1,721,247 research outputs found
Identification and comparison of orthologous argonaute gene sequences in bananas / Pui Han Pin
Get PDFThe Argonaute proteins are key components in the effector complex of RNA silencing pathways which interact with small RNAs to mediate sequence specific silencing of nucleic acid targets (reviewed in Carmell et al., 2002; Lingel & Izaurralde, 2004; Cerrutti & Casas-Mollano, 2006; Peters & Meister, 2007; Tolia & Joshua-Tor, 2007; Hutvagner & Simard, 2008). In plants, these proteins are involved in a diversity of biological roles such as antiviral defence, heterochromatin regulation and in the regulation of growth and development (reviewed in Carmell et al., 2002; Ding et al., 2004; Lippman & Martienssen, 2004; Bartel, 2004; Zaratiegui et al., 2007, Vaucheret, 2008, Hutvagner & Simard, 2008). This study represents the first attempt to study the orthologous Argonaute gene sequences in bananas which are an important food staple for many developing nations (Heslop-Harrison & Schwarzacher, 2007; Roux et al., 2008). This study has successfully isolated AGO7-specific PIWI domain genomic sequences from 12 diploid Musa species of three Musa sections and also from Ensete. The Musa AGO7-specific PIWI domain sequences show the highest similarity to rice AGO7/SHOOTLESS4 (average amino acids identity of 78%). Phylogenetic analysis of the Musa sequences revealed phylogenetic grouping that agrees fairly well with the present knowledge of the taxonomic classification of Musa species. In addition, this study estimated that there are about 15 Argonaute genes or loci containing PIWI domain sequences in the genome of Musa acuminata ssp. malaccensis
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Canadian Federation and Quebec Sovereignty Movement
No full text本論文旨在透過政治菁英的角度，探討聯邦主義和民族主義的關係。魁北克民族主義主要是爭取法語文化的存續，抵拒英語同化的壓力，不僅成為魁人黨的主權運動和魁北克自由黨的聯邦革新之訴求的動力來源，更是加國聯邦與時俱進的主因。由於英語系加拿大和魁北克對於加拿大聯邦和民族持有不同的認知，促得雙方政治菁英利用民族主義，追求心目中的政治秩序和民族認同。在加拿大權利憲章的影響下，渥太華主張個人權利和各省平等應該優於魁北克爭取的特殊地位，所以心傾法律對稱聯邦主義，讓所有省份享有一致的待遇。但是，對於魁北克而言，對稱聯邦主義不僅將魁北克當作一般英語系省份，更可能在限制魁北克政府權力之下，影響法語保護的大業，削弱魁北克的民族認同。因此，魁北克遂以英法兩大民族論，要求採行法律不對稱聯邦主義，尤其應該由加拿大憲法正式承認魁北克的民族地位或構成獨特社會，提供魁北克政府在推展法語文化上所需的特定權力。然而，獨尊魁北克的措施又可能造成二等公民的疑慮，違反權利憲章的精神，從而威脅英語系加拿大的政治認同之核心。言之，魁北克和英語系加拿大之間的爭執可歸納為：第一、政策面：攸關加拿大聯邦的權力分配。加拿大從初期的中央集權傾向，逐漸往地方分權的方向發展。雖然多少能夠滿足魁北克對於自主權的要求，但因為加國聯邦運作太過強調一體適用的原則，使得魁北克認為其獨特性未獲得尊重、甚至還遭到威脅。再者，許多現存的不對稱聯邦之安排乃是事實性質，是剛好其他省份寧願參加聯邦政府主導的國家計畫而魁北克要求自行辦理的情況下，才間接突顯其獨特地位。第二、認同面：魁北克在加拿大的定位以及兩種不同的平等自由觀。在平等價值上，渥太華之所以堅持對稱聯邦主義、而魁北克爭取不對稱的安排，這是源自雙方對於加拿大聯邦的不同認知。前者視之為區域個體所組成，是10個省份之間的政治合約。但是，魁北克普遍認為這是兩大民族的盟約，因此對於聯邦的權力分配有權置啄，便以落實法英民族的平等。另外，在自由觀點上，英語系加拿大持續不願意正式承認魁北克的民族地位之問題，並不單是個人對抗集體的權利，而是兩種不同的自由主義傳統。前者依循程序自由主義，主張人類尊嚴來自個人自主，權利憲章乃是此種精神的體現。魁北克著重在實質自由主義，強調社會的集體面向以及個人尊嚴和社群認同的緊密關聯，因此考量魁北克八成的法語系人口，再加上語言和民族認同密切相關，因此魁北克政府有必要以法語作為唯一官方語言。最終，這兩種自由主義衝突的化解則需要超越多元文化主義的策略，透過深層多元性的概念，承認不同民族的存在，接受不同層次的民族認同，體現多民族民主國家的真諦。This thesis attempts to examine the relations between federalism and nationalism from the perspectives of political elites in Ottawa and Quebec. Confronted with a perennial siege mentality fostered by the predominance of the English language in Canada, Québécois nationalism is essentially a quest for the survival of the French tongue, which has taken a pro-active form since 1960s in the sovereignty movement led by the Parti Québécois and in the pursuit of renewed federalism championed by the Parti libéral du Québec. In response, the federal government has tried to accommodate Quebec’s needs for linguistic equality and autonomy by adopting bilingualism and a more decentralized form of federalism. But the approach chosen by Ottawa lays too much emphasis on symmetrical federalism to the extent of disregarding Quebec’s distinctiveness. Besides, the constitutionally entrenched Charter of Rights and Freedoms, with the aim of ensuring that all Canadian citizens are equal, has further strengthened the idea that the provinces they inhabit should be treated in an identical manner. However, Quebec has long seen itself as a founding nation and is thus entitled to enjoy asymmetrical federal arrangements or at least a special status in Canada. n general, due to different conceptions of the Canadian nation and federation, Ottawa and Quebec have respectively turned to nationalist strategies to fulfil their ideals of political and cultural units. The conflict between these two nation-building projects can be subsumed under two components. Firstly, although an important degree of decentralization has worked to the benefits of Quebec’s nationalist demands, the uniformity principle in terms of power division among provinces is suspected of an intention on the part of the federal government to undermine rather than respect the distinct nature of Quebec. Secondly, the fact that Ottawa refuses to constitutionally recognize Quebec as a nation or a distinct society has less to do with a contradiction between individual versus collective rights, but with different traditions of liberalism. In accordance with procedural liberalism, the English-speaking Canada believes that human dignity can only be achieved when an individual has the freedom to choose what he or she sees best without being held hostage by pre-determined cultural ties. This is not only the goal of the Canadian Charter, but the reason why the language is made a matter of individual rather than a collective right. However, given the precarious position of the French language and its importance in sustaining Quebec national identity, Quebec subscribes to substantive liberalism, viewing communitarian identification a prerequisite for human dignity, which explains the necessity of the French Charter and its unilingual approach. In conclusion, to surmount the conflicting views of liberalism, it is important to allow for national recognition of Quebec and the co-existence of different layers of national identities so as to better reflect the deep diversity within the Canadian multinational society.口試委員審定書 / i辭 / ii文摘要 / iv文摘要 / vi 一章 緒論 /1一節 研究動機和目的 /1二節 文獻回顧 /4、 主權、民族主義和魁北克主權運動 /5、 民族主義和聯邦主義 /12、 聯邦主義的潛在危機 /16三節 研究途徑 /19、 相關研究途徑 /19、 本論文採取的研究架構 /22四節 研究範圍、方法和限制 /26、 研究範圍和方法 /26、 研究限制 /26五節 章節安排 /26二章 魁北克民族主義的形成與發展(1760-1960s) /28一節 加拿大聯邦主義的初探 /29、 加拿大聯邦主義的淵源 /29、 從英屬北美殖民地到加拿大自治領 /29、 1867年英屬北美法的矛盾 /31、 加拿大聯邦主義的挑戰和演變(1867-1960s) /33二節 魁北克民族主義的發展和轉型 /35、 加拿大人政治認同的形成(1760-1840) /36、 法裔加拿大民族主義的潛形(1850-1960) /37、 魁北克民族主義的躍升(1950s起) /42三節 魁北克民族主義特質和訴求(1960s) /45、 魁北克政府擴張的背景 /45 、 魁北克政府的擴張和聯邦政府的早期回應 /46三章 魁北克主權運動的崛起和渥太華的回應1976-1995) /52一節 魁北克主權運動 /52、為何爭取主權？ /52、魁人黨的主權運動 /54二節 聯邦政府對魁克民族主義的因應策略(1980-1992) /67、語言文化途徑 /67、政策面 /67、雙語和多元文化主義對於魁北克民族主義的影響 /68、憲政途徑 /70、杜魯道的革新聯邦主義 /70、慕隆尼的合作型聯邦主義 /76三節 憲政談判的失敗和主權運動的揚升 /79、 憲政協議的失敗 /79、 1995年魁北克主權-夥伴關係公投 /81、 米奇湖協議破局的影響 /81、 1995年魁北克主權-夥伴關係公投的過程和結果 /83四章 二次公投後聯邦政府的因應策略(1996-2003) /87一節 和解手段 /89、 政治途徑 /89、 1996年尊重憲法修正法案和區域否決模式 /89、 1997年卡加利宣言承認魁北克社會的「獨有」特質 /91、 協作式聯邦主義 /95、 釐清聯邦和地方權責 /96、 社會聯盟架構協議 /98二節 強硬手段 /101、 魁北克分離諮詢意見書 /102、 程序問題 /102、 分離諮詢意見書的重要內容 /104、 分離諮詢意見書的爭議 /109、 聯邦政府對於魁北克分離諮詢意見書的回應：明確法案 /112五章 二次公投後魁北克主權運動的發展1995-2003) /116一節 魁人黨政府的法律挑戰和回應 /116、 來自魁北克民眾的司法挑戰 /117、 來自聯邦政府的法律挑戰 /119、 對於1996年魁北克分離問題送交最高法院諮詢一事 /119、 對於1998年魁北克分離諮詢意見書的回應 /122、 對於明確法的批評 /123、魁北克政府對於明確法的回應：基本權利法案 /127二節 魁人黨主權運動的困境和機遇 /128、 對於魁北克人民自決的挑戰 /129、 魁北克主權運動的困境 /131、 族群民族主義和公民民族主義 /131、 魁北克民族主義的爭議 /133、 魁人黨在魁北克民族主義上的爭執 /136、 1996年後主權議題的延緩 /140amp;#21442;、主權運動的發展機遇 /144一、交互文化主義和移民政策 /145二、法語憲章和社會整合 /147三、魁北克的「公民身分」 /148六章 兩個民族建構的工程(1976-2003)/151一節 加拿大聯邦的權力架構 /151二節 渥太華和魁北克的民族建構之評析 /156、杜魯道的普世主義和雷維克的獨特主義 /157、聯邦政府的民族建構 /160一、法律對稱聯邦主義 /161二、泛加拿大民族認同 /163amp;#21442;、魁北克政府的民族建構 /169一、法律不對稱聯邦主義 /170二、魁北克的民族認同 /172三節 加拿大聯邦權力分配的爭議 /174、 不對稱聯邦主義的爭議 /174、 魁北克和渥太華如何看待目前加國聯邦的權力分配？ /178、 聯邦政府的角度 /179、 魁北克政府的立場 /179四節 英語系加拿大和魁北克的問題癥結和解決途徑 /181、 兩種自由和平等的理念 /182、 解決途徑 /184、 傳統聯邦制度外的聯邦式安排 /184、 深層多元性 /185七章 結論 /187考書目/19
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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