38 research outputs found
Classical Myths on the Victorian Popular Stage: the Figure of Cassandra
No full textThe scope of the present thesis is to unveil the cultural processes behind the reception of the Cassandra myth in Victorian burlesque theatre. The main focus is on the semiotic dialogue between arts and reality which features nineteenth-century popular theatre as an essential tool for reading the social history of Victorian England. My principal argument is that the analysis of the convergence of popular, iconic and literary refigurations of classical myths and their representation on the Victorian popular stage underscores the relevance of burlesque both as a reflecting and a refracting mirror of the contemporary mindset. The texts and cultural objects under analysis in this thesis are in many ways embodiments of the ambivalence surrounding constructions of women both as social subjects and artistic objects in Victorian Britain. As I shall espouse, mixed attitudes towards women in burlesque reflected, as witness and chronicle of its own time, the social turmoil which was involved in the remapping of the role of women in modern societies.
This thesis is structured into three chapters which cover at length the different aspects considered for my analysis. After an introductory section on methodology and critical antecedents, the chapter ‘Classical Mythology and the Evolution of Burlesque’ focuses on the terminological issues surrounding the comic theatre of the nineteenth century. Responses to the meaning and nature of Victorian burlesque are multifarious both in the nineteenth, the twentieth and the present century. As I shall argue, only a holistic consideration of the genre allows for the recognition of the role of burlesque as precedent of mass communication in the formation of modern cultures. The chapter proceeds with an analysis of the history of Victorian classical burlesque focused on particular works which evidence the topicality and ambivalence of the genre.
The second chapter, entitled ‘Women and Cassandra in the Nineteenth Century’, analyses Victorian refigurations of the Cassandra myth in a two-fold approach. First, I focus on nineteenth-century translations of Aeschylus’ Agamemnon and Homer’s Iliad to map out the linguistic choices which juxtapose Cassandra with contemporary popular stereotypes such as prophets, witches and fortune-tellers. Second, I consider the ideological development underlying Victorian reworkings of the Cassandra myth both in highbrow and popular culture highlighting aspects such as the relationship between women and knowledge. A cross-class and crosscultural analysis of Victorian revisitings to the Cassandra myth evidences the profoundly intertwined dialogue between the socio-cultural substrata of the receiving culture and the Greek prototypes. Less canonical refigurations pave the ground to a responsive Cassandra who defies the ruling powers foreshadowing the collection of political female voices of the late years of the century.
The third chapter delineates the presence of Cassandra in Victorian burlesque from its eighteenth-century precedents on the British street-theatre and the French stage. Once the literary antecedents of the burlesque Cassandra are established, the chapter moves on to the analysis of the case study of Robert Reece’s Agamemnon and Cassandra; or, the Prophet and Loss of Troy (1868). Reece’s burlesque is contextualized within the dramatic production of the author and then examined under the lens of the ambivalence of burlesque. The evolution of the depiction of Cassandra in the comic stage from Settle to Reece manifests the mixed responses to the gradual integration of women into the cultural structures of modern societies.
The conclusions of the present thesis elaborate upon the metaphors of Cassandra which explain and account for the ambivalent representations of women in Victorian burlesque. Burlesque refigurations of the Cassandra myth epitomize the double standards which mould, measure and value the role of women in Victorian arts and culture. The recurring iteration of the motifs and images encompassed in the Cassandra metaphors of the Victorian woman evidence the need to unveil the ongoing dialogue between present and past civilizations in order to apprehend the cultural processes which have shaped modern societies.El propósito de la presente tesis es desvelar los procesos culturales tras la recepción del mito de Casandra en el teatro burlesco victoriano, prestando especial atención al diálogo semiótico entre la realidad y las artes que destaca el teatro popular del siglo diecinueve como una herramienta esencial para la compresión de la historia social de la Inglaterra victoriana. El análisis de la convergencia de reescrituras literarias, populares e icónicas de la mitología clásica en el teatro popular victoriano pone de manifiesto la importancia del burlesco como espejo reflectante y refractante del pensamiento de la época. Los autores y textos discutidos a lo largo de la tesis evidencian la comunión entre efectos espectaculares y referencias a la actualidad del momento para atraer al público, lo que influirá en la adopción de tópicos estéticos y sociales para perpetuar o cuestionar codificaciones sociales. Los textos y objetos culturales analizados en esta investigación encarnan la ambivalencia que rodea a la construcción de la mujer como sujeto social y objeto artístico en la Inglaterra victoriana. Actitudes enfrentadas sobre la mujer en el teatro burlesco reflejan, como testigo y crónica de su época, la agitación social que envolvía la reestructuración del rol de la mujer en los fundamentos de las sociedades modernas.
Las conclusiones de la tesis elaboran metáforas de Casandra que explican y describen representaciones enfrentadas de la mujer en el teatro burlesco victoriano. Las recreaciones burlescas del mito de Casandra epitomizan la duplicidad que modela, mesura y valora el rol de la mujer en la cultura y el arte del siglo diecinueve. Dicotomías como la petrificación y la emancipación de la mujer se dan cita en metáforas relacionadas con la silenciación y la recuperación de la voz de la princesa troyana en las estructuras sociales imperantes. La iteración recurrente de motivos e imágenes que engloban las metáforas de Casandra sobre la mujer victoriana manifiestan la necesidad de desvelar el constante diálogo entre las civilizaciones del pasado y del presente para aprehender los procesos culturales que han dado forma al individuo contemporáneo
Женское образование в ренессансной Италии
No full textВ данной работе рассматриваются проблемы женского образования и воспитания эпохи раннего Возрождения. Автор использует в своем исследовании итальянские источники XIV- XV веков, которые позволяют выявить корни проблем, связанных с положением женщин, их образованием и воспитанием. Путем сопоставления женского образа в городской и гуманистической литературе, анализа творчества Кристины Пизанской, Изотты Ногарола, Лауры Череты и Кассандры Феделе выявляются представления современников о женском воспитании и образовании в Италии XIV–XV вв.This graduate work analyzes the problems of women's education and upbringing in the early Renaissance. The author uses in her research Italian sources of the XIV-XV centuries, which allows her to identify the sources of problems related to the status of women, their education and upbringing. By comparing the female image in urban and humanistic literature, through analyzing the works of Christine de Pizan, Isotta Nogarola, Laura Cereta and Cassandra Fedele, the author reveals the visions of contemporaries relevant to women's upbringing and education in Italy of the XIV–XV centuries
Hysterical relations: a comparative study in selected nineteenth-century European narratives
No full textPhDThis study of hysteria is indebted to Freud, and it is equally indebted to certain authors
who came before him: Balzac, Charlotte Brontë, Tolstoy, George Eliot, and Florence
Nightingale. As particular works of these authors show, the hysteric was a touchstone in
cultural and scientific research due to her exemplification, in striking ways, of unconscious
internal forces. The interconnectedness of social and psychological issues in the work of
Balzac in the 1830s and George Eliot in the 1870s is highlighted, with attention to the degree
that all the authors treated inflect Freud's exploration of hysteria in the century's final decades.
By moving between European cultural traditions and languages, both in French and in
translation, I focus on the overlap between literature and psychology whenever the
representation of interpersonal and sexual matters is foregrounded. I intend my use of
psychoanalysis to complement a textual analysis in order to emphasize notions like character,
choice, fate, and destiny. Within the textual analysis I make conceptual, social, and
psychological links to animate that most topical and implicitly hysterical nineteenth-century
question: the Woman Question.
I assume that the extent to which hysteria can be understood is the extent to which it can
be communicated and read, transcribed from without, in the narrative form which is its bent.
Further that the hysteric cannot give expression to desires without the involvement of an
intermediary and the provocations of plot. The hysterical question 'Who am I to become? '
(man or woman, father or mother, lover or sister) is formulated differently by each of the
authors on whose works I draw, being modulated by aesthetic as well as intellectual shifts
within the nineteenth century. In the earliest novel I treat, Balzac's Eugénie Grandet (1833), a
brief blossoming and slow withering of Eugénie's desire for Charles indicates what happens
when an implicitly forbidden relation, in this case fraternal love, suffers the blight of its betrayal.
Once Charles, initiator and guide of Eugénie's desires, absents himself, Eugénie's love is
transformed into a defence against erotic incursions such that youthful love results in
resigned melancholy. Charlotte Brontë's protagonist and hysterically unreliable narrator in
Villette (1853) complains of that curse, an over-heated imagination'; a creative malady which
results in hallucination, resistance, denial, and evasion, all features of a scenario where
accession to desire prompts an elaborate narrative that finally quells the desire which began it.
Tolstoy's early pastoral works attest to the way hysteria, index to a suppressed relation to a
primordial loved one, can spill over into consciousness and thence into literature. In his wily
Childhood, Boyhood, Youth (1852-55) and nostalgic Family Happiness (1859) Tolstoy shows
how deceptive imaginative powers can be when in thrall to hysterical impulses that fuel it, such
that a promising image in fantasy is rendered not just fleeting but illusory. Gwendolen Harleth,
a perpetual object of interpretation to Deronda, narrator, and subsequent critics alike, figures
the still centre of George Eliot's Daniel Deronda (1876). The dynamic lure of Eliot's heroine
soon dissipates alongside characters who bind themselves to symbolic values - to music,
charity, and Judaism, and who thereby avoid the pull of hysterical attachments. Florence
Nightingale's Cassandra (1860) prompts many more questions than it resolves, yet its
significance is multiple, written by a woman who became a nineteenth-century hysteric par
excellence her impassioned cry against those conditions - psychic, physiological, moral, and
social - which circumscribed feminine potential remains a powerful testament to the
possibilities and limits of literary discourse.
For all these authors, and for Freud after them, the hysteric was together muse and
sacrifice, unsung heroine and dejected sufferer, whose plaint, however encoded, was also a
sign of deliverance. 'Words are the most important media by which one man seeks to bring his
influence to bear on another; words are a good method of producing mental changes in the
person to whom they are addressed' (SE 7, p. 292). Although these remarks by Freud date
from 1890, its premise is shared by each author I evoke, bearing on a dynamism at the core of
human relations. To empathize with the hysterical dilemma was not however to identify with it.
rather it was to articulate it as a scenario in order to posit one's distance from it. It was this
psychological feat, of identifying in order not to identify with the hysteric, which authors and
scientists of the nineteenth century collaboratively brought off, thus cutting across divisions
of culture and discipline. Above all, it was the ephemeral and fluid aspects of hysteria which
provided ongoing stimulus to its representation, a stimulus which, in revised form, continues
its pressure up to the present day
Adapting authoritarianism: institutions and co-optation in Egypt and Syria
No full textThis PhD thesis compares Egypt and Syria’s authoritarian political systems. While the tendency in social science political research treats Egypt and Syria as similarly authoritarian, this research emphasizes differences between the two systems with special reference to institutions and co-optation. Rather than reducibly understanding Egypt and Syria as sharing similar histories, institutional arrangements, or ascribing to the oft-repeated convention that “Syria is Egypt but 10 years behind,” this thesis focuses on how events and individual histories shaped each states current institutional strengthens and weaknesses. Specifically, it explains the how varying institutional politicization or de-politicization affects each state’s capabilities for co-opting elite and non-elite individuals.
Beginning with a theoretical framework that considers the limited utility of democratization and transition theoretical approaches, the work underscores the persistence and durability of authoritarianism. Chapter two details the politicized institutional divergence between Egypt and Syria that began in the 1970s. Chapter three and four examines how institutional politicization or de-politicization affects elite and non-elite individual co-optation in Egypt and Syria. Chapter five discusses the study’s general conclusions and theoretical implications.
This thesis’s argument is that Egypt and Syria co-opt elites and non-elites differently because of the varying degrees of institutional politicization in each governance system. Rather than view one country as more politically developed than the other, this work argues that Syria’s political institutions are more politicized than their Egyptian counterparts. Syria’s political arena is, thus, described as politicized-patrimonialism. Syria’s politicized-patrimonial arena produces uneven co-optation of elites and non-elites as they are diffused through competing institutions. Conversely, the Egyptian political arena remains highly personalized as weak institutions and individuals are manipulated and molded according to the president’s ruling clique. This is referred to as personalized-patrimonialism. As a consequence, Egypt’s political establishment demonstrates more flexibility in ad hoc altering and adapting its arena depending on the emergence of crises.
This study’s theoretical implications suggest that, contrary to modernization and democratization theory’s adage that institutions lead to a political development, politicized institutions within a patrimonial order actually hinder regime adaptation because consensus is harder to achieve and maintain. It is within this context that Egypt’s de-politicized institutional framework advantages its top political elite. In this reading of Egyptian and Syrian politics, Egypt’s personalized political arena is more adaptable than Syria’s. These conclusions do not indicate that political reform is a process underway in either state
A Materials Life Cycle Assessment of a Net-Zero Energy Building
Get PDFabstract: This study analyzed the environmental impacts of the materials phase of a net-zero energy building. The Center for Sustainable Landscapes (CSL) is a three-story, 24,350 square foot educational, research, and administrative office in Pittsburgh, PA, USA. This net-zero energy building is designed to meet Living Building Challenge criteria. The largest environmental impacts from the production of building materials is from concrete, structural steel, photovoltaic (PV) panels, inverters, and gravel. Comparing the LCA results of the CSL to standard commercial structures reveals a 10% larger global warming potential and a nearly equal embodied energy per square feet, largely due to the CSL’s PV system. As a net-zero energy building, the environmental impacts associated with the use phase are expected to be very low relative to standard structures. Future studies will incorporate the construction and use phases of the CSL for a more comprehensive life cycle perspective
The Green Print: Advancement of Environmental Sustainability in Healthcare
No full textClick on the DOI link to access the article (may not be free). WSU author: Janet M. Twomey. The complete list includes: Jodi D. Sherman, Cassandra Thiel, Andrea MacNeill, Matthew J. Eckelman, Robert Dubrow, HarrietHopf, Robert Lagasse, Joseph Bialowitz, Anthony Costello, McGain Forbes, Rachel Stancliffe, Paul Anastas, Laura Anderko, Mark Baratz, Stefi Barna, Urvashi Bhatnagar, Jason Burnham, Yizhen Cai, Andy Cassels-Brown, Alexander F.P. Cimprich, Heidi Cole, Lorea Coronado-Garcia, Brett Duane, Gabriella Grisotti, Arthy Hartwell, Varshini Kumar, Ann Kurth, Michael Leapman, Daniel S. Morris, Michael Overcash, Abhijeet G. Parvatker, David Pencheon, Adam Pollard, Bernard Robaire, Karl Rockne, Blair L. Sadler, Beth Schenk, Tushar Sethi, L. Scott Sussman, Jeff Thompson, Janet M. Twomey, Sten H. Vermund, Daniel Vukelich, Natasha Wasim, Debbie Wilson, Steven B. Young, Julie Zimmerman, Melissa M. Bilec.Healthcare is a major emitter of environmental pollutants that adversely affect health. Within the healthcare community, awareness of these effects is low, and recognition of the duty to address them is only beginning to gain traction. Healthcare sustainability science explores dimensions of resource consumption and environmental emissions associated with healthcare activities. This emerging field provides tools and metrics to quantify the unintended consequences of healthcare delivery and evaluate effective approaches that improve patient safety while protecting public health. This narrative review describes the scope of healthcare sustainability research, identifies knowledge gaps, introduces a framework for applications of existing research methods and tools to the healthcare context, and establishes research priorities to improve the environmental performance of healthcare services. The framework was developed through review of the current state of healthcare sustainability science and expert consensus by the Working Group for Environmental Sustainability in Clinical Care. Key recommendations include: development of a comprehensive life cycle inventory database for medical devices and drugs; application of standardized sustainability performance metrics for clinician, hospital/health system, and national levels; revision of infection control standards driving non-evidence-based uptake of single-use disposable devices; call for increased federal research funding; and formation of a Global Commission on the Advancement of Environmental Sustainability in Healthcare. There is urgent need for research that informs policy and practice to address the public health crisis arising from healthcare pollution. A transformational vision is required to align research priorities to achieve a sustainable healthcare system that advances quality, safety and value.This workshop was supported by grant 1818038 from the National Science Foundation , the Yale University School of Medicine, New York University Green Grants Fund, Yale University School of Public Health, Yale University School of Nursing, and the Yale University Office of Sustainability. This article represents the views of the authors, and not necessarily those of the supporters or author employers. The authors wish to further thank: Garrett Sendlewski for audio-visual support and Jennifer Vissagio for administrative assistance, both from the Yale Department of Anesthesiology; Amber Gerrard and Sarah Jane Compton from the Yale Office of Sustainability for providing printing and communications assistance; and Denise Meyers from the Yale School of Public Health for website development
Dynamic elastic response prostheses alter approach angles and ground reaction forces but not leg stiffness during a start-stop task
Get PDFIn a dynamic elastic response prosthesis (DERP), spring-like properties aim to replace the loss of musculature and soft tissues and optimise dynamic movement biomechanics, yet higher intact limb (IL) loading exists. It is unknown how amputees wearing a DERP will perform in start-stop movements and how altering the prosthetic stiffness will influence the performance and loading. This study assessed movement dynamics through comparisons in spatiotemporal, kinematic and kinetic variables and leg stiffness of intact, prosthetic and control limbs. The effect of prosthetic stiffness on movement dynamics was also determined. Eleven male unilateral transtibial amputees performed a start-stop task with one DERP set at two different stiffness - Prescribed and Stiffer. Eleven control participants performed the movement with the dominant limb. Kinematic and kinetic data were collected by a twelve-camera motion capture system synchronised with a Kistler force platform. Selected variables were compared between intact, prosthetic and control limbs, and against prosthetic stiffness using ANOVA and effect size. Pearson's Correlation was used to analyse relationship between leg stiffness and prosthetic deflection. Amputees showed a more horizontal approach to the bound during the start-stop movement, with lower horizontal velocities and a longer stance time on the IL compared to controls. In both stiffness conditions, the IL showed selected higher anteroposterior and vertical forces and impulses when compared to the controls. Leg stiffness was not significantly different between limbs as a result of the interplay between angle swept and magnitude of force, even with the change in prosthetic stiffness. A main effect for prosthetic stiffness was found only in higher impact forces of the prosthetic limb and more horizontal touchdown angles of the IL when using the prescribed DERP. In conclusion, amputees achieve the movement with a horizontal approach when compared to controls which may reflect difficulty of movement initiation with a DERP and a difficulty in performing the movement dynamically. The forces and impulses of the IL were high compared to control limbs. The consistent leg stiffness implies compensation strategies through other joints.© 2018, Elsevier. The attached document (embargoed until 18/12/2019) is an author produced version of a paper published in Human Movement Science uploaded in accordance with the publisher’s self- archiving policy. The final published version (version of record) is available online at the link below. Some minor differences between this version and the final published version may remain. We suggest you refer to the final published version should you wish to cite from it.</p
Reflexos do objeto materno : do processo melancólico ao impulso suicida - as horas que separam duas mortes
No full textThis present work investigates the psychoanalytic contributions on the theme suicide, given their possible attachment to a very early event in the psychic life of the subject; it is a failure occured in the first moments of the encounter with the maternal object. This episode was discussed in association with certain subjective position, resulting from mishaps in relation to this first love object. According to Freud's indication, the approach to suicide took place from the melancholy and a relationship between these two terms. It is addressed, in addition, the theoretical context that implies the emergence of the concept of death drive in Freudian theory and its relevance in psychoanalytic practice and understanding of suicide. Moreover, the texts were worked investigating the Freudian unconscious determinations of suicide and self-destruction. The issue of maternal object as the first objetct of love shown to have great relevance in the construction of all future object relations. Thus, when considering suicide, the psychoanalytic point of view, is an attack earlier for the other, it was necessary to consider under what conditions did this first encounter with otherness. In this sense, some contributions were collected for post-Freudian authors who have worked in this perspective to understand the suicide. The analysis of melancholy proposed by Marie-Claude Lambotte in O discurso melancólico - da fenomenologia à metapsicologia (1997), was an important reference for research, the richness of the contributions with regard to understanding the relationship between the primary object of desire and death. This work brings together key contributions to this approach: the mirror stage, the suicide of the object and the sublimation of the maternal imago, of Lacanian theory, and some developments regarding the issue of the mirror stage. Lambotte defines the centrality of narcissism to understand the melancholic issue, through an approach about the "new psychic action." Such a concept introduced by Freud to describe the change of the dispersion autoerotic for the unification promoted by narcissism, allows the author locate at this point, premature failure of melancholy, which not only explains the weakness of later object relations, but also carries emphasize the influence of a "pre-mirror" stage. Having in view to understanding the relationship between suicide and the failure on the bond with the maternal object, undertook an analysis of the film The Hours (2002), directed by Stephen Daldry, in face of possible dialogues between the story of the movie and the theory so far worked. Was taken into account, especially a specific relationship between two characters in the film (Laura Brown and his son Richard), although research on the movie has raised other issues that could be glimpsed through the bias of psychoanalytic theory, as the issue of representations of Women and death and their approaches.O presente trabalho investiga as contribuições psicanalíticas acerca do tema suicídio, haja vista sua possível vinculação a um acontecimento bastante precoce na vida psíquica do sujeito; trata-se de uma falha ocorrida nos primeiros momentos do encontro com o objeto materno. Tal episódio foi abordado em associação com determinada posição subjetiva, decorrente dos percalços na relação com esse primeiro objeto de amor. Seguindo a indicação de Freud, a abordagem do suicídio se deu a partir da melancolia e de uma relação entre esses dois termos. É abordado, ademais, o contexto teórico que acarreta o surgimento do conceito de pulsão de morte na teoria freudiana e sua relevância na práxis psicanalítica e na compreensão do auextermínio. Além disso, foram trabalhados os textos freudianos que investigam as determinações inconscientes do suicídio e da autoagressividade. A questão do objeto materno como primeiro objeto de amor mostrou ter grande relevância na construção de toda relação objetal futura. Desse modo, ao se considerar que o suicídio, do ponto de vista psicanalítico, é um ataque anteriormente destinado ao outro, fez-se necessário considerar em que termos se deu esse primeiro encontro com a alteridade. Nesse sentido, foram reunidas algumas contribuições de autores pós-freudianos que trabalharam nessa perspectiva para compreender o autoextermínio. A análise da melancolia proposta por Marie-Claude Lambotte, em O discurso melancólico - da fenomenologia à metapsicologia (1997), foi uma referência importante da pesquisa, pela riqueza das contribuições no que concerne à compreensão da relação entre o objeto primário e o desejo de morte. Tal obra reúne contribuições fundamentais para este enfoque: o estádio da espelho, o suicídio do objeto e a sublimação da imago materna, da teoria lacaniana, além de alguns desdobramentos a respeito da problemática especular. Lambotte define a centralidade do nascisismo para a compreensão da problemática melancólica, através de uma abordagem acerca da "nova ação psíquica". Tal conceito, proposto por Freud para designar a mudança da dispersão autoerótica para a unificação promovida pelo narcisismo, permite que a autora localize, nesse ponto, a precocidade da falha melancólica, o que não apenas explica a fragilidade das relações objetais posteriores, como também põe em relevo a influência de um período pré-especular. Tendo-se em vista a compreensão da relação entre o suicídio e essa falha quanto ao vínculo com o objeto materno, empreendeu-se uma análise do filme As horas, do diretor Stephen Daldry (2002), em face dos possíveis diálogos entre o enredo e a teoria até então trabalhada. Foi levada em consideração, principalmente, um relação específica entre duas personagens do filme (Laura Brown e seu filho Richard), embora a investigação sobre o filme tenha suscitado outras questões que puderam ser vislumbradas pelo viés da teoria psicanalítica, como a questão das representações do feminino e da morte e suas aproximações
Adopting ISO/IEC 27005:2011-based risk treatment plan to prevent patients data theft
Get PDFThe concern raised in late 2017 regarding 46.2 million mobile device subscriber's data breach had the Malaysian police started an investigation looking for the source of the leak. Data security is very important to protect the assets or information by providing its confidentiality, integrity, and availability not only in the telecommunication industry but also in other sectors. This paper attempts to protect the data of a patient-based clinical system by producing a risk treatment plan for its software products. The existing system is vulnerable to information theft, insecure databases, poor audit login, and password management. The information security risk assessment consisting of identifying risks, analyzing, and evaluating them were conducted before a risk assessment report is written down. A risk management framework was applied to the software development unit of the organization to countermeasure these risks. ISO/IEC 27005:2011 standard was used as the basis for the information security risk management framework. The controls from Annex A of ISO/IEC 27001:2013 were used to reduce the risks. Thirty risks have been identified, and seven high-level risks for the product have been recognized. A risk treatment plan focusing on the risks and controls has been developed for the system to reduce these risks to secure the patient's data. This will eventually enhance the information security in the software development unit and, at the same time, increase awareness among the team members concerning risks and the means to handle them
A web of harms: serious and organised crime and its impact on Australian interests
Get PDFOverview
This report analyses serious, transnational and organised crime and the harms it causes to Australia’s interest, with the aim of reinvigorating a discussion of this critical matter amongst Australians.
This web impacts on our national interests to the sum of an estimated $15 billion per year. That very conservative estimate includes costs to government through denied revenue and increased law enforcement costs. But there are also social, health and economic harms to individuals, community and business.
The report poses a series of questions to be considered by the community, business and government
