3,776 research outputs found
The cultivation of mycorrhizal mushrooms - still the next frontier!
No full textEdible mushrooms fall into three broad groups: the saprobes which grow on animal wastes and/or dead plant material, the pathogenic species that grow on living plants or animals, and the mycorrhizal species that grow in an intimate association with the roots of suitable host plants. While the vast majority of the world’s mushroom market is filled by the saprobic mushrooms, the aromas and flavours of the mycorrhizal species remain unrivalled – and often have prices to match.
The first cultivation of a mycorrhizal mushroom dates back to the early 19th Century when Pierre Mauléon and later Joseph Talon in France stumbled upon a method for Tuber melanosporum (Périgord black truffle). They found that by transplanting seedlings from under a Périgord black truffle producing tree into a new area, eventually they also produced truffles. This method remained the mainstay of the truffle industry in Europe until the early 1970s when a new method of producing truffle mycorrhized plants was devised using spores as the inoculum. Subsequently spore inoculation techniques were also found to work with Rhizopogon rubescens (shoro). However, this method has not been a success with any of the aboveground edible mycorrhizal mushrooms.
For a handful of the aboveground mycorrhizal mushrooms, inoculating with cultures have proven the only effective way of producing mycorrhized trees in nurseries and fruiting bodies in plantations, for example, Lactarius deliciosus (saffron milk cap). The production of mushrooms of the mycorrhizal species Lyophyllum shimeji (honshimeji) in pure culture must be regarded as an anomaly as these methods have not been successful for any other species of edible mycorrhizal mushroom.
The vast majority of the 1000 plus species of mycorrhizal mushrooms remain uncultivated and progress has been anything but spectacular. It is not possible to summarise in this short paper the 1000 pages in Taming the Truffle (Hall et al. 2007, 2009) and the new book on edible mycorrhizal mushrooms by Zambonelli and Bonito (2012) and instead briefly outlines the current state of our knowledge, the problems we now face, some reasons for failures, and suggests a vision for the future
Still waiting for the smoke to clear - lasers in the treatment of onychomycosis
No full textIn 2009, the first lasers indicated in the treatment of onychomycosis reached the shores of the United Kingdom with the aspirations of being a revolution in the treatment of this common, stubborn nail infection. It has now been five years since their arrival and we have witnessed the emergence of specialist nail clinics offering laser treatments to patients across the country. Despite the revolution on the high street, with large sums of money changing hands for both the purchase of these devices and for treatment, the flow of evidence assessing the lasers real effectiveness has been rather slower to follow. In this article the author discusses the current issues and evidence on lasers in onychomycosis, from a UK perspective
Potential Problems Associated with the Cultivation and International Trade in Edible Ectomycorrhizal Mushrooms
No full textThere is considerable potential for the cultivation of ectomycorrhizal mushrooms in countries that are not traditional producers of edible ectomycorrhizal mushrooms . Those countries that are in the Southern Hemisphere may be able to take advantage of out-of-season Northern Hemisphere markets . For example , they might produce Périgord black truffle ( Tuber melanosporum) at the height of the Northern Hemisphere′s summer tourist season or matsutake ( Tricholoma matsutake) during the Japanese cherry blossom festival . There is also the possibility that Northern Hemisphere countries not noted for exporting ectomycorrhizal mushrooms could cultivate those species that are in short supply elsewhere . For example, China might wish to try and cultivate Caesar′s mushroom ( Amanita caesarea) and supplement dwindling supplies in
Europe . However , there are risks in importing novel ectomycorrhizal fungi for research purposes and trade that go far beyon those associated with the importation of fresh saprobic mushrooms raised in factories . This paper discusses these risks
and points to potential hazards countries are exposed to when importing fresh ectomycorrhizal mushrooms or moving them
from one part of the country to another
POLARIZATION BEHAVIOR OF I.R. DIFFRACTION GRATINGS
No full textAuthor Institution: Bausch and Lomb Inc.Interaction between incident electromagnetic radiation and the regular groove structure of a diffraction grating gives rise to polarization phenomena whenever the groove spacing is less than about 5 times the wave-length. Theory predicts the general behavior but fails to account for some of the details observed experimentally. For many problems in I.R. spectroscopy and T.R. lasers, it is important to be aware of what actually takes place. Special equipment for obtaining data on diffracted energy in both planes of polarization will be described and results typical of commonly used gratings will be compared with theory
Accelerated drawdown of meridional overturning in the late-glacial Atlantic triggered by transient pre-H event freshwater perturbation
No full textLa coltivazione del tartufo in Nuova Zelanda. Annales confederationis Europaea Mycologiae Mediterraneensis. XII Giornate Micologiche della CEMM, Norcia 7-13 novembre 2004. Unione Micologica Italiana ed., Bologna
No full textLe ricerche sulla coltivazione del tartufo nero (Tuber melanosporum) in Nuova Zelanda iniziarono nella metà degli anni 80’. Per motivi di quarantena non fu possibile importare piante micorrizate dall’Europa così si iniziò a produrle in loco, avendo cura di evitare qualsiasi contaminazione con funghi ectomicorrizici estranei.
Il primo tartufo fu trovato il 29 luglio 1993, in una tartufaia coltivata di cinque anni situata vicino a Gisborne, nella costa est dell’isola del nord. Attualmente in Nuova Zelanda ci sono sette tartufaie in produzione e sono state realizzate più di cento tartufaie di T. melanosporum sparse in tutto il paese. Si stanno inoltre conducendo ricerche sulla coltivazione di Tuber aestivum, Tuber borchii e di altre specie di funghi ectomicorrizici eduli di potenziale interesse economico
Trufas Historia.Ciencia.Cultivo Y Recoleccion
No full textEste volumen aporta las investigation investigaciones más recientes y décadas de experiencia, cubriendo las zonas truferas más destacadas, entre las que se incluyen España, Francia, Italia y Asia, así como las recién llegadas: Australia, Nueva Zelanda y los Estados Unidos
Cultivation of edible mycorrhizal mushrooms
No full textThe edible mycorrhizal mushrooms include some of the world's most expensive foods and have a global market measured in US$ billions. Despite this, few have been cultivated with any degree of success, and certainly not in volumes that are likely to reverse the catastrophic declines in production that have occurred over the past 100 years. The main obstacles to their cultivation are their need to be associated with a host plant to successfully grow and fruit, contamination with other ectomycorrhizal fungi both before and after the establishment of plantations, and a general lack of understanding of each mushroom's trophic relationships, and biotic, edaphic and climatic requirements
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