1,721,472 research outputs found
Life of Afghan Scavenger Children in Pakistan: A qualitative analysis of scavengers' situation in Rawalpindi, Pakistan
No full textThe nature of this study was qualitative and covers the children collecting the Garbage and Rag picking in Rawalpindi city. In the study, Afghan scavengers were selected for qualitative analyses. The family backgrounds of these scavengers and the demographic factors were also analyzed. Most of the qualitative methods including key informant interviews, visit and stay in the area, In-depth interview of 50 participants was applied to observe the phenomenon and collect the relevant information. The process of scavenging and the situation explored presented that besides poverty and economic pressure, the migration, independent nature of scavenging work, higher income as capered to other forms of child labor and increased urbanization were the major causes behind the phenomenon. The study also revealed that scavenging children face isolation due to their Afghan identity, higher health risks due to unprotected exposure to hazardous waste and routine violence from people. A comprehensive strategy is required for dealing with this issue in society
Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices of Violence (A Study of University Students in Pakistan)
Full text linkThis study was designed to investigate the prevalence, public knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) related to various forms of violence among educated Pakistani youth, specifically focusing on postgraduate university students. Understanding violence dynamics within this influential demographic is crucial for developing effective societal interventions. Employing a mixed-method survey approach, data were collected through semi-structured questionnaire-based interviews from a sample of 500 first-year postgraduate students (250 male, 250 female) across 11 public and private universities in five major cities of Pakistan (Islamabad, Karachi, Lahore, Peshawar, and Quetta) between September and December 2009.
The findings reveal a significantly high reported prevalence of violence experienced and used among the student population. The highest reported forms of violence experienced were verbal (91%) and emotional (85%), with verbal violence also showing the highest reported usage rate (82%). Furthermore, the study identified that violence is primarily encountered in institutional and familial settings, with 80% reporting experiencing violence in school/college and 77% at home. Parents and teachers were reported as the main perpetrators. Critically, the age group 11–15 years was identified as the period of highest risk for the initial practice of violence. The analysis suggests that exposure to violence often precedes its use, reinforcing a cycle of learned aggression. These results provide essential data for policymakers and social scientists aiming to design targeted, evidence-based strategies for violence prevention and behavioral change among Pakistani youth
CHILDREN’S LEARNING IN ADULTS’ ENVIRONMENT - THE STREET
Full text linkThis paper aims to explore the learning of working children on the streets. This study takes qualitative approach with semi-structured interviews as method. In total, 10 interviews were conducted with key informants aged 12-16 in Rawalpindi city. Social learning theory of Albert Bandura has been used as theoretical frameworks. The main themes are presented through case studies of three children who shared their learning on the streets. It is argued in this paper that children have to work in the streets in an adult environment due to their familial responsibilities especially in COVID-19, and sacrificing studies. And they are working in that environment –the street (an urban space) - which is created by adults and operated by rules and regulations of adults, where children face different exploitation including sexual abuse, discrimination and learning tricks of wrong doings. It is also argued that
children can carry all these learning and experiences to rest of their lives and practice wrong doings in their professional lives as well. It is concluded that it is important for adults to give children an environment where moral judgment of right and wrong prevails and children can distinguish them and practice good things in their live
Pakistan Library Association: The difficult beginnings
Full text linkThis paper traces the history of the initiative that led to the formation of the Pakistan Library Association and deals with the difficulties it faced in its functioning during the first few years of its life. It uses primary documents dealing with this period especially those related to its formation, constitutional difficulties, and operational problems. It tries to explain the reasons why senior
librarians stayed away from it in the initial period. It also tries to rectify certain factual mistakes made or inappropriate interpretations of previous writers which were considered important for the younger generation
People's Behavior and Belief System about the Oblation Rituals at the Shrine of Shah Daulah in Gujrat, Pakistan
Full text linkThe current study aims to understand the motivations behind the devotees’ visits and oblation rituals at the shrine of Shah Daulah in Gujrat Pakistan. Social construction theory has been employed to assess the knowledge, behavior and practices of people towards the oblation ritual. A qualitative research approach was applied to collected data with the use of purposive sampling technique to approach the relevant respondents. The target audience for the study was the people who visited the shrine and offered oblation rituals. The sample size comprises of 20 people including males and females. The study found that the socio-cognitive patterns play a vital role in the construction of the knowledge about the rituals concerning shrines. Hence, the visitors of the shrine learn the rituals related to shrine from their family, religion, literature and overall society. This construction strengthens their belief system and the other way around
Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research
Full text linkEvidence from all over the world especially developing countries have shown a rapid increase in enrolment of individuals under distance learning academic programmes. In today’s modern world, one of the most important objectives of education is to produce such learners who could be self reliant for their learning process. ODL has been an instrumental educational strategy in reaching out masses from far flung areas to build their capacities. A worth mentioning example for this very achievement of ODL in Pakistan is Allama Iqbal Open University (AIOU). It is quite important to explore that what are the factors which instigate the masses towards joining ODL programmes and their impact on individuals’ capacities. The paper is presenting the survey based view point of ODL students in Pakistan about a) the reasons for joining AIOU and b) the impact of this education on development of skills to organize their studies and assess the quality of their written work which enabled them to extract important themes and ideas from the specially developed printed study materials.
Findings are made on the basis of data collected through interviews of randomly selected 250 AIOU students of different levels from its 03 regions (Islamabad, Rawalpindi and Saidu Sharif). It can be concluded that distinguishing features of AIOU which turn into reasons for females to join AIOU includes; opportunity of education while staying at home, lower fee structure, study while in service, no age limits and continuation of education after breaks. AIOU offers a wide range of courses/discipline which is also an important reason behind joining the institution. A vast majority mentioned that they have learned the skill of reading, organizing their study plan and preparing lessons and can do self assessment of their written work. These skills were developed because of compulsory written assignments for each and every course of the academic programmes. An area which requires some further and specialized efforts is related to the feedback provided to students by their tutors on the written assignments. The learners can enhance their reading and self evaluative capacities up to the extent, technical feedback is being provided. So, the distance learning methodology of AIOU has been enabling its beneficiaries, through its self study model, to develop self reliance and get education which otherwise is not accessible or feasible in conventional syste
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Landscape of transcriptomic interactions between breast cancer and its microenvironment
Full text linkSolid tumours comprise mixtures of tumour cells (TCs) and tumour-adjacent cells (TACs), and the intricate interconnections between these diverse populations shape the tumour’s microenvironment. Despite this complexity, clinical genomic profiling is typically performed from bulk samples, without distinguishing TCs from TACs. To better understand TC–TAC interactions, we computationally distinguish their transcriptomes in 1780 primary breast tumours. We show that TC and TAC mRNA abundances are divergently associated with clinical phenotypes, including tumour subtypes and patient survival. These differences reflect distinct responses of TCs and TACs to specific somatic driver mutations, particularly TP53. These data further elucidate how the molecular interplay between breast tumours and their microenvironment drives aggressive tumour phenotypes
Transnational Fatherhood: A Systematic Review of Migrant Men’s Paternal Roles, Care Practices, and the Negotiation of Masculinity
No full textThis systematic review investigates the roles, challenges, and sociocultural impacts on transnational fathers within the framework of Migration Systems Theory. It analyzes how macro-level forces including restrictive policies and economic imperatives—shape migrant fathers' personal struggles and familial relationships. The review illuminates the significant emotional strain, caregiving conflicts, and evolving definitions of masculinity that these fathers navigate. A key finding is their reliance on remittances and digital communication to sustain both financial and emotional bonds with their families. The paper further reveals the complex sociocultural outcomes, such as a redistribution of family authority and a notable rise in decision-making power for left-behind women. By synthesizing existing research and identifying key knowledge gaps, this review serves as a crucial call for future research into the adaptive and transformative phenomenon of transnational fatherhood
Impact of Covid-19 on Domestic Violence in South Asia
Full text linkDomestic violence, rooted in patriarchy and conservatism, significantly increased during the COVID-19 pandemic, presenting a challenge to gender justice. This study examines the pandemic's impact on domestic violence in Pakistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, and Sri Lanka, using an exploratory mixed-methods approach. In-depth interviews (IDIs) and key informant interviews (KIIs) with practitioners and experts, alongside a web-based survey with field-level practitioners and community members, revealed that domestic violence surged during the pandemic. Factors such as mobility restrictions, loss of livelihoods, and prolonged presence of men at home exacerbated violence against women and young girls. Additionally, increased household chores, school closures, and the absence of recreational activities led to heightened aggression. The findings highlight that domestic violence was a widespread issue across social classes in South Asia, reflecting the pandemic's deep impact on socio-economic and familial dynamics, with women and children bearing the brunt of this crisis
The Role of Fathers’ Overseas Migration in Educational Performance of Female Children in Sindh, Pakistan
Full text linkThe process of out-migration has significantly been associated with the welfare of the households at origin across the world. The process of migration is mainly initiated from Pakistan with a prime objective to elevate the social position as there are only a few opportunities left for the people to work and earn for livings. The overall size of international migrants from Sindh province is a handful (approximately .9 million) and the majority of these migrants moved to the Gulf region but some also moved to the rest of the world particularly in Europe and the US. The impact of migration can be seen on many aspects of households of migrants but for the current research, it is focused only on female children’s education in the case of Khairpur (Mir’s) district in the province of Sindh, Pakistan. The selection of the respondents was made by using purposive sampling technique. The data was collected from 120 households of migrants who at least had one member living abroad and sending remittances regularly. The focus of the current research was on two major aspects; (a) out-migration and inflow of remittances and (b) educational outcomes of the female children studying at primary school level. It is perceived that migration of father and subsequently the inflow of remittances can make a huge difference for the educational outcomes of female children. In some cases, the inflow of remittances leads toward the improvement in the educational performance of the female children
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