260 research outputs found
Describing Other People\u27s belief : a pseudo-problem in anthropology
No full textAnthropological writings abound in allusions to belief. Ethnographers have been accustomed to say, for example, that people of such and such place firmly believe that most of their misfortunes are caused by witchcraft of envious neighbors, or that they believe in the supreme God who controls rainfall, etc. Such descriptions have often been considered problematic, to say the least. For, as many critics argue, if the term \u22belief\u22 is related to some inner state of a believer, it would be enormously difficult to infer other people\u27s belief, particularly if they are culturally different, when you have no means of access directly to the inside of someone\u27s mind. In this article I will show this kind of criticism is based on inappropriate assumptions about the very concept of belief, and thus is totally unfounded. As Needham\u27s famous book \u22Belief, Language, and Experience\u22 shows, this criticism might well have devastating effects on anthropological research. I will argue that the word \u27believe\u27 as well as other related concepts does not refer to any specific inner state of mind, but is related to two axes of binary estimation of the belief-object: an axis of trustworthiness (true/false distinction in reference to a proposition will be shown to be just another case of trustworthiness), and an axis of possibilities of conflicting judgment in shared discursive space (space of communication). Belief (and/or knowledge) is not simply a matter of intellectual concern, but is directly pertinent to social subject\u27s pragmatic engagement with the world seen as a kind of a gamble-space
信念と賭け : パスカルとジェイムズ : 社会空間における信念の生態学試論1
No full textIn his posthumous "Pensees", Pascal offered an argument which compares belief in God to a wager, and demonstrated believing in God is the better option. His argument, known as Pascal's wager or Pascal's gambit, has, since early days, stimulated a considerable volume of discussions from a various points of view, i.e., theological, philosophical, and more recently from decision theoretical points of view. This paper picks up two of main objections posited against Pascal's wager, so called 'many gods objections' and ethical objections, and show these objections are unfounded and off the mark. First, I argue that Pascal's wager makes no sense except it be located in a particular discursive space where Pascal and his opponents (religious skeptics) lived. Second, I show that Pascal never confounded the cause of religious belief, which he thought depends on God's willingness and not the matter of voluntary decision, with its outcomes or the eventual consequences of one's belief, which his arguments on wager are all about. Most decision theorists do not appreciate this distinction. For from their point of view the expected outcomes of a belief 'is' the cause of an actor having that belief, as their basic assumption implies an actor always tends to make a choice that maximizes its expected utility(outcomes). Next I will show that the same distinction plays a very important role in William James' pragmatic theory of belief. By rereading his short essay, "the will to believe" with a specific focus on his distinction between the causes and the consequences, we will obtain a perspective leading to construct a revised ecological theory of discursive space of a society. This paper is a sequel to my previous essay, "Describing Other People's Belief: a pseudo-problem in anthropology"(Hamamoto 2007a)
A new pre-test probability score for diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis in patients before surgery
No full text博士論文全文, 博士論文要旨, 最終試験結果の要旨, 論文審査の要旨Background: Venous thromboembolism is a serious perioperative complication. We developed a new pre-test probability score for predicting deep vein thrombosis (DVT) before surgery.
Methods: Whole leg ultrasonography was performed on 973 inpatients and outpatients with suspected DVT based on a preoperative D-dimer cut-off value of ≥ 1 μg/ml. We allocated two-thirds (n = 651) of the study participants to a derivation cohort and one-third (n = 322) to a validation cohort. The pre-test probability model was developed from the derivation cohort data.
Results: The pre-test probability model for DVT assigned 2 points to D-dimer ≥ 1.5 μg/mL and 1 point each to age ≥ 60 years, female sex, ongoing glucocorticoid therapy, prolonged immobility, and cancer with high risk of DVT. The area under the curve of the pre-test probability score was 0.72 and 0.70 in the derivation and validation cohorts, respectively. The rates of DVT according to pre-test probability scores in the derivation and validation cohorts were 7% and 6% in the low (score = 0-2), 23% and 22% in the intermediate (score = 3-4), and 47% and 50% in the high probability group (score ≥ 5), respectively (p < 0.0001).
Conclusions: The pre-test probability score (Kagoshima-DVT score) was helpful in detecting preoperative DVT in both inpatients and outpatients. We identified low probability group to reduce whole-leg ultrasonography and high probability group to detect more DVT before surgery.
Yuki Hamamoto, Akihiro Tokushige, Yuasa Toshinori, Yoshiyuki Ikeda, Yoshihisa Horizoe, Hisayo Yasuda, Takuro Kubozono, Mitsuru Ohishi
A new pre-test probability score for diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis in patients before surgery
Journal of Cardiology 79 (2022) 664–67
手術前の患者における深部静脈血栓症の診断のための新しい検査前確率スコア
No full text鹿児島大学博士(医学)Doctor of Philosophy in Medical Science博士論文全文, 博士論文要旨, 最終試験結果の要旨, 論文審査の要旨Background: Venous thromboembolism is a serious perioperative complication. We developed a new pre-test probability score for predicting deep vein thrombosis (DVT) before surgery.
Methods: Whole leg ultrasonography was performed on 973 inpatients and outpatients with suspected DVT based on a preoperative D-dimer cut-off value of ≥ 1 μg/ml. We allocated two-thirds (n = 651) of the study participants to a derivation cohort and one-third (n = 322) to a validation cohort. The pre-test probability model was developed from the derivation cohort data.
Results: The pre-test probability model for DVT assigned 2 points to D-dimer ≥ 1.5 μg/mL and 1 point each to age ≥ 60 years, female sex, ongoing glucocorticoid therapy, prolonged immobility, and cancer with high risk of DVT. The area under the curve of the pre-test probability score was 0.72 and 0.70 in the derivation and validation cohorts, respectively. The rates of DVT according to pre-test probability scores in the derivation and validation cohorts were 7% and 6% in the low (score = 0-2), 23% and 22% in the intermediate (score = 3-4), and 47% and 50% in the high probability group (score ≥ 5), respectively (p < 0.0001).
Conclusions: The pre-test probability score (Kagoshima-DVT score) was helpful in detecting preoperative DVT in both inpatients and outpatients. We identified low probability group to reduce whole-leg ultrasonography and high probability group to detect more DVT before surgery.
Yuki Hamamoto, Akihiro Tokushige, Yuasa Toshinori, Yoshiyuki Ikeda, Yoshihisa Horizoe, Hisayo Yasuda, Takuro Kubozono, Mitsuru Ohishi
A new pre-test probability score for diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis in patients before surgery
Journal of Cardiology 79 (2022) 664–670doctoral thesi
信念と賭け : パスカルとジェイムズ : 社会空間における信念の生態学試論1
No full textIn his posthumous \u22Pensees\u22, Pascal offered an argument which compares belief in God to a wager, and demonstrated believing in God is the better option. His argument, known as Pascal\u27s wager or Pascal\u27s gambit, has, since early days, stimulated a considerable volume of discussions from a various points of view, i.e., theological, philosophical, and more recently from decision theoretical points of view. This paper picks up two of main objections posited against Pascal\u27s wager, so called \u27many gods objections\u27 and ethical objections, and show these objections are unfounded and off the mark. First, I argue that Pascal\u27s wager makes no sense except it be located in a particular discursive space where Pascal and his opponents (religious skeptics) lived. Second, I show that Pascal never confounded the cause of religious belief, which he thought depends on God\u27s willingness and not the matter of voluntary decision, with its outcomes or the eventual consequences of one\u27s belief, which his arguments on wager are all about. Most decision theorists do not appreciate this distinction. For from their point of view the expected outcomes of a belief \u27is\u27 the cause of an actor having that belief, as their basic assumption implies an actor always tends to make a choice that maximizes its expected utility(outcomes). Next I will show that the same distinction plays a very important role in William James\u27 pragmatic theory of belief. By rereading his short essay, \u22the will to believe\u22 with a specific focus on his distinction between the causes and the consequences, we will obtain a perspective leading to construct a revised ecological theory of discursive space of a society. This paper is a sequel to my previous essay, \u22Describing Other People\u27s Belief: a pseudo-problem in anthropology\u22(Hamamoto 2007a)
The undecidability of deriving atomic formulas from Horn formulas
No full textTechnical report DCS-TR-5
The Changes of Accounting Standards and Structural Reform in Japanese companies
No full textIn the business year beginning on April 1 1999 or later our accounting standards have been greatly changed. Concretely (1) the disclosure of consolidated financial statements as audited documents, (2) consolidated statements of cash flows, and (3) tax consequences accounting have been introduced in the business year beginning on April 1 1999 or later. In addition (4) the standard for fair value accounting of financial instruments and (5) the accounting standard for employees retirement benefits (Hereafter this accounting standard will be abbreviated to retirement benefits accounting) have been introduced in the business year beginning on April 1 2000 or later. This has been often called, Big Bang Reforms of Accounting Standards in our country. The reforms of accounting standards are still now in progress. In this paper I tried to analyze not only the direct effects of the above 5 new accounting standards into the figures of financial statements of Japanese companies, but also the ripple effects into their behaviors and our economic performances on macro basis. Also I tried to consider the implications of the changes of Japanese companies caused by the Big Bang Reforms of Accounting Standards for economic policy makers. For the transition from the former accounting standards to the new ones, Japanese companies had been forced to report the huge amount of costs as extra-ordinary losses in FY1999, FY2000, and FY2001. However, the amount of extra-ordinary losses has continued to show a decrease since FY 2001. This could indicate that Japanese companies have made progress to adapt with new accounting standards. Additionally Japanese companies with the capital of 10 billion yens or more in particular have improved their performances of indicators such as ROA, ROE and turnover of tangible assets since FY2002. Moreover the close relationships between banks and private companies through cross-shareholding stocks, has been weak. These changes on micro basis could affect Japanese economy as a whole. One of the above possible positive effects may be that private investments have shown a recovery mainly due to the improvements of rate of return of Japanese companies as a natural effect of new accounting standards, accompanied by the export boom and strong demand for digital electronic devices. On the other hand, considering at least the following two examples, it may be meaningful to reconsider the effects of economic policy measures to private corporations activities under the new accounting standards. (1) As many Japanese companies have been streamlined, there has been produced fund surplus in private non-financial corporations sector as a whole. In contrast the amount of fund surplus in households sector has been decreased due to the lack of enough size of flow of fund from private non-financial corporations to household sector as well as to the effect of the aging population. If we should try to reduce fund shortage in general government sector on the assumption that the size of fund surplus in private corporations sector would be unchanged, by definition, this might increase the size of fund shortage in overseas sector ordecrease the size of fund surplus in households sector. However there may be limitations to the both above changes, whereas we cannot expect very much that private corporations will increase compensation of employees. (2) The retirement benefits accounting may weaken the effect of loose monetary policy. One example for this is that the low interest rate policy has been increasing the amount of retirement projected benefits obligation of companies through the decline of discount rate under retirement benefits accounting, and decreasing expected rate of return on pension assets, although it has much contributed to the decrease of interest repayments of companies with lots of liabilities.Accounting Standards, structural reform, Japan
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