms of age, gender, city of residence, household size, homeowner or renter, means of transportation and health status. The paper develops required expenses for food, shelter, health care, transportation and miscellaneous. The research identifies the typical expenses of seniors in each of these categories. Using 2001 as our base year, we follow the US Elder Standard to build an elderly threshold for Halifax, Montreal, Toronto, Calgary and Vancouver. The research is unique because it is the first Canadian study of absolute basic living expenses tailored to seniors, rather than simply to adults in general. This information is important to seniors, prospective retirees, financial planners, policy makers and actuaries in assessing the minimum level of income required in retirement and the adequacy of savings and income security programs. Our conclusions suggest that individual circumstances, rather than age, are the primary drivers in determining the cost of these basic expenses. Seniors are a diverse group, particularly with respect to health, so it is important that seniors and financial planners do not blindly rely on a fixed replacement ratio or universal level of income when projecting the level of finances needed to retire. This research enables the reader to determine the threshold that is suited to a senior’s general circumstances.Retirement Income Adequacy; Absolute Measure; Elder Standard; Canadian Data
GCI theory and language change
Get PDFLevinson (1995, 2000) and Traugott & Dasher (2002) suggest that semantic change proceeds from particularized conversational implicature via generalized conversational implicature to coded meaning. However, this model is ultimately neither theoretically nor empirically tenable. Our alternative proposal builds on the assumption that PCI are in the communicative foreground of a message while GCI are in its background. The following sequences therefore seem to be possible: 1. A PCI semanticizes directly: PCI(* → GCI) → coded meaning. 2. A PCI turns into a GCI, but is not fully semanticized: PCI → GCI (* → coded meaning). 3. A GCI semanticizes, but only after being foregrounded as a PCI: GCI → PCI → coded meaning
Metabolism and disposition of 3,6-dibutanoylmorphine in rat brain
No full textIn previous studies from this laboratory it was found that dibutanoylmorphine (DBM) was more potent than morphine as an analgesic in rats and that it was less active than acetyl esters of morphine on behaviour. As DBM is a morphine prodrug, the aim of this work was to determine if rat brain homogenates were capable of deacylating DBM and monobutanoylmorphine (MBM) and to determine relative proportions of parent drug to metabolites in the brain in vivo. In 10% (w/v) brain homogenates, DBM was eliminated with a half-life of about 70 min (corrected for dilution), while MBM was eliminated 10 times as quickly. DBM and its metabolites were found in both blood and brain as early as 1 min after i.v. administration of DBM. After 5 min, the predominant form in blood was MBM and in brain it was DBM. Thus, rat brain possesses the capacity to metabolize DBM by deesterification and the parent drug, MBM, and morphine were found in blood and brain in vivo.LR: 20061115; PUBM: Print; JID: 0372712; 0 (6-monobutanoylmorphine); 0 (Morphine Derivatives); 66641-03-0 (3,6-dibutanoylmorphine); ppublishSource type: Electronic(1
Effect of processing methods and raw material sources on protein quality of animal protein meals
No full textExperiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of processing systems/temperature and raw material source on protein quality of five feather meals (FM), 32 meat and bone meals (MBM) and 12 poultry by-product meals (PBPM) using digestibility and chick growth assays. True digestibility of amino acids (AA) was influenced by raw material source and type of processing system. In addition, increasing the temperature during processing generally decreased protein quality of MBM and PBPM.Several experiments were conducted to determine the order of AA limitation in MBM and PBPM using AA addition and deletion assays. The results indicated that AA limitation order in MBM protein was (1) Trp and Cys, (2) Thr, (3) Ile and Phe + Tyr, (4) Met, (5) Lys, and (6) Val and His, and AA limitation order in PBPM was (1) Cys, (2) Trp, (3) Thr and Lys, (4) Val and (5) Ile and His. The results of the AA deletion and addition assays were in general agreement although an AA deletion assay based on ideal protein was more effective than the addition assay.Three chick growth assays were conducted to determine if the digestible Lys, Met and total sulfur amino acids (TSAA) in high and low quality MBM assessed using the precision-fed cecectomized rooster assay were completely bioavailable for protein synthesis in chicks. Multiple regression slope-ratio analysis of chick growth assays indicated that almost all of the digestible Lys and Met in MBM are bioavailable for protein synthesis but suggested that some of the digestible TSAA, probably Cys, may not be bioavailable.The last study evaluated formulation of diets containing high or low-quality MBM on a total AA basis versus a digestible or bioavailable AA basis. Growth performance of chicks fed MBM diets formulated on a total AA basis was inferior to performance of chicks fed MBM or corn-soybean meal diets formulated on a digestible or bioavailable AA basis. These results indicated that formulation of diets containing MBM on a digestible or bioavailable AA basis is superior to formulation on a total AA basis.Made available in DSpace on 2011-05-07T14:12:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2
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Characteristics of biter and victim piglets apparent before a tail biting outbreak
No full textLittle is known about the characteristics of biters and victims before the appearance of a tail-biting outbreak in groups of pigs. This study aimed to characterise biters and victims (according to gender and performance) and to quantify their behavioural development during the 6 days preceding the tail-biting outbreak. The hypotheses tested were: (a) biters are more often female, are the lighter pigs in the group, are more restless and perform more aggressive behaviour; and (b) victims are more often male, heavier and less active. Using video recordings we carried out a detailed study of 14 pens with a tail-biting outbreak among the weaned piglets. All piglets were individually marked and we observed the behaviour of biters, victims and control piglets (piglet types). In every pen, each piglet type was observed every other day from 6 days before (D-6) to the day of the first visible tail damage (i.e. day of tail biting outbreak; D0). While the number of male biters (6 of the 14 biters) and male victims (11 of the 14 victims) was not significantly different (P = 0.13), this numerical contrast was considerable. The start weight of victims was significantly (P = 0.03) higher (8.6 kg) than those of biters (7.5 kg) and control piglets (8.0 kg). Biters tended (P = 0.08) to spend longer sitting/kneeling (3.1 min/h) than controls (1.7 min/h), but no differences were seen in the time spent lying or standing. Victims tended (P = 0.07) to change posture more often (restlessness) than controls and chased penmates more (P = 0.04) than biters. Victims also performed more (P = 0.04) aggressive behaviour than biters and controls. In contrast, biters tended (P = 0.08) to be chased by penmates more often and tended (P = 0.06) to receive more aggressive behaviour than controls. Furthermore, biters spent longer manipulating the enrichment device (P = 0.01) and the posterior/tail (P = 0.02) of their penmates than controls and tended (P = 0.06) to perform more tail bites than victims. Victims received more posterior/tail manipulation (P = 0.02) and tail bites (P = 0.04) than controls. It was also noticed that, independent of piglet type, restlessness (P = 0.03) increased and the frequency of performed tail bites tended (P = 0.08) to increase in the 6 days preceding a tail-biting outbreak. These findings may contribute to the early identification of biters or victims and support the development of strategies to minimise the occurrence of tail bitin
Towards a Global Market-Based Measure for the Aviation Industry
No full textThe aviation industry is vital for economic growth, world trade, and is a major employer. Nearly $2.4 trillion in global GDP, 35% of world trade by value and 58.1 million jobs are supported by the industry. However, with these benefits comes an impact on the environment. In 2013, aviation produced 705 million tonnes of carbon dioxide, approximately 2% of anthropogenic CO2-emissions. With air traffic projected to grow by 4-5% per annum in the coming decades, this raises the question of how sustainable growth can be achieved in the aviation sector and the need for regulatory measures. In 2013 the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) adopted a Resolution in which it was decided to develop a global market-based measure (MBM). From 2020 onwards this measure - a global levy, global emissions trading, or global mandatory offsetting - would regulate carbon dioxide emissions from international aviation. However whether the measure will in fact be implemented depends for a large share on ICAO’s next General Assembly in 2016, where the 191 Member States will vote on adopting the measure. Their decision will greatly depend upon whether the global market-based measure matches their interests and agenda. Therefore the design of the global MBM is crucial in ensuring adoption and implementation. In order to reach political consensus by 2016, this thesis has focused on how a robust global market-based measure can be designed by showing the design process to arrive at the robust global market-based measure, and applying this design process. The following four principles of robust design were defined: (i) legal feasibility, (ii) political viability, (iii) purposefulness, and (iv) sturdiness.SEPAMSection E&ITechnology, Policy and Managemen
Meat and bone meal biochar can effectively reduce chemical fertilizer requirements for crop production and impart competitive advantages to soil
No full textSafe and effective circulation of nutrient-rich meat and bone meal (MBM) could become a carbon-based alternative to limited chemical fertilizers (CFs). Therefore, MBM biochars (MBMCs) were produced at 500, 800, and 1000 °C to evaluate their effects on plant growth, nutrient uptake, and soil characteristics. The results revealed that MBMC produced at 500 °C (MBMC500) contained the maximum amount of C, N, and phytoavailable P. All additional MBMC doses with recommended CF increased sorghum shoot yield (6.7-16%) and significantly improved P uptake. Additional experiments were conducted with decreasing doses of CF (100-0%) with or without MBMC500 (7 t/ha) to quantify its actual fertilizing value. MBMC500 showed the capability to reduce CF requirement by 20% without compromising the optimum yield (by 100% CF) while increasing pH, CEC, total-N, available-P, Mg, and microbial population of post-harvest soil. Although a δ15N analysis confirmed MBMC500 as a source of plant N, a reduction in N uptake by MBMC500 + 80% CF treatment compared to 100% CF might have limited further sorghum growth. Thus, future studies should concentrate on producing MBMC with better N utilization capability and achieving maximum CF reduction without negative environmental impacts
Impact of low crude protein diets containing animal byproducts on growth performance, nitrogen excretion, meat yield and quality in broiler chickens
No full textThis study examined the impact of a low crude protein (CP) diet incorporating meat and bone meal (MBM) as an alternative (AD) to standard diet, on broiler performance, nitrogen intake, excretion, and meat quality. A total of 846 male Ross 308 chicks were assigned to two diets in a randomized complete block design with 9 replicates of 47 birds/replicate. The diets were a plant-based control (20.4 and 19.5% CP) and an AD diet (-2.0% CP, +2.5% MBM) in the grower and finisher phases. Compared to the control, the AD diet reduced nitrogen intake (P = 0.01) and excretion (PThe presentation of the authors' names and (or) special characters in the title of the pdf file of the accepted manuscript may differ slightly from what is displayed on the item page. The information in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript reflects the original submission by the author
Statistical inference for hidden multifractionnal processes in a setting of stochastic volatility models
No full textL exemple paradigmatique d un processus stochastique multifractionnaire est le mouvement brownien multifractionnaire (mbm). Ce processus gaussien de nature fractale admet des trajectoires continues nulle part dérivables et étend de façon naturelle le célèbre mouvement brownien fractionnaire (mbf). Le mbf a été introduit depuis longtemps par Kolmogorov et il a ensuite été popularisé par Mandelbrot; dans plusieurs travaux remarquables, ce dernier auteur a notamment insisté sur la grande importance de ce modèle dans divers domaines applicatifs. Le mbm, quant à lui, a été introduit, depuis plus de quinze ans, par Benassi, Jaffard, Lévy Véhel, Peltier et Roux. Grossièrement parlant, il est obtenu en remplaçant le paramètre constant de Hurst du mbf, par une fonction H(t) qui dépend de façon régulière du temps t. Ainsi, contrairement au mbf, les accroissements du mbm sont non stationnaires et la rugosité locale de ses trajectoires (mesurée habituellement par l exposant de Hölder ponctuel) peut évoluer significativement au cours du temps; en fait, à chaque instant t, l exposant de Hölder ponctuel du mbm vaut H(t). Notons quecette dernière propriété, rend ce processus plus flexible que le mbf; grâce à elle, le mbm est maintenant devenu un modèle utile en traitement du signal et de l image ainsi que dans d autres domaines tels que la finance. Depuis plus d une décennie, plusieurs auteurs se sont intéressés à des problèmes d inférence statistique liés au mbm et à d autres processus/champs multifractionnaires; leurs motivations comportent à la fois des aspects applicatifs et théoriques. Parmi les plus importants, figure le problème de l estimation de H(t), l exposant de Hölder ponctuel en un instant arbitraire t. Dans ce type de problématique, la méthode des variations quadratiques généralisées, initialement introduite par Istas et Lang dans un cadre de processus à accroissements stationnaires, joue souvent un rôle crucial. Cette méthode permet de construire des estimateurs asymptotiquement normaux à partir de moyennes quadratiques d accroissements généralisés d un processus observé sur une grille. A notre connaissance, dans la littérature statistique qui concerne le mbm, jusqu à présent, il a été supposé que, l observation sur une grille des valeurs exactes de ce processus est disponible; cependant une telle hypothèse ne semble pas toujours réaliste. L objectif principal de la thèse est d étudierdes problèmes d inférence statistique liés au mbm, lorsque seulement une version corrompue de ce dernier est observable sur une grille régulière.Cette version corrompue est donnée par une classe de modèles à volatilité stochastique dont la définition s inspire de certains travaux antérieurs de Gloter et Hoffmann; signalons enfin que la formule d Itô permet de ramener ce cadre statistique au cadre classique: signal+bruit .The paradigmatic example of a multifractional stochastic process is multifractional Brownian motion (mBm). This fractal Gaussian process with continuous nowhere differentiable trajectories is a natural extension of the well-known fractional Brownian motion (fBm). FBm was introduced a longtime ago by Kolmogorov and later it has been made popular by Mandelbrot; in several outstanding works, the latter author has emphasized the fact that this model is of a great importance in various applied areas. Regarding mBm, it was introduced, more than fifteen years ago, by Benassi, Jaffard, Lévy Véhel, Peltier and Roux. Roughly speaking, it is obtained by replacing the constant Hurst parameter of fBm by a smooth function H(t) which depends on the time variable t. Therefore, in contrast with fBm, theincrements of mBm are non stationary and the local roughness of its trajectories (usually measured through the pointwise Hölder exponent) is allowed to significantly evolve over time; in fact, at each time t, the pointwise Hölder exponent of mBm is equal to H(t). It is worth noticing that the latter property makes this process more flexible than fBm; thanks to it, mBm has now become a useful model in the area of signal and image processing, aswell as in other areas such as finance. Since at least one decade, several authors have been interested in statistical inference problems connected with mBm and other multifractional processes/fields; their motivations have both applied and theoretical aspects. Among those problems, an important one is the estimation of H(t), the pointwise Hölder exponent at an arbitrary time t. In the solutions of such issues, the generalized quadratic variation method, which was first introduced by Istas and Lang in a setting of stationary increments processes, usually plays a crucial role. This method allows to construct asymptotically normal estimators starting from quadratic means of generalized increments of a process observed on a grid. So far, to our knowledge, in the statistical literature concerning mBm, it has been assumed that, the observation of the true values of this process on a grid, is available; yet, such an assumption does not always seem to be realistic. The main goal of the thesis is to study statistical inference problems related to mBm, when only a corrupted version of it, can be observed on a regular grid. This corrupted version is given by a class of stochastic volatility models whose definition is inspired by some Gloter and Hoffmann s earlier works; last, notice that thanks to Itô formula this statistical setting can be viewed as the classical setting: signal+noise .LILLE1-Bib. Electronique (590099901) / SudocSudocFranceF
Statistical inference for hidden multifractionnal processes in a setting of stochastic volatility models
No full textL’exemple paradigmatique d’un processus stochastique multifractionnaire est le mouvement brownien multifractionnaire (mbm). Ce processus gaussien de nature fractale admet des trajectoires continues nulle part dérivables et étend de façon naturelle le célèbre mouvement brownien fractionnaire (mbf). Le mbf a été introduit depuis longtemps par Kolmogorov et il a ensuite été « popularisé » par Mandelbrot ; dans plusieurs travaux remarquables, ce dernier auteur a notamment insisté sur la grande importance de ce modèle dans divers domaines applicatifs. Le mbm, quant à lui, a été introduit, depuis plus de quinze ans, par Benassi, Jaffard, Lévy Véhel, Peltier et Roux. Grossièrement parlant, il est obtenu en remplaçant le paramètre constant de Hurst du mbf, par une fonction H(t) qui dépend de façon régulière du temps t. Ainsi, contrairement au mbf, les accroissements du mbm sont non stationnaires et la rugosité locale de ses trajectoires (mesurée habituellement par l’exposant de Hölder ponctuel) peut évoluer significativement au cours du temps ; en fait, à chaque instant t, l’exposant de Hölder ponctuel du mbm vaut H(t). Notons quecette dernière propriété, rend ce processus plus flexible que le mbf ; grâce à elle, le mbm est maintenant devenu un modèle utile en traitement du signal et de l’image ainsi que dans d’autres domaines tels que la finance. Depuis plus d’une décennie, plusieurs auteurs se sont intéressés à des problèmes d’inférence statistique liés au mbm et à d’autres processus/champs multifractionnaires ; leurs motivations comportent à la fois des aspects applicatifs et théoriques. Parmi les plus importants, figure le problème de l’estimation de H(t), l’exposant de Hölder ponctuel en un instant arbitraire t. Dans ce type de problématique, la méthode des variations quadratiques généralisées, initialement introduite par Istas et Lang dans un cadre de processus à accroissements stationnaires, joue souvent un rôle crucial. Cette méthode permet de construire des estimateurs asymptotiquement normaux à partir de moyennes quadratiques d’accroissements généralisés d’un processus observé sur une grille. A notre connaissance, dans la littérature statistique qui concerne le mbm, jusqu’à présent, il a été supposé que, l’observation sur une grille des valeurs exactes de ce processus est disponible ; cependant une telle hypothèse ne semble pas toujours réaliste. L’objectif principal de la thèse est d’étudierdes problèmes d’inférence statistique liés au mbm, lorsque seulement une version corrompue de ce dernier est observable sur une grille régulière.Cette version corrompue est donnée par une classe de modèles à volatilité stochastique dont la définition s’inspire de certains travaux antérieurs de Gloter et Hoffmann ; signalons enfin que la formule d’Itô permet de ramener ce cadre statistique au cadre classique : « signal+bruit ».The paradigmatic example of a multifractional stochastic process is multifractional Brownian motion (mBm). This fractal Gaussian process with continuous nowhere differentiable trajectories is a natural extension of the well-known fractional Brownian motion (fBm). FBm was introduced a longtime ago by Kolmogorov and later it has been made « popular» by Mandelbrot; in several outstanding works, the latter author has emphasized the fact that this model is of a great importance in various applied areas. Regarding mBm, it was introduced, more than fifteen years ago, by Benassi, Jaffard, Lévy Véhel, Peltier and Roux. Roughly speaking, it is obtained by replacing the constant Hurst parameter of fBm by a smooth function H(t) which depends on the time variable t. Therefore, in contrast with fBm, theincrements of mBm are non stationary and the local roughness of its trajectories (usually measured through the pointwise Hölder exponent) is allowed to significantly evolve over time; in fact, at each time t, the pointwise Hölder exponent of mBm is equal to H(t). It is worth noticing that the latter property makes this process more flexible than fBm; thanks to it, mBm has now become a useful model in the area of signal and image processing, aswell as in other areas such as finance. Since at least one decade, several authors have been interested in statistical inference problems connected with mBm and other multifractional processes/fields; their motivations have both applied and theoretical aspects. Among those problems, an important one is the estimation of H(t), the pointwise Hölder exponent at an arbitrary time t. In the solutions of such issues, the generalized quadratic variation method, which was first introduced by Istas and Lang in a setting of stationary increments processes, usually plays a crucial role. This method allows to construct asymptotically normal estimators starting from quadratic means of generalized increments of a process observed on a grid. So far, to our knowledge, in the statistical literature concerning mBm, it has been assumed that, the observation of the true values of this process on a grid, is available; yet, such an assumption does not always seem to be realistic. The main goal of the thesis is to study statistical inference problems related to mBm, when only a corrupted version of it, can be observed on a regular grid. This corrupted version is given by a class of stochastic volatility models whose definition is inspired by some Gloter and Hoffmann’s earlier works; last, notice that thanks to Itô formula this statistical setting can be viewed as the classical setting: « signal+noise »
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