1,720,996 research outputs found
Changes in the social structure of rural Poland between 1991 and 2015
No full textL’article est consacré aux changements de la structure socio-professionnelle de la Pologne rurale durant le quart de siècle compris entre 1990 et 2015, une période marquée par la transformation post-communiste et la première décennie de ladhésion à l’Union européenne. Pendant cette période, on a observé d’importants changements dans la structure rurale résultant de trois processus principaux : ‒ la dépaysannisantion et la désagrarisation, la part des agriculteurs diminue passant de 46% à 26% ce qui signifie qu’ils ne sont plus majoritaires dans la structure de la campagne ; ‒ la prolétarisation, la part des ouvriers augmente, passant de 33% à 45%, ce qui signifie qu’ils sont devenus le premier groupe dans la structure socio-professionnelle de la campagne ; ‒ l’embourgeoisement, la part de la classe moyenne augmente, passant de 15% à 28%, celle-ci devenant ainsi un acteur significatif à la campagne. Ces processus n’ont pas suivi les mêmes dynamiques. On relève l’importance de l’embougeoisement/gentrification et de la dépaysannisantion/désagrarisation. Les changements ont été plus rapides au cours de la période de la transformation post-communiste. La rapidité des changements varie selon les territoires, ce qui se traduit par l’apparition de divers types de structure locale en Pologne. Ces changements se déroulaient selon le modèle universel dans les pays occidentaux développés, mais leur spécificité consiste en ce que ces processus ont lieu simultanément et non pas successivement. La base empirique est constituée par des sondages sociologiques représentatifs (les données groupées en catégories de l’ISCO-08), à savoir le Polski Generalny Sondaż Społeczny en 1992 et les Diagnoza Społeczna de 2003 et 2015. The article presents changes in the socio-occupational structure of rural Poland over the period of 25 years (1990‒2015), which includes the post-communist transformation and the first decade of its membership in the European Union. During this period, major changes took place in the rural social structure, predominantly as a result of the following three processes: 1. depeasantization / desagrarianization, due to which the share of farmers decreased from 46% to 26%, which means they lost their dominant position in the social structure of Polish villages, 2. proletarianization, as a result to which the share of laborers increased from 33% to 45%, which means that they became the dominant socio-occupational group in rural areas, 3. bourgeoization, i.e. an increase in the share of representatives of occupational groups representing the middle class from 15% to 28%, due to which it became a significant social actor in rural areas. Those processes occurred with divergent dynamics; what is noteworthy here is the pace of bourgeoization/gentrification and depeasantization/desagrarianization. The pace of change was faster during the post-communist transformation. It was territorially diversified which resulted in creation of various local types of social structure. Changes in the social structure in this period took place in line with the universal pattern of developed Western countries, and their specificity lies in simultaneous rather than successive occurrence of these processes. The empirical base is data from representative sociological studies (grouping of occupations according to ISCO-08 classification): Polish General Social Survey for 1992 and Social Diagnosis for 2003 and 2015
Social capital in rural areas: a reconstruction attempt
No full textSocial capital, even being an ambiguous phenomenon with number of different
definitions, is considered as a one of the important factors of local community’s
development. The author believes that social capital is a kind of feature or resource
of a local community that may contribute to the effective activity of both
individual and collective social actors. Relying on the recent sociological research
(Public Opinion Research Center, Social Diagnosis) the author attempts to assess
the capacity of Polish rural areas in terms of social capital. In order to describe
the condition of social capital, the indicators referring to trust, solidarity, membership
in non-governmental organizations, information, communication, social
integration, and subjectivity are used. The data reveals that the level of social
capital in rural areas of Poland is low and no increase can be clearly observed.
Instead there are reasons to doubt in the fast development of rural social capital
in the near future
Les cadres de la mutation fonctionnelle de l'exploitation familiale sous la contrainte du marché en Pologne
Get PDFThe author deals with origins of current difficulties generated within family farms in Poland. The following factors are taken into consideration : particular linkage pattern of farms in the system of collectivized economy, partially mobile functionning space, quasi-monopolist position on the food market, functionning peculiarities, ho- mogenization of farms, an autonomy implied by offagriculture dimensions and reproducing singularities, extraordinary : rente, accumulation, amortization. All these factors make the author to point out that the family farms in Poland have become symbiosis units with the collectivized economy, i.e. the units unable to work as well as to reproduce in any other socio-economic environment
Struktura społeczno-zawodowa ludności wiejskiej w Polsce i jej przestrzenne zróżnicowanie
Get PDFBased on the results of systematic „Social Diagnosis” surveys, the Author presents the socio-professional structure of rural population in Poland and its spatial variations. The structure was subject to dramatic changes during the last 25 years and the change sequences were influenced by three simultaneous processes: de-agrarization, proletarization and gentrification. Structural variations are shown based on three cross-sectional analyses: first – across four historical regions (corresponding to the former partitions of Poland), then – in division into 16 voivodeships and finally across four ‘functional’ areas formed by the type of local economy
Support or Afforest? Dilemmas of Development of Rural Problem Areas
Get PDFAbout one third of rural areas in Poland have been classified by planners as problem areas. These are usually peripheral and marginalized areas, characterized by a number of deficits (physical, human, social and cultural capital), which cannot develop without external assistance and have problems even with formulating development goals. The challenges posed by the new paradigm: sustainable rural development, referring to many elements of the sociological concept of neo-endogenous development, are particularly important. The author, characterizing the deficits of problem areas, emphasizes the importance of human, social and cultural deficits. This is the context of the issue of external assistance for these areas: its nature and the limits of social rationality. Gerlind Weber's concept of the negative development spiral and the new development paradigm she proposes for some of these areas (the matching paradigm) are useful in explaining the described phenomena
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Villagers and Political Changes (Continued Reflections on the Centenary of 1918–2018)
Get PDFThe author, based on the literature on the subject and data from the most recent period, analyzes the influence of rural residents on political changes in Poland in the years 1918–2019. She distinguishes two types of political participation: contestation participation and legitimization participation. The first is a series of rural/peasant/farmer protests in the Second and Third Polish Republics and in the Polish People's Republic. Legitimization participation is analyzed only in the Second and Third Polish Republics; the period of the Polish People's Republic is omitted - due to the lack of reliable data. In this part, she analyzes two phenomena: voter turnout in parliamentary elections and the dynamics of the political orientations of rural residents. This analysis brings an ambivalent assessment of the influence of rural residents on the shape of the political order in Poland
Do Farmers Block the Development of Poland?
No full textSzeroko definiowani rolnicy wraz z emerytami rolnymi stanowią liczną, choć trudną do precyzyjnego określenia, zbiorowość. Jest ona bardzo zróżnicowana, lecz liczebnie dominują w niej quasi-chłopi, drobni, najczęściej nieprowadzący towarowej produkcji, rolnicy. Zbiorowość ta ma wiele negatywnych charakterystyk ekonomicznych, społecznych i psychologicznych. Specyficzne są także jej polityczne zachowania, jej członkowie zwracają się ku partiom agrarno-populistycznym. Autorka, odwołując się do sformułowanych wcześniej koncepcji „blokowania rozwoju” i „moderowania zmian”, analizuje polityczne mechanizmy spowalniania przemian, uruchamiane przez szeroko rozumianą zbiorowość rolników.Polish farmers are hardly definable social group. It is a diversified population dominated (in numbers) by “quasi-farmers” – running small farms for own consumption, not selling their products at the market. This category has many negative, economic, social and psychological features. Their political choices are often to support the populist, agricultural parties. The author, referring to the concepts of “blocking development” and “moderating the changes”, describes the political mechanisms of slowing down the reforms applied by the (broadly considered) Polish farmers
- …
