177,640 research outputs found
Crystallographic analysis of counterion effects on subtilisin enzymatic action in acetonitrile
No full textWhen enzymes are in low dielectric nonaqueous media, it would be expected that their charged groups would be more closely associated with counterions. There is evidence that these counterions may then affect enzymatic activity. Published crystal structures of proteins in organic solvents do not show increased numbers of associated counterions, and this might reflect the difficulty of distinguishing cations like Na+ from water molecules. In this paper, the placement of several Cs+ and Cl− ions in crystals of the serine protease subtilisin Carlsberg is presented. Ions are more readily identified crystallographically through their anomalous diffraction using softer X-rays. The protein conformation is very similar to that of the enzyme without CsCl in acetonitrile, both for the previously reported (1SCB) and our own newly determined model. No fewer than 11 defined sites for Cs+ cations and 8 Cl− anions are identified around the protein molecule, although most of these have partial occupancy and may represent nonspecific binding sites. Two Cs+ and two Cl− ions are close to the mouth of the active site cleft, where they may affect catalysis. In fact, cross-linked CsCl-treated subtilisin crystals transferred to acetonitrile show catalytic activity several fold higher than the reference crystals containing Na+. Presoaking with another large cation, choline, also increases the enzyme activity. The active site appears only minimally sterically perturbed by the ion presence around it, so alternative activation mechanisms can be suggested: an electrostatic redistribution and/or a larger hydration sphere that enhances the protein domain
Aulacophora barrogae Reid, Halling & Beatson 2021, sp. nov.
No full textAulacophora barrogae Reid, Halling & Beatson, sp. nov. (Figs 3, 11, 19, 27, 36, 47, 85, 98, 112, 125, 139, 153, 168, 183) http://zoobank.org/ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 104DCAC7-BF6F-4008-A6FD-933A4C9D6A8C Material examined. Types. Holotype: ♁*/ Needle Rock Fls [Flats?], WA, 15:29S 124:29E, 5.iv.1992, N Scullion, J Collins, hand collected/ Chrysomelidae Rhapidiopalpa palmerstoni / Holotype Aulacophora barrogae Reid et al. / (AMS); Paratypes (3): Australia: 1♁, 1♀ / Port Darwin, N Territory/ Aulacophora palmerstoni Blk, N Territory / on permanent loan from Macleay Museum, University of Sydney/ Paratype Aulacophora barrogae Reid et al. / (ANIC); 1♀ / Calvert Exped 1896 Fitzroy & Margaret R[iver]s/ Paratype Aulacophora barrogae Reid et al. / (SAM). Description. Colour (Fig. 3). Head brownish-yellow, except apical half of labrum brown; extreme apices of mandibles dark brown; antennomeres 4–11 dark brown to black, 3 outer edge and apex dark brown to black, 2 yellowish-brown, 1 yellow; pronotum and elytra entirely brownish-yellow; venter of prothorax entirely brownish-yellow; scutellum brownish-yellow; mesanepisternum, mesepimeron and mesoventrite brownish-yellow; metaventrite yellowish-brown with dark brown posterolateral patches or dark brown with yellowish anterior margin; procoxae, mesocoxae and metacoxae brownish-yellow; profemora brownish-yellow; mesofemora brownish-yellow; metafemora yellowish-brown with apical 2/3 or less brown; protibiae inner face brownish-yellow, outer face with dark brown, meso- and metatibiae dark brown with paler bases; protarsi brown, meso- and metatarsi dark brown; tergites brown with yellow margins, pygidium yellowish-brown; abdominal ventrites 1–4 yellowish-brown with dark brown apical margins, ventrite 5 brownish-yellow, with laterobasal brown patches or base narrowly brown. Male: length 6.5–7 mm; frontoclypeus without arcuate ridges or densely setose patches; first antennomere expanded, oval flat area in apical half defined by sharp ridge; antennae about 0.6x body length; antennomere 2 shortest, about one third length of 1, antennomere 1 longest, comparative lengths: 1>11>4=6>3=5=7=8=9=10>2; length antennomere 5 about 2.5x width; antennomeres 3–7 slightly expanded to apices; antennomeres 3–11 each with only 1–4 erect lateral setae; pronotal transverse depression posteriorly arcuate, deep and broad at middle; in lateral view anterior half of pronotum slightly less convex than posterior half and median depression with anterior slope shallower than posterior slope; without pair of large pits anterior to transverse groove; elytra shining, shallowly microreticulate; elytral humeri with small patch of 10–15 laterally directed erect setae (may be broken off); apical lobe of ventrite V symmetrically sculptured, cavity bounded by a thin ridges on either side; elongate cavity deepened from base almost to apex and deepest on midline, apically bounded by an almost vertical wall; tergite VIII pale brown, strap-like, medially acutely produced (more so in Port Darwin specimen than Needle Rock specimen), slightly membranous on midline, without lateral lobes; penis thick & angularly bent in lateral view with minute ventral hook at tip and sharp tubercle on basal half of dorsal surface; sides penis not conspicuously punctured, smooth and unridged; penis broad and only slightly asymmetric in dorsal view, almost evenly attenuated from middle to acute apex; membranous area about 2/3 penis length. Female as male, except: length 7–8 mm; antennomeres slightly thinner than male, length antennomere 5 about 2.5x width, length antennomere 8 about 2.5x width; transverse pronotal depression shallower than male but relatively deep at sides compared with all other species; elytral without setal patch; pygidium apically swollen and extended, faintly apically medially ridged; apex pygidium in dorsal view narrowly produced as an almost truncate lobe with a minute median tubercle; pygidial apex in lateral view flat but thick ventrally, with almost straight sides and without tubercle; venter of pygidial apex deeply concave; apex ventrite V unevenly shallowly concave; vaginal palpi broadly elongate ovate, length about 2x width, with 8 pairs of setae in apical half; basal apodemes sinuate, about 0.5 mm long; sternite VIII with tignum separated from weakly sclerotised posterior margin of the sternite by a transparent membranous area, and posterior margin feebly concave, not produced; tignum 1.3mm long, kinked, apex membranous, slightly expanded, not separated from shaft by a band of deeper pigmentation; spermatheca falcate, collum abruptly demarkated from receptaculum, reflexed relative to receptaculum, insertion point of gland (ramus) slightly produced; receptaculum strongly hook-shaped with curved interior bend and large beak-like appendix. Diagnosis. Male: without paired glands on pronotal disc (Fig. 11), pronotal depression broad and deep (Fig. 26), humeral setal patch present (Fig. 3), scutellum pale (Fig. 3), tergite 8 medially lobed (Fig. 85), penis smooth sided with acutely attenuated apex (Fig. 98) and minute median tooth in lateral view (Fig. 125). Female: frontoclypeus medially keeled (as male, Fig. 11), antennomeres 1–3 pale and 4–11 dark brown to black (Fig. 19), scutellum pale, ventrite 5 yellow except laterobasal dark patches (Fig. 47), pygidium wholly brownish-yellow with rounded apex (Fig. 47), apical margin of ventrite 5 shallowly concave (Fig. 47). Notes. All four known specimens are old and/or damaged. The Needle Rock specimen is missing three legs (one of each pair) and has a large peck mark on the pronotum (we note that peck marks from birds are common on specimens of PPB). The Port Darwin specimens have been affected by mould in the past and were originally pinned. All localities for this species are somewhat problematic. Needle Rock is a sea stack on the coast of a remote corner of the Kunmunya Aboriginal Reserve, Kimberley Region, Western Australia. This area is only accessible by boat or seaplane. There is nowhere named Needle Rock Flats that we are aware of, but co-ordinates for the single specimen from this locality indicate a low plateau of 90m elevation, about 500m south of the coastline near Needle Rock. The two specimens labelled Port Darwin, originally from Macleay Museum, were almost certainly collected by Edward Spalding in 1877. Spalding was employed as a collector in the Port Darwin area by WJ Macleay, from May to September 1877 (Musgrave 1932; Rob Blackburn, pers. com. May 2017). Although labelled A. palmerstoni and removed to ANIC as putative type material there is no evidence that they formed part of the syntypic series of that species (Blackburn 1888). The Calvert Expedition specimens in SAM were collected by the naturalist George Keartland in the vicinity of the modern town of Fitzroy Crossing, at the junction of the Fitzroy and Margaret Rivers, in late 1896, after material collected earlier on the expedition had been dumped in the desert (Hill 1905). Etymology. Named for the Philippine entomologist Grace Barroga, to honour her pioneering work on this difficult genus. Distribution (Fig. 183) and biology. Aulacophora barrogae is known from three widely separated localities in northern Australia, from the western Kimberley in Western Australia to the Darwin region of Northern Territory. Only one site, on the semi-arid Kimberley coast, has detailed collecton information. All sites are dominated by savannah woodland with rainfall restricted to the summer months. The distribution of A. barrogae is similar to that of the endemic cucurbit Cucumis umbellatus (Telford et al. 2011) and it possible that this species is a host. The distribution of A. barrogae overlaps with that of A. relicta and the two may possibly be found together.Published as part of Reid, Chris, Halling, Luke & Beatson, Max, 2021, Revision of the Australopapuan and West Pacific species of plain pumpkinbeetles, the Aulacophora indica species-complex (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae), pp. 1-73 in Zootaxa 4932 (1) on pages 21-29, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4932.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/454544
Extensive counter-ion interactions seen at the surface of subtilisin in an aqueous medium
No full textThe extent of protein and counter-ion interactions in solution is still far from being fully described and understood. In low dielectric media there is documented evidence that counter-ions do bind and affect enzymatic activity. However, published crystal structures of macromolecules of biological interest in aqueous solution often do not report the presence of any counter-ions on the surface. The extent of counter-ion interactions within subtilisin in an aqueous medium has been investigated crystallographically using CsCl soak and X-ray wavelength optimised anomalous diffraction at the Cs K-edge. Ten Cs+, as well as six Cl- sites, have been clearly identified, revealing that in aqueous salt solutions ions can bind at defined points around the protein surface. The counter-ions do not generally interact with formal charges on the protein; formally neutral oxygens, mostly backbone carbonyls, mostly coordinate the Cs+ ions. The Cl- ion sites are also found likely to be near positive charges on the protein surface. The presence of counter-ions substantially changes the protein surface electrical charge. The surface charge distribution on a protein is commonly discussed in relation to enzyme function. The correct identification of counter-ions associated with a protein surface is necessary for a proper understanding of an enzyme's function
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
No full textWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
"Closing the R&D Gap, Evaluating the Sources of R&D Spending"
No full textBoth spending and tax policies have been implemented in the United States with the goal of stimulating private sector research and development (R&D). Karier questions whether current R&D policy, especially the research and experimentation tax credit, can contribute to closing the gap between nondefense expenditures on R&D in the United States and such expenditures in other countries, such as Japan and Germany. He also explores possible changes to our current R&D policy to make it more effective.
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
No full textThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Aulacophora relicta Reid & Halling & Beatson 2021, stat. rev.
No full textAulacophora relicta (Boisduval, 1835), stat. rev. (Figs 7, 15, 23, 30, 41, 54, 77–82, 104–105, 117–118, 131–132, 146, 160, 179, 186) Galleruca relicta Boisduval, 1835: 557. Aulacophora relicta: Baly 1889: 300. Ceratia relicta: Weise 1924: 16. Aulacophora palmerstoni Blackburn, 1888: 1497; syn. nov. Rhaphidopalpa imberbis Weise, 1916: 37; syn. nov. A. abdominalis sensu Lea 1924, nec Fabricius, 1781. Material examined (310): Types: Aulacophora relicta Boisduval: Neotype (this designation): ♁/ Hidden Valley, NQ, 19:00S 146:04E, dry scler. woodland, xi.1995, C Reid/ Aulacophora relicta (Boisduval, 1835) Neotype, des. Reid et al. 2020 (AMS); Aulacophora palmerstoni Blackburn: Lectotype (this designation): 1♁/ N Territory/ Aulacophora palmerstoni Blackb cotype [Blackburns writing]/ Aulacophora palmerstoni Bl. do [ditto] N.T:N.W.A. 17986 cotype [Lea handwriting]/ Aulacophora palmerstoni Blackburn, 1888 Lectotype, des. Reid et al. (SAM); paralectotype: 1♁/ N Territory/ Aulacophora palmerstoni Blackb cotype [B’s writing]/ Aulacophora palmerstoni Blackb N Territory cotype I.4062 [Lea’s handwriting]/ (SAM). Non-types: Australian Capital Territory: ANU Campus (ANIC); New South Wales: Alstonville (OAI); 1♀ *, Ashford, damaging cucurbits (AMS); Boggabilla (OAI); Broken Hill (1944) (OAI); Burbie Canyon, Warrumbungle NP (NAQS); Clovelly (OAI); Coonamble (OAI); Graman (OAI); vicinity Jenolan Caves (ANIC); Lightning Ridge (OAI); Lismore (OAI); Moree (ANIC, OAI); Murwillumbah (ANIC, OAI); ♁, Musselbrook [sic] (ANIC); 24k ESE Musselbrook [sic] (ANIC); Narrabri (OAI); Sunny Corner State Forest (ANIC); Ulmarra (OAI); Warialda (OAI); Northern Territory: Adelaide R (AMS); 2, Alice Springs, on hami melon (AMS, DPID); 5, Batchelor (AMS, ANIC, DPID); 1, Berrimah (DPID); 10, Berrimah Farm (DPID); 3, Berry Springs (DPID); 11k SSW Borroloola (ANIC); 22k WSW Borroloola (ANIC); 48k SSW Borroloola (ANIC); Burnside (ANIC); 1k S Cahills Crossing (ANIC); 8k ESE Cape Crawford (ANIC); 1, Coconut Grove (DPID); Daly River Mission (ANIC); 6, Darwin (ANIC, DPID); 8, Douglas Daly Res Sta (DPID); 3, Elizabeth Farm (DPID); Fergusson River (ANIC); 3, Humpty Do (DPID); 6mi W Humpty Doo (ANIC); 14mi W Humpty Doo (ANIC); 4, Katherine (ANIC, DPID); 2, Katherine Res Sta (DPID); 1♁, Katherine Gorge (ANIC); Larrimah Pond (SAM); 1♁, Litchfield NP (ANIC); 1♁, Manton Dam (ANIC); Marrakai Station (ANIC, NAQS); 1♁, McArthur River (ANIC); 3, Middlepoint (DPID); Mindil Beach (ANIC); 6k E Mount Cahill (ANIC); 19k ENE Mount Cahill (ANIC); 1, Munmarlarly Sta, Kakadu (DPID); 1, Nathan River HS (DPID); 6, Noonamah, Cucumis sativa (DPID); Point Charles (OAI); 1♁, Roper R (SAM); 1, Sixty Mile (DPID); Thorak Reserve, Darwin (MAGNT); 1, Thorak (DPID); Tindal (ANIC); 7, Wildman R (ANIC, DPID); Queensland: Archer Creek (ANIC); Aurukun (NAQS); Ayr (ANIC, QDAF); 14mi S Ayr (ANIC); 35mi SE Ayr (ANIC); Bamaga (NAQS); Bernborough Downs (ANIC); Biggenden (ANIC); Bilwon, water melon (QDAF); 1♁*, Blackdown Tableland NP (AMS); Bluff Mount (ANIC); Bluff Range (ANIC); Boolboonda Range (ANIC); Bowen (AMS); Brigalow (QDAF); 1♁, Brisbane (ANIC); Brisbane, cucurbits (QDAF); 1♁, Bucasia (ANIC); 19k S Bundaberg (ANIC); Bundaberg (ANIC); Burketown (NAQS); Cairns (AMS, ANIC, SAM); Camooweal (ANIC); Cape Tribulation (ANIC); 1♁*, Carnarvon NP (AMS); Charleville (NAQS); nr Charters Towers (OAI); 21.9k E Chillagoe (AMS); 1♁*, Clermont (AMS); Cooktown (ANIC); Coongera Rock, nr Coalstoun Lakes (ANIC); 1♁, Crater Lakes, Coulstoun National Park (ANIC); 1♀ * Crediton SF (AMS); Crows Nest (ANIC); Davies Ck (AMS); Doomagee (NAQS); Edward R (ANIC); Eidsvold (ANIC); Emerald, melon, zucchini (QDAF); Emu Park (ANIC); Expedition Range (ANIC); Gayndah, rockmelon, pumpkin (QDAF); Gilruth Plains (ANIC); 70k SW Greenvale (SAM); Harvey Range, 19:21S 146:28E (AMS); Helenvale nr Cooktown (AMS); 7mi SW Herberton (ANIC); Highbury (NAQS); Horseshoe Lookout, Blackdown Tableland (ANIC); Hughenden (ANIC); Hume Rd, nr Mareeba (NAQS); Ingham (ANIC); Kalunga (QDAF); Kirrama, 18:11S 145:44E (AMS); Kowanyama (NAQS); Lake Idamea, Glen Ormiston (SAM); Lochhart R (NAQS); 31k WSW Longreach (ANIC); Maalan (ANIC); Marion Downs (SAM); 3.5mi S Marmor (ANIC); 1♁, Maryborough (SAM); Maryborough Ck (SAM); Meteor Downs (ANIC); 1♁, Millstream NP (ANIC); 35k NNW Mount Carbine (ANIC); 2mi SW Mount Inkerman (ANIC); 1♁, 66k NW Mount Isa (ANIC); Mount Mulligan (AMS, NAQS); Mount Walsh (ANIC); Mullet Creek (ANIC); Murrays Spring (ANIC); Napranum (NAQS); Normanton (SAM); North Rockhampton (ANIC); 1♁, 15k W Paluma (ANIC); Peera- mon (ANIC); Port Denison (AMS); Ravenshoe (ANIC); Rita Island (ANIC); Rockhampton (AMS); Silver Plains Homestead (AMS, ANIC); Stanthorpe, pumpkin (QDAF); Walkamin (NAQS); Weipa (NAQS); Westcliff track, Bunya Mountains (ANIC); 1♁, White Mtns NP (ANIC); Windsor Tableland (AMS); Yandina, eating noogoora burr kernel, zucchini (QDAF); Yeppoon (ANIC); Queensland, Torres Straits: 1♁/ Dalrymple Island (ANIC); 1/ Moa Island, on cucumber, 6.iii.1992, JF Grimshaw (NAQS); South Australia: no locality (AMS); Alton Downs Homestead (ANIC); 10k N Cape Jervis (OAI); Kangaroo Island (ANIC); Murray Bridge [Lea] (ANIC); Tasmania: Kempton [Lea] (ANIC); Launceston [Lea] (ANIC); Victoria: Benalla [Helms] (ANIC); Western Australia: Bridgetown (ANIC); 200k SW Broome (NAQS); Fitzroy & Margaret Rivers (SAM); Karrakatta Bay (NAQS); 1♁, King Edward R (ANIC); Koolama Bay (NAQS); 2♁*, 1♀ *, Kununurra (NAQS); Lake Argyle Road, Kimberley (ANIC); Roebuck Bay (SAM); Wyndham (AMS). Description. Colour (Fig. 7). Head brownish-yellow, except apical half to two-thirds of labrum and apices of mandibles brown to dark brown, eyes black; antennae with antennomeres 1–2 yellowish-brown and 8–11 entirely slightly darker to almost black, 3–7 variably coloured but generally with darkened anterodorsal face contrasting with paler posteroventral face, sometimes 1–7 entirely yellowish-brown, if so 8–11 only slightly darker; pronotum and elytra entirely brownish-yellow; venter of prothorax entirely brownish-yellow; scutellum brownish-yellow; mesanepisternum, mesepimeron and mesoventrite brownish-yellow; metaventrite dark brown to black, with yellowish anterior margins; procoxae brownish-yellow, mesocoxae and metacoxae yellowish-brown; legs sometimes entirely brownish-yellow, but usually meso- and metatibiae and tarsi brown, rarely protibial outer edge and tarsi brown; tergites yellowish-brown except pygidium brownish-yellow; abdominal ventrites 1–4 dark brown to black, but middle of apex of ventrite 4, rarely 2–3, yellowish; ventrite 5 dark brown to black at sides of base, remainder brownish-yellow. Male: length 6–7.5 mm; frontoclypeus without arcuate ridges or densely setose patches; first antennomere expanded, oval flat area in apical half defined by sharp ridge; antennae about 0.65x body length; antennomere 2 shortest, less than one third length of 1, antennomere 1 longest, comparative lengths: 1>11> 9 = 10> 5 = 6 = 7> 3 = 8> 4> 2; length antennomere 5 about 2.3x width; antennomeres 3–7 slightly expanded to apices; antennomeres 3–11 each with only 1–4 erect lateral setae; pronotal transverse depression posteriorly shallowly arcuate, deepest and broadest at middle; in lateral view anterior half of pronotum slightly more convex than posterior half and median depression with anterior slope steeper than posterior slope; disc with pair of large pits anterior to transverse groove; elytra shining, shallowly microreticulate; elytral humeri without setae; apical lobe of ventrite V asymmetrically sculptured, cavity more abruptly ridged on left and gradually elevated on right, without sharp ridges; elongate cavity deepened from base almost to apex and deepest at left side before apex, then gradually elevated to apical margin; tergite VIII entirely pale brown, apical margin produced as a pair of narrowly triangular and slightly upcurved prongs with deep concavity between, left hand prong shorter and straighter than right, minute lateral lobes present; penis thin and sinuate in lateral view, with small sharply angulate tubercle at tip; sides penis without punctures, smooth and unridged; broad and asymmetric in dorsal view, right side strongly bisinuate, sides almost evenly attenuated from middle to acute apex; membranous area about half penis length. Female as male, except: length 5.5–7.5 mm; abdominal ventrites 1–4 often mostly yellowish-brown, especially at middle; antennomeres slightly thinner than male, length antennomere 5 about 2.7x width, length antennomere 8 about 2.7x width; transverse pronotal depression shallower; pygidium apical half slightly raised and extended; apex pygidium variable, from broadly obtuse-angled with minute apicodorsal tubercle to narrowly acutely produced with large elongate apicodorsal tubercle; pygidial apex in lateral view elevated but thin, with strongly sinuate sides and with apical tubercle; venter of pygidial apex flat or shallowly concave; apex ventrite V shallowly concave, usually with preapical lateral depressions and/or margin strongly reflexed; vaginal palpi elongate ovate, length 3.5–4x width, with 7–9 pairs of setae in apical half; basal apodemes straight to slightly sinuate, 0.43–0.48 mm long; sternite VIII with tignum separated from weakly sclerotised posterior margin of the sternite by a transparent membranous area, and posterior margin truncate to slightly concave, not produced; tignum 1.3–1.4 mm long, apex membranous, broadly rounded, not separated from shaft by a band of deeper pigmentation; spermathecal shape falcate, collum abruptly demarkated from receptaculum, reflexed relative to receptaculum, insertion point of gland (ramus) flat to produced; receptaculum strongly hook-shaped with angulate interior bend and large beak-like appendix. Diagnosis. Male: pronotal disc with pair of glands (Fig. 7), humeral setal patch absent (Fig. 23), scutellum pale (Fig. 2), tergite 8 deeply arcuate (Fig. 91), penis laterally sinuate with acutely attenuated apex (Figs 104–105). Female: frontoclypeus medially keeled, scutellum pale, abdominal tergites brownish-yellow, apex of abdominal venter pale (Figs 54), pygidium produced in an approximate right-angle or rarely rounded, venter of pygidial apex not deeply notched (Fig. 54), ventrite 5 with brownish-yellow base and apical margin variably concave but width of concavity at least 1.8x depth (Figs 54, 77–82). Notes. Galleruca relicta Boisduval 1835 was described from New Holland. It has a reasonable description (at least for Boisduval, who seems to have been a particularly casual taxonomist) and this, in combination with its position in his list of taxa (which is significant), and its type locality, suggests that A. relicta represents the common and widespread pale species of Australian Aulacophora. Aulacophora relicta was merely listed by Baly, who noted that the type was unknown to him (Baly 1889: 300), and it was later placed in synonymy with A. abdominalis by Lea (1924), followed by Wilcox (1972) and Kimoto (1990). Our research shows that the common PPB from Australia is a different species from the common PPB in the Pacific. As Aulacophora relicta is the oldest name for the PPB in Australia we resurrect this name and designate a neotype to fix its identity. Aulacophora palmerstoni was described from Darwin (Blackburn 1889) and later placed in synonymy with A. abdominalis (Blackburn 1898). We have examined type material and can confirm that this is A. relicta. Raphidiopalpa imberbis was described and illustrated from the Kimberley region (Weise 1916) and later synonymised with A. palmerstoni (Weise 1924) and then A. abdominalis (Wilcox 1972). We have not seen type material but it is clear from the detailed description that A. imberbis is also a synonym of A. relicta. Distribution (Fig. 186) and biology. Aulacophora relicta is a widespread and common species of northern Australia and eastern New South Wales with old records for South Australia, Victoria and Tasmania. The latter may represent occasional incursions from the north which do not form sustainable populations, or may simply reflect lack of recent collecting in these areas. The distribution of A. relicta in northern Australia encloses both A. barrogae and A. mbabaram and overlaps slightly with A. abdominalis in the Torres Straits, occurring as far northeast as Darnley Island, 200 km northwest of mainland Australia. Given that Biosecurity measures have not restricted movement of cucurbit plants north from the mainland, it is quite possible that some Torres Straits specimens found are due to recent manmade movements, with long term establishment unknown. Aulacophora relicta has been collected in every month of the year. Aulacophora relicta has been recorded damaging pumpkins (Cucurbita maxima) and “all commercial cucurbit crops” in Australia, under the name A. abdominalis (Waterhouse & Norris 1987; Napier 2009; Brown 2015). Few of the specimens we examined had any host data, with only two records for Citrullus sativa, one for C. lanatus, three for Cucumis melo, and two for Cucurbita pepo, all of which are exotic. One adult is labelled as feeding on the seed of an exotic weed in the Asteraceae (Xanthium species). However native Cucurbitaceae species occur throughout the range of A. relicta and these are probably the native hosts.Published as part of Reid, Chris, Halling, Luke & Beatson, Max, 2021, Revision of the Australopapuan and West Pacific species of plain pumpkinbeetles, the Aulacophora indica species-complex (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae), pp. 1-73 in Zootaxa 4932 (1) on pages 36-38, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4932.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/454544
Biocatalysis in reaction mixtures with undissolved solid substrates and products
No full textEnzymatic synthesis in reaction mixtures with mainly undissolved substrates and/or products is a synthetic strategy in which the compounds are present mostly as pure solids. It retains the main advantages of conventional enzymatic synthesis such as high regio- and stereoselectivity, absence of racemisation and reduced side-chain protection. The reaction yields are improved and the necessity to use organic solvents to shift the thermodynamic equilibrium toward synthesis is reduced by product precipitation, which makes the synthesis favourable even in water. The thermodynamics of these reaction systems have been investigated in the last few years, resulting in methods to predict the direction of a typical reaction a priori. Furthermore, studies on kinetics, enzyme concentration, pH/temperature effects, mixing and solvent selection have opened new perspectives for the understanding, modelling, optimisation and the possible large scale application of such a strategy. In this review we have tried to cover most of the literature published in the last five to ten years on biocatalysis in substrate suspensions, focusing especially on cases where the reaction products precipitate
Letter from R. R. Zellick, Assistant Trust Officer, Anglo California National Bank of San Francisco, to Joseph R. Goodman, October 2, 1942
No full textLetter from R. R. Zellick, Assistant Trust Officer at The Anglo California National Bank of San Francisco, to Joseph R. Goodman, regarding property owned by Dave Tatsuno. Zellick mentions a dispute between current tenants and Tatsuno, and that Tatsuno has asked Goodman to help locate trustworthy tenants.Personal correspondence, organizational records, government documents, publications, and other papers created or collected by Joseph R. Goodman documenting the forced removal and incarceration of Japanese Americans during World War II, as well as organized resistance to incarceration. Included in the collection are records of the Japanese Young Men's Christian Association and the Japanese American Citizens' League in San Francisco, including papers of the Japanese YMCA's executive secretary Lincoln Kanai; Sakai family papers; Goodman's correspondence to and from Japanese American incarcerees, organizations opposing forced removal and incarceration of Japanese Americans, the War Relocation Authority, and others; publications, photographs, and ephemera from the Topaz Relocation Center, where Goodman taught high school; War Relocation Authority records and publications; and newspaper clippings, pamphlets, and reports about forced removal and incarceration created by various government, religious, and civic organizations, in California and nationwide
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
No full textWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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