126,352 research outputs found
Poachelas striatus : Haddad & Lyle 2008
No full textPoachelas striatus Haddad & Lyle, 2008 Poachelas striatus: Haddad & Lyle 2008: 67, figs 72, 73, 76–95. See Haddad & Lyle (2008) for description of both sexes. Material examined: SOUTH AFRICA: Eastern Cape: 1♂ 3 km N of Paterson, 33°24.878'S: 25°57.531'E, base of grass tussocks, roadside, 23.iv.2010, C. Haddad (TMSA 23759). Free State: 1♂ Boshoff district, Farm Boesmansrus, 28°32.543'S: 25°09.929'E, base of grass tussocks, 11.iii.2010, C. Haddad (TMSA 23767); 3♂ 1 imm. Brandfort district, Amanzi Private Game Res., 28°36.080'S: 26°25.950'E, base of grass tussocks, 3.iv.2010, C. Haddad (MRAC 230336); 1♂ 15 imm. Clocolan district, Mpetsane Conservation Estate, 28°48.561'S: 27°39.255'E, base of grass tussocks, 17.iii.2010, C. Haddad (NCA 2010/395); 1♂ 12 imm. Kimberley district, Benfontein Nat. Res., 28°50.452'S: 24°49.473'E, base of grass tussocks, 13.iii.2010, C. Haddad (TMSA 23769); 1♀ Ladybrand district, De Luc farm, 29°17.524'S: 27°24.267'E, base of grass tussocks, 5 xii.2008, C. Haddad (NCA 2008/4283); 4♂ 9♀ Platberg Nat. Res., grassland plain, 28°17.303'S: 29°10.419'E, base of grass tussocks, 27.v.2010, C. Haddad (TMSA 23802); 1♀ same locality, Bottom of Donkey Pass, 28°16.836'S: 29°11.992'E, base of grass tussocks, 27.v.2010, C. Haddad (TMSA 23803); 4♀ Tussen-die-Riviere Nat. Res., 30°28'S: 26°07'E, active searching, grassland, 14 x.2008, L. Lotz & C. Haddad (NMBA 12663); 1♂ 2♀ 1 imm. 2 km W of Deallesville, 28°39.946'S: 25°43.992'E, base of grass tussocks, 11.iii.2010, C. Haddad (TMSA 23768). Mpumulanga: 1♂ Delmas, pitfall traps, unsprayed maize, 25.v.2005, P. Marais (NCA 2008/2777). Northern Cape: 2♂ 1♀ 2 imm. 2 km S of Colesburg, 30°44.917'S: 25°05.139'E, base of grass tussocks, roadside, 23.iv.2010, C. Haddad (TMSA 23766). Distribution: This species was described from three localities in the central Free State Province within a range of approximately 100 km (Haddad & Lyle 2008), all falling within the Grassland Biome of South Africa (Fig. 8). Here the first records are provided of the species’ occurrence in the Savannah (Benfontein), Thicket (Paterson) and Nama Karoo Biomes (Colesburg and TussendieRiviere Nature Reserve). Given this newly found ecological flexibility and a strong association of the species with grasses, it is likely that P. striatus has a much broader distribution in South Africa and may occur wherever suitable grasses and grass densities are found. Only once additional focused sampling for this species has been done, can the environmental parameters restricting its distribution be determined. The new records reported here extend the range to the eastern, southern and western parts of the Free State, eastern Northern Cape, southern Eastern Cape and Mpumulanga provinces, thereby expanding the range of the species to approximately 900 km (Fig. 8). The records from Platberg Nature Reserve are also significant, providing the first case of sympatry in the genus. At this locality P. striatus and P. montanus appear to be altitudinally separated. P. striatus occurs in the grassland plains at the base of Platberg (altitude ca 1750 m), consistent with its habitat at other localities. This represents the highest altitude at which P. striatus has been collected thus far. In contrast, P. montanus occurs on the top of Platberg in montane grassland at an altitude of about 2300 m. Habitat and biology: The species is typically found at the base of grass tussocks of various genera (Themeda, Eragrostis, Cymbopogon, Panicum etc.) in open grassland plains with a compact soil substrate (sandy, loamy or clay). Here the first record is presented from an agroecosystem (maize at Delmas). Further details on the biology are provided in Haddad and Lyle (2008).Published as part of Haddad, Charles R., 2010, A new species of Poachelas from Maputaland, South Africa (Araneae: Corinnidae), with considerable range extension for Poachelas striatus, pp. 313 in African Invertebrates 51 (2) on page 317, DOI: 10.5733/afin.051.0205, http://zenodo.org/record/791354
Afroceto africana Haddad 2019, comb. nov.
No full textAfroceto africana (Simon, 1910) comb. nov. Figs 1–8 Argistes africanus Simon, 1910: 201 [subadult ♀ holotype: NAMIBIA: Lüderitzbucht, leg. Schultze, ZMB 27144 —examined]. Afroceto arca Lyle & Haddad, 2010: 339, figs 3, 4, 43–49 (♀ ♂), syn. nov. Remarks. Although both the original description of Argistes africanus (Simon 1910) and the eighth publication in the series on the Arachnida types in ZMB (Moritz & Fischer 1988) indicated that the type specimen is a female, detailed examination showed that it is, in fact, a subadult female without a developed epigyne (Figs 1–3). The type shares a number of characters with the trachelid Afroceto arca (Figs 4–6), which is the only representative of the genus that has been recorded from Namibia to date (Lyle & Haddad 2010; Lyle 2015; World Spider Catalog 2018). It, together with the type species A. martini (Simon, 1897) and A. plana Lyle & Haddad, 2010, are the only three of the 16 described Afroceto that have been recorded outside of South Africa and the enclave of Lesotho. Despite its poor condition, the type of Argistes africanus shows traces of a branched chevron marking dorsally on the abdomen, a feature unique to Afroceto arca and A. corcula Lyle & Haddad, 2010 amongst members of that genus (see Lyle & Haddad 2010: figs 1–22). The general carapace shape, proportions and eye arrangement of the two species are also similar (compare Figs 2 and 5), as are the proportions of the ovoid abdomen and general structure of the spinnerets (compare Figs 3 and 6). The characteristic ventral markings of A. arca (Fig. 6) are not evident in the faded holotype of Argistes africanus (Fig. 3), nor did Simon (1910) mention them in the original description, only describing the dorsal and lateral markings and indicating the venter as “clay-coloured”: “ Abdomen longe oblongum, superne cinereo testaceum, maculis nigris triseriatis, medianis subtriquetris, lateralibus longis et obliquis, ornatum, subtus albo-testaceum.” The only known record of Afroceto from Namibia to date (Lyle & Haddad 2010) is a single male specimen from Vogelfederberg [23°03'S, 14°59'E], which is approximately 400 km north of Lüderitzbucht [modern Lüderitz, 26°38'S, 15°09'E], the type locality of Argistes africanus (Fig. 9). The two localities are separated by the Namib Desert, one of the most hostile places on earth, but to the east of this desert are relatively arid but more hospitable Nama Karoo and Savanna habitats. Considering the widespread distribution of Afroceto arca in South Africa, including the latter two vegetation types (Lyle & Haddad 2010), it is likely that the two species are conspecific. Argistes africanus is hereby transferred to Afroceto as A. africana (Simon, 1910) comb. nov., and proposed as a senior synonym of A. arca syn. nov.. Description. See Lyle & Haddad (2010) for description of both sexes. Diagnosis. Afroceto africana comb. nov. is a typical member of the genus, which is characterized from other Afrotropical Trachelidae by their relatively large size, the presence of several strong prolateral spines on the anterior femora, a dorsal scutum in males (usually absent in females), and the presence of many long ventral cusps on the anterior legs of males (and sometimes females too, but not including A. africana comb. nov.; see Lyle & Haddad 2010). The genus has a shield-shaped sternum and slightly bulging chelicerae (Fig. 7), as do most Afrotropical trachelids. Afroceto africana comb. nov. can be easily recognized from congeners by the distinct shape of the epigyne, with a broad, anteriorly arched, strongly sclerotised atrium that has a generalized keyhole shape (Fig. 8), and the males with a short, distally coiled embolus (see Lyle & Haddad 2010: figs 46–49). New records. SOUTH AFRICA: Eastern Cape: Nearly 7 km S of Hogsback on R345, isolated tree, roadside, 32°38.831'S, 26°55.375'E, 715 m a.s.l., 1.×.2011, leg. J. Neethling & C. Luwes (canopy fogging), 1♂ 1♀ (NCA 2012 /1641). Free State: Brandfort district, Amanzi Private Game Reserve, 28°35.428'S, 26°26.067'E, 1425 m a.s.l., 17.XII.2016, leg. C. Haddad (hand collecting around buildings), 2♂ (NCA 2016 /3036); Brandfort district, Krugersdrift Dam, 28°42'S, 25°55'E, 1.I.1987, leg. Museum staff (in canal), 1♀ (NMBA 9057); Fauresmith district, Farm Boschrand, 29°56'S, 24°48'E, 22.III.2005, leg. L. Lotz (sweeping, beating), 1♀ (NMBA 10 007); Luckhoff district, Farm Bankfontein, 30°04.421'S, 24°53.017'E, 22.I.2015, leg. C. Haddad (hand collecting, Nama Karoo veld), 2♀ (NCA 2015 /1669); Same locality, 2.IV.2015, leg. University of the Free State students (sifting leaf litter, riparian woodland), 1♀ (NCA 2015 /2442); Kalkfontein Dam Nature Reserve, 29°31.285'S, 25°16.662'E, 15.I.2014, leg. Y. Marusik (sifting leaf litter), 2♂ (NCA 2014 /1069); Same locality, 29°31.072'S, 25°16.091'E, 28.I.2014, leg. N. Josling (in garden amongst plants), 6♂ 1♀ (NCA 2015 /1910); Same locality, 29°31.071'S, 25°16.069'E, 6.II.2014, leg. N. Josling (amongst flowers in garden), 1♂ (NCA 2015 /1981); Same locality, 29°31.072'S, 25°16.091'E, 12.XI.2013, leg. N. Josling (in wasp nest), 1♀ (NCA 2015 /1993). Western Cape: Jacobsbaai, 34°21.430'S, 19°07.557'E, 8.V.2010, leg. C. Haddad (on wall of house at night), 1♀ (TMSA 23787); Matjiesfontein, 33°13.783'S, 20°34.818'E, 900 m a.s.l., 15.X.2015, leg. Z. Mbo (sifting leaf litter), 1♀ (NCA 2016 / 2363). Distribution. Afroceto africana is widespread in the more mesic Grassland, Nama Karoo and Fynbos habitats of southern Africa, with only a few sporadic records from the moister eastern parts of South Africa (Fig. 9). All of the new records reported here fall within the known distribution range of the species.Published as part of Haddad, Charles R., 2019, Transfer of the Namibian Argistes africanus Simon, 1910 (Araneae: Liocranidae) to Afroceto Lyle & Haddad, 2010 (Trachelidae), with a new synonym, pp. 446-450 in Zootaxa 4571 (3) on pages 447-449, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4571.3.13, http://zenodo.org/record/261267
The Potential Economic Impacts of the Proposed Development Corridor in Egypt: An Interregional CGE Approach
No full textEgypt has proposed a new development corridor. A main component is a desert-based expansion of the current highway network. This network is founded on a 1200-kilometer north-south route that starts at a proposed new port near El-Alemein and runs parallel to the Nile Valley to the border of Sudan. It also includes 21 east-west branches that connect the main axis to densely populated cities on the Nile. The paper is a first attempt at an economic assessment of the impact of this proposed corridor. It uses an interregional computable general equilibrium (CGE) model developed and reported in a prior paper. Here, that model is integrated with a more detailed geo-coded transportation network model to help quantify the spatial effects of transportation cost change due specifically to changes in accessibility induced by the corridor. The paper focuses on the likely structural economic impacts that such a large investment in transportation could enable through a series of simulations related to the operational phase of the project."TD NEREUS 06-2015" published by Núcleo de Economia Regional e Urbana da USP (NEREUS)
“Ratibul 'l-Haddad”: Suntingan Teks, Analisis Struktur, dan Resepsi Pembaca
No full textPermasalahan dalam penelitian ini adalah (1) Bagaimanakah suntingan
teks Ratibu „l-Haddad? (2) Bagaimanakah struktur teks Ratibu „l-Haddad? (3)
Bagaimanakah resepsi pembaca terhadap teks Ratibu „l-Haddad?
Tujuan Penelitian ini adalah (1) Menyediakan suntingan teks Ratibu „lHaddad yang baik dan benar. (2) Mendeskripsikan struktur teks Ratibu „lHaddad. (3) Memaparkan resepsi pembaca terhadap teks Ratibu „l-Haddad.
Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode kualitatif.
Sumber data yang digunakan adalah naskah Ratibu „l-Haddad. Naskah ini
tersimpan di Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa, di Jalan Daksinapati
Barat IV, Rawamangun, Jakarta Timur. Metode penyuntingan yang digunakan
adalah metode standar. Teknik pengumpulan data dengan teknik pustaka dan
teknik pengumpulan data yang bersifat interaktif. Teknik pengolahan data yang
digunakan adalah tahap deskripsi, tahap analisis, dan tahap evaluasi.
Berdasarkan penelitian dapat disimpulkan beberapa hal. Pertama, terdapat
beberapa kesalahan salin tulis dan ketidakkonsistenan penulisan, meliputi 37
lakuna, 8 adisi, 81 substitusi, dan 2 transposisi. Kedua, struktur teks Ratibu „lHaddad memiliki struktur sastra kitab. Struktur penyajian teks terdiri dari
pendahuluan, isi, dan penutup. Gaya penyajian teks menggunakan gaya interlinier
(Kalimat atau ungkapan berbahasa Arab dikemukakan terlebih dahulu kemudian
disertai dengan terjemahannya dalam bahasa Melayu). Pusat penyajian teks
sebagian menggunakan metode sudut pandang orang pertama jamak dan sebagian
menggunakan metode sudut pandang orang ketiga baik tunggal maupun jamak.
Gaya bahasa teks terdiri dari 4 buah diksi, yaitu: (1) kosa kata Arab yang sudah
diserap ke dalam bahasa Indonesia sebanyak 53 buah dan kosa kata serta frasa
Arab sebanyak 7 buah; (2) ungkapan dalam bahasa Arab sebanyak 10 buah; (3)
sintaksis yang terdapat dalam teks adalah penggunaan konjungsi, jumlah
keseluruhan konjungsi yang terdapat dalam teks Ratibu „l-Haddad ada 12 buah;
(4) sarana retorika terdiri dari gaya penguraian, gaya penguatan, hiperbola, simile,
dan penyimpulan. Ketiga, resepsi pembaca terhadap teks Ratibu „l-Haddad.
Terdapat empat hal dari resepsi pembaca yang dapat di uraikan yaitu: (1)
kedudukan teks Ratibu „l-Haddad di masyarakat, teks Ratibu „l-Haddad ArabMelayu lebih otentik dan arketip sehingga teks ini mampu menambah kemantapan
bagi masyarakat pelaksana; (2) perbedaan isi teks Ratibu „l-Haddad Arab-Melayu
dengan teks Ratibu „l-Haddad edisi cetak, berupa variasi doa hadlarah dan sisipan
tambahan doa pada doa akhir membaca ratib; (3) fungsi teks Ratibu „l-Haddad di
masyarakat, seperti memantapkan masyarakat terkait motivasi dan semangat mengamalkan ratib ini, alat untuk membentengi akidah, serta sebagai sarana mengumpulkan masyarakat dalam mejelis kebaikan; (4) manfaat teks Ratibu „lHaddad berdasarkan uraian pembaca adalah lebih pada ketenangan jiwa dan kedamaian hidup pelakunya dan masyarakat, dan (5) Waktu terbaik membaca Ratibu „l-Haddad menurut Abdullah bin Alawi Al-Haddad adalah pada malam Jumat dan setelah selesai salat isya. Terlepas dari itu, keempat orang pembaca pun menyimpulkan tidak ada batasan kapan waktu terbaik membaca Ratibu „lHaddad, ratib ini baik dibaca kapan saja
Hydatid Disease of the Central Nervous System
No full textAlthough hydatid disease is rare, it may come to the attention of neurosurgeons in nonendemic areas either by Internet consultations or by patients traveling to advanced centers for further management. Thus all neurosurgeons should be well informed about this condition. We reviewed our experience and consulted literature to come up with a consensus concerning the pathogenesis, the pathology, diagnosis, and management of hydatid disease of the central nervous system. We provide a comparison of this disease in the brain and the spine. In the brain, it is a disease of childhood and in the spine, of adulthood. The diagnosis in both locations is best made by being aware of the possibility of their occurrence and by imagery. The route of spread to the brain is different from that in the spine. The management of hydatid of the brain may be curative if the principles of management are well applied and adhered to. In the spine, the condition is a very protracted one and may require several surgeries.ABADA M, 1977, NEUROCHIRURGIE, V23, P195; ABOU-DAOUD K T, 1965, J Med Liban, V18, P159; ACQUAVIV.R, 1964, NEURO-CHIR, V10, P649; ALVAREZ F, 1982, SURG NEUROL, V17, P163, DOI 10.1016-0090-3019(82)90267-1; APT WL, 1976, J NEUROSURG, V44, P72, DOI 10.3171-jns.1976.44.1.0072; ARAJ GF, 1977, Z PARASITENKD, V52, P31, DOI 10.1007-BF00380556; ARASIL E, 1978, SURG NEUROL, V9, P9; BAASSIRI A, 1984, AM J NEURORADIOL, V5, P474; BETTAIEB A, 1978, NEUROCHIRURGIE, V24, P205; Boudawara MZ, 1999, NEUROCHIRURGIE, V45, P321; Dew H.R., 1928, HYDATID DIS ITS PATH; ELKHAMLICHI A, 1990, NEUROCHIRURGIE, V36, P312; ERSAHIN Y, 1995, CLIN NEUROL NEUROSUR, V97, P321, DOI 10.1016-0303-8467(95)00052-L; Evliyaoglu C, 1998, NEURORADIOLOGY, V40, P387; FAHL M, 1994, CLIN IMAG, V18, P179, DOI 10.1016-0899-7071(94)90078-7; FRAYHA GJ, 1981, T ROY SOC TROP MED H, V75, P447, DOI 10.1016-0035-9203(81)90118-8; GRISEL P, 1929, REV CHIR ORTHOP REPA, V67, P376; HADDAD FS, 2003, PAN ARAB J NEUROSURG, V7, P33; HADDAD FS, 1997, PAN ARAB J NEUROSURG, V1, P46; HADDAD FS, 1957, ARCH INT HYDATID, V16, P445; HADDAD GF, 2000, CONT NEUROSURG, V22, P1; HERNIGOU P, 1992, REV RHUM, V59, P131; KALAITZOGLOU I, 1997, AM J NEURORADIOL, V18, P1586; KAOUTZANIS M, 1989, ACTA NEUROCHIR WIEN, V98, P660; KARRAY S, 1990, J BONE JOINT SURG BR, V72, P84; KIDDELL RJ, 1969, PATHOLOGY, V11, P129; MICHELI F, 1987, EUR NEUROL, V27, P1, DOI 10.1159-000116120; MILLS TJ, 1956, J BONE JOINT SURG BR, V38, P884; MORSHED AA, 1977, NEUROCHIRURGIA, V20, P211; MURRAY RO, 1959, J BONE JOINT SURG BR, V41, P499; NURCHI G, 1992, NEUROSURGERY, V30, P436; OZEK MM, 1994, PEDIATR NEUROSURG, V20, P84, DOI 10.1159-000120770; PAU A, 1987, SURG NEUROL, V27, P365, DOI 10.1016-0090-3019(87)90014-0; PETER JC, 1994, PEDIATR NEUROSURG, V20, P78, DOI 10.1159-000120769; PORAT S, 1984, SPINE, V9, P648, DOI 10.1097-00007632-198409000-00018; RAO S, 1991, CLIN ORTHOP RELAT R, P164; RAYPORT M, 1964, J NEUROSURG, V21, P647, DOI 10.3171-jns.1964.21.8.0647; RONG SH, 1985, CLIN RADIOL, V36, P301; SCHROEDER AH, 1952, J NERV MENT DIS, V116, P1025, DOI 10.1097-00005053-195212000-00050; Sener RN, 1996, COMPUT MED IMAG GRAP, V20, P395, DOI 10.1016-S0895-6111(96)00055-9; SLIM MS, 1971, J PEDIATR SURG, V6, P440, DOI 10.1016-S0022-3468(71)80005-2; Tizniti S, 2000, J NEURORADIOLOGY, V27, P200; Turgut M, 1997, J NEUROSURG, V86, P714, DOI 10.3171-jns.1997.86.4.071444
Leptopilos digitus Haddad & Booysen 2022, sp. nov.
No full textLeptopilos digitus sp. nov. Figures 89, 90, 93–120, 126–130 Type material. Holotype ♀: SOUTH AFRICA: Northern Cape: Namaqua National Park, Koeroebees, 30°08.683’S, 17°42.177’E, 240 m a.s.l., 27.III.2022, leg. C. Haddad & R. Booysen (leaf litter, dry river bed) (NMBA 18534). Paratypes: SOUTH AFRICA: Free State: Erfenis Dam Nature Reserve, 28°30.134’S, 26°48.427’E, 22.XI– 23.XII.2005, leg. C. Haddad (pitfalls, burnt site 2), 1♂ (NMBA 13573). Northern Cape: Namaqua National Park, Koeroebees, 30°08.683’S, 17°42.177’E, 240 m a.s.l., 27.III.2022, leg. C. Haddad, R. Booysen, L. Malope & S. Sibisi (leaf litter, dry river bed), 2♂ 3♀ (NMBA 18533); Prieska district, Green Valley Nuts, 29°34’S, 22°55’E, 950 m a.s.l., 15.I.2001, leg. C. Haddad (canopy fogging, pistachio orchard), 1♂ (NCA 2004/196). Western Cape: Tankwa Karoo National Park, Tanqua Guesthouse, 32°23.911’S, 19°50.713’E, 355 m a.s.l., 19.I.2021, leg. C. Haddad & R. Booysen (hand collecting, at night around houses), 1♀ (NCA 2021/1016). Etymology. The species name is Latin for finger or toe (digit), referring to the shape of the apical tegular sclerite. Diagnosis. This species is very distinct in the genus by the short finger-like apical tegular process (Fig. 129) and the short, slender dorsal tibial apophysis (Figs 120, 130) of the male palp. Females can be distinguished from congeners by the paired, weakly sclerotized recurved ridges anteriorly in the epigyne, as opposed to a single median hood, and the paired longitudinal ridges forming the lateral margins of the atrium (Fig. 126). Description. Female (holotype, Namaqua, NMBA 18534). Colouration (Fig. 89): carapace and chelicerae creamy-white; endites and labium pale yellow-brown; sternum creamy-white, margins brown at coxae; femora creamy-white, remaining segments creamy-yellow, metatarsi and tarsi slightly darker; abdomen white dorsally and ventrally. Measurements: CL 1.06, CW 0.87, AL 1.71, AW 1.25, TL 2.80. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.10, ALE 0.07, PME 0.08, PLE 0.07, AME–AME 0.05, AME–ALE 0.01, PME–PME 0.06, PME–PLE 0.04, ALE–PLE 0.01. Leg measurements: I 0.86, 0.40, 0.67, 0.57, 0.44 = 2.94; II 0.81, 0.37, 0.62, 0.56, 0.43 = 2.79; III 0.67, 0.35, 0.49, 0.48, 0.30 = 2.29; IV 1.05, 0.40, 0.84, 0.97, 0.30 = 3.56. Leg spination: femora: I do 1, II do 1, III do 1, IV do 2 rl 1; patellae spineless; tibiae: I plv 1, II spineless, III pl 2 rl 2 plv 1, IV pl 2 rl 2 plv 1 vt 2; metatarsi: I plv 1 rlv 1, II plv 1 rlv 1, III pl 2 rl 1 plv 1 rlv 1 vt 3, IV pl 3 rl 2 plv 2 vt 3; palp: femur do 1, patella pl 1 do 1, tibia plv 1, tarsus pl 1 rl 1 plv 3 rlv 2. Epigyne with paired, recurved, weakly sclerotized ridges anteriorly, longitudinal ridges laterally forming margins of atrium, with further funnel-shaped ridges medially (Fig. 126); copulatory openings small, beneath anterolateral corners of funnel-shaped ridges; copulatory ducts short, looping laterally, then anteriorly and posteriorly, entering teardrop-shaped spermathecae along their anterior margin (Fig. 127); fertilization ducts on posterior margin of spermathecae, directed posteriorly. Male (paratype, Prieska, NCA 2004/196). Colouration (Fig. 90): carapace and chelicerae light yellow; endites and labium creamy-yellow; sternum creamy-yellow, margins brown at coxae; femora to tibiae creamy-yellow, metatarsi and tarsi slightly darker; abdomen creamy-white dorsally and ventrally. Measurements: CL 1.05, CW 0.79, AL 1.81, AW 1.02, TL 2.98. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.11, ALE 0.08, PME 0.09, PLE 0.08, AME–AME 0.06, AME–ALE 0.01, PME–PME 0.05, PME–PLE 0.04, ALE–PLE 0.01. Leg measurements: I 0.87, 0.38, 0.67, 0.57, 0.51 = 3.00; II 0.83, 0.37, 0.62, 0.56, 0.48 = 2.86; III 0.65, 0.32, 0.48, 0.46, 0.33 = 2.24; IV 1.06, 0.41, 0.83, 0.95, 0.33 = 3.58. Leg spination: femora: I do 1, II do 1, III do 1 rl 1, IV pl 1 do 2 rl 1; tibiae: I plv 1 rlv 1, II spineless, III pl 2 rl 1 plv 1, IV pl 2 rl 2 plv 1 vt 2; metatarsi: I rlv 1, II rlv 1, III pl 2 rl 1 plv 1 vt 3, IV pl 2 rl 2 plv 1 vt 3; palp: femur do 1, patella and tibia spineless, tarsus plv 1 rlv 1. Palpal tibia very slightly longer than broad, with small spike-like dorso-retrolateral apophysis (Figs 115, 116, 130); tegulum oval, with narrow finger-like prolateral apical tegular process, lobate mesal retrolateral tegular process with additional smaller subtriangular lobe, and slender strongly curved median apophysis (Fig. 129); embolus very slender, originating proximally and entering S-shaped groove in prolateral subtegulum, continuing along prolateral margin distally (Fig. 128), before entering groove in apical tegular process. Additional material examined. SOUTH AFRICA: Northern Cape: Namaqua National Park, Koeroebees, 30°08.683’S, 17°42.177’E, 240 m a.s.l., 14.I.2021, leg. C. Haddad, R. Booysen, R. Christiaan & A. Stander (leaf litter, dry river bed), 1♀ (NCA 2021/726; epigyne lost in preparation); Same locality, 27.III.2022, leg. C. Haddad, R. Booysen, L. Malope & S. Sibisi (leaf litter, dry river bed), 2♂ 2♀ (S.E.M. preparations). Variation. Total length: females 2.78–3.32 (average 2.98, n = 7); males 2.05–2.98 (average 2.36, n = 4). Habitat and biology. All of the females collected had the epigyne plugged (Fig. 114). Recorded from the Succulent Karoo, Nama Karoo and Grassland biomes. At the type locality, it was a common species collected in the litter of short shrubs in a dry river bed, with adults far more common in autumn (March) than midsummer (January) or winter (July). Distribution. Widespread in the western half of South Africa (Fig. 136).Published as part of Haddad, Charles R. & Booysen, Ruan, 2022, The ground spider genera Leptodrassex Murphy, 2007 and Leptopilos Levy, 2009 (Araneae: Gnaphosidae) in southern Africa, including the description of a new genus and seven new species, pp. 1-32 in Zootaxa 5194 (1) on pages 26-27, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5194.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/714193
L-γ-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine (glutathione; GSH) and GSH-related enzymes in the regulation of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines: A signaling transcriptional scenario for redox(y) immunologic sensor(s)?
No full textOf the antioxidant-prooxidant mechanisms mediating the regulation of inflammatory mediators, particularly cytokines, oxidative stress-related pathways remain a cornerstone. It is conspicuous that there is a strong association between free radical accumulation (ROS-RNS; oxidative stress) and the evolution of inflammation and inflammatory-related responses. The scenario that upholds a consensus on the aforementioned is still evolving to unravel, from an immunologic perspective, the molecular mechanisms associated with ROS-RNS-dependent inflammation. Cytokines are keynote players when it comes to defining an intimate relationship among reduction-oxidation (redox) signals, oxidative stress and inflammation. How close we are to identifying the molecular basis of this intricate association should be weighed against the involvement of specific signaling molecules and, potentially, transcription factors. l-γ-Glutamyl-l-cysteinyl-glycine, or glutathione (GSH), an antioxidant thiol, has shaped, and still is refining, the face of oxidative signaling in terms of regulating the milieu of inflammatory mediators, ostensibly via the modulation (expression-repression) of oxygen- and redox-responsive transcription factors, hence termed redox(y)-sensitive cofactors. When it comes to the arena of oxygen sensing, oxidative stress and inflammation, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) are key players that determine antioxidant-prooxidant responses with oxidative challenge. It is the theme therein to underlie current understanding of the molecular association hanging between oxidative stress and the evolution of inflammation, walked through an elaborate discussion on the role of transcription factors and cofactors. 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Orthobula arca Haddad & Jin & Platnick 2022, sp. nov.
No full textOrthobula arca sp. nov. Figs 3, 4, 59–63 Diagnosis. Females of O. arca sp. nov. can be easily recognized from congeners by the large arch-shaped anterior ridge, with lateral extensions flanking the CO (Fig. 59). Males can be easily distinguished from congeners by the distinct bend of the embolus at approximately 2/3 its length (Figs 61–63). Etymology. From the Latin for “arch”, referring to the shape of the anterior margin of the epigynal atrium. Female (holotype, Deelhoek, NCA 2021/1248). Measurements: CL 0.93, CW 0.70, AL 1.03, AW 0.79, TL 2.00 (1.60–2.30), PERW 0.29, MOQAW 0.12, MOQPW 0.17, MOQL 0.14. Length of leg segments: I 0.59 + 0.22 + 0.51 + 0.44 + 0.27 = 2.03; II 0.51 + 0.21 + 0.38 + 0.38 + 0.25 = 1.73; III 0.42 + 0.20 + 0.30 + 0.35 + 0.22 = 1.49; IV 0.56 + 0.22 + 0.47 + 0.52 + 0.29 = 2.06. Colour: carapace orange-brown, with mottled black margins and faint black mottled patch centrally; chelicerae yellow-brown; endites and labium yellow-brown, cream distally; sternum yellow-orange, with yellow-brown margins; palps yellow-brown; legs with femora, patellae and tibiae yellow-brown, other leg segments yellow; patellae and tibiae I with black mottling dorsally and laterally, on II–IV on retrolateral side only; abdomen dark grey dorsally, with pair of cream longitudinal patches anterolaterally and oblique cream markings at midpoint, merging medially to form X; venter cream, with faint mottling on epigastric plate, faint mottled grey patch in front of spinnerets; spinnerets cream. Leg spination: femora and patellae: spineless; tibiae: I plv 6 rlv 5, II plv 5 rlv 4; metatarsi: I plv 4 rlv 4, II plv 4 rlv 4; tarsi: I plv 3 rlv 3, II plv 3 rlv 3. Epigyne with lateral CO in broad arch-shaped epigynal ridge, with posterolateral extensions (Fig. 59); CO short, directed posteriorly, entering round SBB at centre of epigyne; CD approximately same length as width of SBB; SBB separated by slightly less than their width; BU subtriangular, with boomerang-shaped accessory gland on their anteromesal surface; SBB connected to ST I by short looping ducts, entering broad, transversely oval ST I on their mesal surface (Fig. 60). Male (paratype, Erfenis Dam Nature Reserve, NCA 2009/3636). Measurements: CL 0.81, CW 0.64, AL 0.68, AW 0.58, TL 1.53 (1.46–1.70), PERW 0.26, MOQAW 0.10, MOQPW 0.14, MOQL 0.13. Length of leg segments: I 0.47 + 0.18 + 0.40 + 0.35 + 0.23 = 1.63; II 0.44 + 0.17 + 0.33 + 0.32 + 0.23 = 1.49; III 0.37 + 0.17 + 0.25 + 0.29 + 0.19 = 1.17; IV 0.51 + 0.18 + 0.41 + 0.44 + 0.25 = 1.79. Colour: carapace orange-brown, with mottled black margins and indistinct black mottled patch centrally; chelicerae yellow-brown; endites and labium yellow-brown, cream distally, labium darker in proximal half; sternum yellow-orange, with yellow-brown margins and faint black mottling; palps yellow-brown; legs with femora, patellae and tibiae yellow-brown, other leg segments yellow; patellae and tibiae I with black mottling dorsally and laterally, on II–IV on retrolateral side only; abdomen black dorsally, with pair of cream subtriangular patches anterolaterally and transverse cream band at midpoint, latter slightly projecting anteriorly along midline; venter cream, with small mottled grey patch in front of spinnerets; spinnerets cream. Leg spination: femora and patellae: spineless; tibiae: I plv 5 rlv 5, II plv 4 rlv 4; metatarsi: I plv 4 rlv 4, II plv 4 rlv 4; tarsi: I plv 3 rlv 3, II plv 3 rlv 3. Palpal femur with small, finger-like, curved RFA (Fig. 63); tibia with small, simple triangular apophysis; retrodistal tegular ridge weakly developed, restricted to retrolateral surface, not curving around ventrally to base of embolus (Figs 62, 63); basal section of embolus leaning slightly prolaterally, with distinct bend at 2/3 its length, tip directed slightly retrolaterally (Figs 61–63). Type material. Holotype ♀: SOUTH AFRICA: Free State: Bloemfontein district, Deelhoek farm, 28°51’S, 26°07’E, 1265 m a.s.l., 17.XI.2001, leg. C. Haddad (Eucalyptus leaf litter) (NCA 2021 /1248). Paratypes: SOUTH AFRICA: Free State: Benfontein Nature Reserve, 28°50.452’S, 24°49.473’E, 13.III.2010, leg. C. Haddad (base of grass tussocks), 2♂ 2♀ (NCA 2010 /317); Bethulie district, Tussen-die-Riviere Nature Reserve, 30°29’S, 26°11’E, 15.X.2008, leg. L. Lotz & C. Haddad (under rocks, riparian woodland edge), 1♀ (NMBA 12755); Bloemfontein district, Hopefield farm, 28°52.949’S, 26°09.336’E, 1290 m a.s.l., 11.XI.2001, leg. C. Haddad (sweepnetting, Eragrostis grass), 1♀ (NCA 2021 /1246); Bloemfontein district, Deelhoek farm, 28°51’S, 26°07’E, 1265 m a.s.l., 21.X.2001, leg. C. Haddad (sweeps, Themeda grassland), 1♀ (MHBU); Bloemfontein, Free State National Botanical Gardens, 29°02.892’S, 26°12.662’E, 1390 m a.s.l., 26.II–13.III.2011, leg. J.A. Neethling (pitfalls, open grassland), 4♂ 6♀ (MHBU); Brandfort district, Florisbad Research Station, 28°46’S, 26°05’E, 1250 m a.s.l., 8.XII.1987, leg. L.N. Lotz (pitfall traps), 1♀ (NMBA 8627); Erfenis Dam Nature Reserve, Site 1, 28°28.892’S, 26°48.508’E, 31.VIII–30.IX.2009, leg. R. Fourie & A. Grobler (pitfall traps, grassland near trench), 1♂ (NCA 2009 /3636); Kroonstad district, Koffielaagte farm, 27°29’S, 27°28’E, 1425 m a.s.l., 4.I.2002, leg. C. Haddad (sweeps in grassland), 1♀ (NCA 2021 /1247). Other material examined. SOUTH AFRICA: Free State: Amanzi Private Game Reserve, 28°35.845’S, 26°26.280’E, 1–30.IX.2012, leg. V. Butler (pitfall traps, open grassland), 1♀ (NCA 2013 /3355); Same locality, 28°36.365’S, 26°25.030’E, 1–30.IV.2013, leg. V. Butler (pitfall traps, Acacia karroo woodland), 1♂ 3♀ (NCA 2013 /3551); Same locality, 28°35.430’S, 26°26.290’E, 1–31.I.2013,leg. V. Butler (pitfall traps, vegetation around dam), 1♂ (NCA 2013 /4307); Same locality, 28°36.722’S, 26°26.148’E, 24.XI.2013 – 20.I.2014, leg. C. Haddad & V. Butler (pitfalls, open woodland), 1♂ (NCA 2014 /1077); Same locality, 28°36.712’S, 26°26.186’E, 1450 m a.s.l., 10.X.2017, leg. C. Haddad (base of grass tussocks), 1♀ (NCA 2017 /933); Same locality, 28°35’S, 26°25’E, 19–23.I.2014, leg. AFRAS colloquium delegates, 1♀ (NCA 2014 /1028); Bloemfontein, Free State National Botanical Gardens, 29°02.892’S, 26°12.662’E, 1390 m a.s.l., 24.IX–8.X.2009, leg. C. Haddad (pitfalls, Rhus lancea woodland), 1♀ (NCA 2009 /3490); Same locality, 27.X–16.XI.2009, leg. C. Haddad (pitfall traps), 1♀ (NMBA 13989); Same locality, 9.XII.2009 – 4.I.2010, leg. C. Haddad (pitfall traps, grassland), 1♂ 1♀ (NMBA 15103), 3♂ 7♀ (NMBA 15024); Same locality, 20.X–9.XI.2013, leg. C. Haddad (open pitfalls, grassland), 3♂ 3♀ (NCA 2017 /1555); Same locality, XII.2014, leg. C. Haddad (open pitfalls, grassland), 2♀ (NCA 2015 /1845); Same locality, VI.2016, leg. C. Haddad & L. Whitehead (Hyparrhenia hirta grass tussocks), 1♀ (NCA 2016 /3060); Erfenis Dam Nature Reserve, Site 1, 28°28.892’S, 26°48.508’E, 30.IX–28.X.2009, leg. R. Fourie & A. Grobler (pitfall traps, grassland near trench), 3♀ (NCA 2009 /3579), 1♀ (NMBA 14359); Erfenis Dam Nature Reserve, Site 8, 28°29.804’S, 26°48.503’E, 31.VIII–30.IX.2009, leg. R. Fourie & A. Grobler (pitfall traps, Themeda grassland), 3♀ (NCA 2009 /3655); Same data but 30.IX–28.X.2009, 1♀ (NCA 2009 /3604), 2♀ (NMBA 14485); Erfenis Dam Nature Reserve, Burned site 1, 28°30.373’S, 26°48.437’E, 21.IX–22.X.2005, leg. C. Haddad, S. Otto & R. Poller (pitfall traps, grassland), 1♀ (NMBA 13923); Same data but 22.X–22.XI.2005, leg. C. Haddad, S. Otto & R. Poller, 3♀ (NMBA 13924); Same data but 23.XII.2005 – 23.I.2006, leg. C. Haddad, 1♂ 1♀ (NMBA 13925); Same data but 24.II–27.III.2006, leg. S. Otto & R. Poller, 3♂ (NMBA 13926); Same data but 27.III–28.IV.2006, leg. C. Haddad & R. Lyle, 1♂ 1♀ (NMBA 13927); Same data but 28.IV–26.V.2006, leg. C. Haddad & R. Lyle, 3♀ (NMBA 13928); Same data but 26.V–28.VI.2006, leg. S. Otto & R. Poller, 1♂ 1♀ (NMBA 13929); Same data but 28.VI–28.VII.2006, leg. C. Haddad & R. Lyle, 1♂ (NMBA 13930); Erfenis Dam Nature Reserve, Burned site 2, 28°30.134’S, 26°48.427’E, 22.X–22.XI.2005, leg. C. Haddad, S. Otto & R. Poller (pitfall traps, grassland), 1♂ 1♀ (NMBA 13931); Same data but 27.III–28.IV.2006, leg. C. Haddad & R. Lyle, 1♀ (NMBA 13933); Same data but 28.IV–26.V.2006, leg. C. Haddad & R. Lyle, 1♀ (NMBA 13932); Erfenis Dam Nature Reserve, Burned site 3, 28°29.990’S, 26°48.486’E, 21.IX–22.X.2005, leg. C. Haddad, S. Otto & R. Poller, 1♀ (NMBA 13935); Same data but 22.X–22.XI.2005, leg. C. Haddad, S. Otto & R. Poller (pitfall traps, grassland), 2 imm. 4♂ (NMBA 13934); Same data but 23.XII.2005 – 23.I.2006, leg. C. Haddad, S. Otto & R. Poller, 2♂ (NMBA 13936); Same data but 24.I–24.II.2006, leg. C. Haddad & R. Lyle, 1♂ (NMBA 13937); Same data but 24.II–27.III.2006, leg. S. Otto & R. Poller, 5♀ (NMBA 13938); Same data but 27.III–28.IV.2006, leg. C. Haddad & R. Lyle, 5♂ 5♀ (NMBA 13939); Same data but 28.IV–26.V.2006, leg. C. Haddad & R. Lyle, 1 imm. 2♂ 6♀ (NMBA 13940); Same data but 28.VII–1.IX.2006, leg. C. Haddad, S. Otto & R. Poller, 1♂ 1♀ (NMBA 13941); Erfenis Dam Nature Reserve, Unburned site 1, 28°29.888’S, 26°48.488’E, 21.IX–22.X.2005, leg. C. Haddad, S. Otto & R. Poller (pitfall traps, grassland), 1♂ (NMBA 13900); Same data but 22.X–22.XI.2005, leg. C. Haddad, S. Otto & R. Poller, 2 imm. 2♂ 2♀ (NMBA 13901); Same data but 22.XI– 23.XII.2005, leg. C. Haddad, 11♂ 7♀ (NMBA 13902); Same data but 23.XII.2005 – 23.I.2006, leg. C. Haddad, S. Otto & R. Poller, 6♂ 3♀ (NMBA 13903); Same data but 23.I–24.II.2006, leg. C. Haddad & R. Lyle, 4♂ 2♀ (NMBA 13904); Same data but 24.II–27.III.2006, leg. S. Otto & R. Poller, 2 imm. 5♂ 3♀ (NMBA 13905); Same data but 27.III–28.IV.2006, leg. C. Haddad & R. Lyle, 1 imm. 1♀ (NMBA 13906); Same data but 28.IV–26.V.2006, leg. C. Haddad & R. Lyle, 1♂ 2♀ (NMBA 13907); Erfenis Dam Nature Reserve, Unburned site 2, 28°29.706’S, 26°48.281’E, 21.IX–22.X.2005, leg. C. Haddad, S. Otto & R. Poller (pitfall traps, grassland), 2♂ 1♀ (NMBA 13908); Same data but 22.X–22.XI.2005, leg. C. Haddad, S. Otto & R. Poller, 1 imm. 4♂ 2♀ (NMBA 13909); Same data but 22.XI–23.XII.2005, leg. C. Haddad, 2♂ 2♀ (NMBA 13910); Same data but 23.XII.2005 – 23.I.2006, leg. C. Haddad, S. Otto & R. Poller, 1 imm. 3♂ 4♀ (NMBA 13911); Same data but 24.II–27.III.2006, leg. S. Otto & R. Poller, 2♂ (NMBA 13912); Same data but 27.III–28.IV.2006, leg. C. Haddad & R. Lyle, 7♂ 5♀ (NMBA 13913); Same data but 28.IV–26.V.2006, leg. C. Haddad & R. Lyle, 6♂ 2♀ (NMBA 13914); Same data but 1–30.IX.2006, leg. C. Haddad, S. Otto & R. Poller, 1♂ (NMBA 13915); Erfenis Dam Nature Reserve, Unburned site 3, 28°29.741’S, 26°48.065’E, 22.XI–23.XII.2005, leg. C. Haddad (pitfall traps, grassland), 6♂ 6♀ (NMBA 13916); Same data but 23.XII.2005 – 23.I.2006, leg. C. Haddad, S. Otto & R. Poller, 1♂ 1♀ (NMBA 13917); Same data but 23.I–24.II.2006, leg. C. Haddad & R. Lyle, 2♀ (NMBA 13918); Same data but 24.II–27.III.2006, leg. S. Otto & R. Poller, 5♂ 2♀ (NMBA 13919); Same data but 27.III–28.IV.2006, leg. C. Haddad & R. Lyle, 2♂ 3♀ (NMBA 13920); Same data but 28.IV–26.V.2006, leg. C. Haddad & R. Lyle, 2♂ 2♀ (NMBA 13921); Same data but 1–30.IX.2006, leg. C. Haddad, S. Otto & R. Poller, 1♀ (NMBA 13922); Sandveld Nature Reserve, 27°44.043’S, 25°45.805’E, 2–30.X.2009, leg. R. Fourie & A. Grobler (pitfall traps, grassland), 4♀ (NCA 2009 /3566); Same locality, 2.IX–2.X.2009, leg. R. Fourie & A. Grobler (pitfall traps, grassland), 1♀ (NMBA 15107). Gauteng: Johannesburg, Roodepoort, Ruimsig, 26°08’S, 27°51’E, 20.V.2000, leg. A. Leroy (in house), 1♀ (NCA 2007 /3834); Pretoria, Rietondale Research Campus, 25°43.780’S, 28°13.862’E, 16.VII.1998, leg. J. Nkwana (pitfall traps), 1♂ (NCA 2007 /1151). KwaZulu-Natal: Sani Pass Elevational Transect, 30°11’00.6’’S, 30°09’07.8’’E, 900 m a.s.l. (8a), leg. University of Pretoria students (pitfall traps), 1♀ (NCA 2011 /774); Sani Pass, 29°39’S, 29°27’E, IX.2006, leg. D. Prentice (pitfall traps), 1♀ (NCA 2008 /1982). Habitat and biology. This species was regularly collected from pitfall traps in the Grassland Biome of central South Africa. In contrast with its congeners, this species was far more abundant in open grasslands (3.8 %; Haddad et al. 2015) than in leaf litter (absent in Butler & Haddad 2011; Haddad et al. 2019) or shrubland habitats (0.13 %; Haddad & Butler 2018). On rare occasions, it was collected by sweeping grass (e.g. Haddad 2005). In a study investigating the impacts of controlled burning in central South African grasslands (Haddad et al. 2015), 180 adult O. arca sp. nov. were collected from the Erfenis Dam Nature Reserve. The proportion of males (n = 92) to females (n = 88) was almost identical. Considering its dominance as a component of Corinnidae (n = 234) in the study (its placement at the time), it likely contributed to the observed significant impact of fire on this family, as 126 individuals were sampled from the three unburnt control sites compared to only 54 individuals sampled at the three burnt sites. Regarding adult phenology (Fig. 64), the species occurred throughout the year, but was most common from late spring to late autumn, and was rare during winter. Distribution. Widespread in the Grassland Biome of central South Africa (Fig. 82).Published as part of Haddad, Charles R., Jin, Chi & Platnick, Norman I., 2022, A revision of the spider genus Orthobula Simon, 1897 (Araneae: Trachelidae) in the Afrotropical Region. I. Continental species, pp. 355-382 in Zootaxa 5133 (3) on pages 364-367, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5133.3.3, http://zenodo.org/record/652267
Redox and oxidant-mediated regulation of apoptosis signaling pathways: immuno-pharmaco-redox conception of oxidative siege versus cell death commitment
No full textThe mechanisms controlling apoptosis remain largely obscure. Because apoptosis is an integral part of the developmental program and is frequently the end-result of a temporal course of cellular events, it is referred to as programmed cell death. While there is considerable variation in the signals and requisite cellular metabolic events necessary to induce apoptosis in diverse cell types, the morphological features associated with apoptosis are highly conserved. Free radicals, particularly reactive oxygen species (ROS), have been proposed as common mediators for apoptosis. Many agents that induce apoptosis are either oxidants or stimulators of cellular oxidative metabolism. Conversely, many inhibitors of apoptosis have antioxidant activities or enhance cellular antioxidant defenses. Mammalian cells, therefore, exist in a state of oxidative siege in which survival requires an optimum balance of oxidants and antioxidants. The respiratory tract is subjected to a variety of environmental stresses, including oxidizing agents, particulates and airborne microorganisms that, together, may injure structural and functional lung components and thereby jeopardize the primary lung function of gas exchange. To cope with this challenge, the lung has developed elaborate defense mechanisms that include inflammatory-immune pathways as well as efficient antioxidant defense systems. In the absence of adequate antioxidant defenses, the damage produced is detected by the cell leading to the activation of genes responsible for the regulation of apoptosis, conceivably through stress-responsive transcription factors. Oxidative stress, in addition, may cause a shift in cellular redox state, which thereby modifies the nature of the stimulatory signal and which results in cell death as opposed to proliferation. 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Leptodrassex murphyi Haddad & Booysen 2022, sp. nov.
No full textLeptodrassex murphyi sp. nov. Figures 46–79, 82–86 Leptodrassex sp. Rodrigues & Rheims, 2020: figs 8H, 19A, 22C, 24B, 28B, 29B. Type material. Holotype ♀: SOUTH AFRICA: KwaZulu-Natal: Ndumo Game Reserve, Main Camp, 26°54.516’S, 32°18.861’E, 13.VI.2005, leg. C. Haddad (grass litter) (NCA 2005/969). Paratypes: Together with holotype, 1♂ (NCA 2005/969); MOZAMBIQUE: Gaza: Bilene, Praia do Bilene, 25°16’S, 33°18’E, 27 m a.s.l., 20.XII.2007, leg. C. Haddad, R. Lyle & R. Fourie (leaf litter, coastal forest), 1♀ (NMBA 11318). Inhambane: Bartholomew Dias Point, 21°16’S, 35°07’E, 5 m a.s.l., 10.XII.2007, leg. C. Haddad, R. Lyle & R. Fourie (leaf litter, mangroves), 3♂ 5♀ (NMBA 11244); Vilankulos, Casa Chibububo, 22°01’S, 35°19’E, 3 m a.s.l., 12.XII.2007, leg. C. Haddad, R. Lyle & R. Fourie (leaf litter, coastal bush), 1♂ (NMBA 11358). Maputo: Near Marracuene, Blue Anchor Inn, 25°35’S, 32°40’E, 50 m a.s.l., 28.XI.2007, leg. C. Haddad & R. Lyle (leaf litter, savanna), 1♂ 2♀ (NMBA 11414). SOUTH AFRICA: Free State: Bloemfontein, Shelleyvale-Rayton road, 29°04’S, 26°12’E, 21.V.2015, leg. C. Haddad & N. Jolintini (Sorghum bicolor tussocks), 2♂ (NCA 2015/2512); Luckhoff district, Farm Bankfontein, 30°04.980’S, 24°54.170’E, 22.I.2015, leg. C. Haddad (base of grass tussocks, wetland), 1♂ (NCA 2015/1651). Etymology. This species is named for the late John Murphy, who described the genus and included in his book an undescribed species from Kenya that closely resembles this species (Murphy 2007). Diagnosis. The female of this species most closely resembles that of L. capensis sp. nov., but can be recognised by the more strongly bent copulatory ducts and the larger copulatory openings (compare Figs 80 and 82). Males most closely resemble those of the undescribed Leptodrassex sp. 1 of Murphy (2007), but have a much shorter retrolateral tegular process and shorter dorsal retrolateral tibial apophysis (compare Figs 84–86 with Murphy 2007: fig. 515). Description. Female (holotype, Ndumo, NCA 2005/969). Colouration (Fig. 46): carapace, endites and chelicerae creamy-yellow, sternum creamy-white, margins yellow-brown at coxae; femora creamy-white, remaining segments creamy-yellow. Abdomen creamy-white dorsally and ventrally. Measurements: CL 0.99, CW 0.83, AL 1.57, AW 0.67, TL 2.70. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.10, ALE 0.09, PME 0.07, PLE 0.08, AME–AME 0.06, AME–ALE 0.01, PME–PME 0.06, PME–PLE 0.04, ALE–PLE 0.01. Leg measurements: I 0.71, 0.35, 0.57, 0.48, 0.37 = 2.48; II 0.76, 0.37, 0.63, 0.53, 0.40 = 2.69; III 0.62, 0.33, 0.44, 0.41, 0.24 = 2.04; IV 1.01, 0.40, 0.79, 0.84, 0.25 = 3.29. Leg spination: femora: I and II spineless, III do 1 rl 1, IV do 1 rl 1; tibiae: I plv 2 rlv 2, II rlv 2, III pl 3 rl 2 plv 2, IV pl 2 rl 2 plv 1 vt 2; metatarsi: I plv 1 rlv 1, II plv 1 rlv 1, III pl 2 rl 1 plv 1 vt 3, IV pl 2 rl 2 plv 1 vt 3; palp: femur do 2, patella spineless, tibia pl 2 plv 1, tarsus pl 1 rl 1 plv 2 rlv 4 vt 2. Epigyne with recurved hemispherical ridges anteriorly, continuing along midline into posterior half, forming bean-shaped atria (Figs 71–73), narrowly separated by median septum; copulatory openings oblique, procurved, situated in anterior part of atria; copulatory ducts S-shaped, broad initially but narrowing quickly, initially directed posteriorly, curving laterally at midpoint, with sharp lateral bend before entering ovoid lateral spermathecae; fertilization ducts on posteromesal margin of spermathecae, directed mesally (Figs 82, 83). Male (paratype, Ndumo, NCA 2005/969). Colouration (Fig. 47): similar to female, slightly paler. Measurements: CL 0.86, CW 0.71, AL 1.08, AW 0.67, TL 1.98. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.09, ALE 0.05, PME 0.08, PLE 0.05, AME–AME 0.06, AME–ALE 0.01, PME–PME 0.03, PME–PLE 0.03, ALE–PLE 0.01. Leg measurements: I 0.68, 0.30, 0.56, 0.46, 0.34 = 2.34; II 0.71, 0.32, 0.58, 0.48, 0.36 = 2.45; III 0.59, 0.30, 0.40, 0.38, 0.24 = 1.91; IV 0.95, 0.35, 0.72, 0.76, 0.25 = 3.03. Leg spination: femora: I and II spineless, III do 1, IV do 1 rl 1; tibiae: I plv 2 rlv 2, II rlv 2, III pl 2 rl 1 plv 1, IV pl 2 rl 2 vt 2; metatarsi: I plv 1 rlv 1, II plv 1 rlv 1, III pl 2 rl 1 plv 1 vt 3, IV pl 2 rl 2 plv 1 vt 3; palp: femur do 2 plv 1-2, patella spineless, tibia plv 1, tarsus plv 2 rlv 2. Palp: tibia longer than broad, with small lobate prolateral apophysis, small dorsal apophysis, slightly larger ventral retrolateral apophysis, and slender ventrally curved dorsal tibial apophysis (Figs 76–78, 84–86); tegulum ovoid, with large curved apical tegular process, smaller spike-like retrolateral tegular process, and slender straight median apophysis (Figs 77, 85); fine laminate conductor hidden behind apical tegular process (Fig. 77); embolus very slender, originating proximally and entering groove in subtegulum, continuing along prolateral margin distally, before entering groove in apical tegular process (Figs 77–79). Additional material examined. SOUTH AFRICA: Free State: Amanzi Private Game Reserve, 28°35.785’S, 26°26.335’E, 1–30.IX.2012, leg. V. Butler (pitfall traps, Vachellia karroo woodland), 1♀ (NCA 2013/3379); Same locality, Obstacle course, 28°35.994’S, 26°25.650’E, 30.XII.2020, leg. C. Haddad (base of grass tussocks), 2♂ 1♀ (S.E.M. preparations); Bloemfontein, Free State National Botanical Gardens, 29°02’S, 26°12’E, 8.VI.2015, leg. C. Haddad & N. Jolintini (Hyparrhenia hirta tussocks), 1♀ (NCA 2015/2521); Same locality, 21.V.2015, leg. C. Haddad & N. Jolintini (H. hirta tussocks), 2♂ (NCA 2015/2503); Brandfort, Florisbad Research Station, 28°46’S, 26°05’E, 21.XII.1987 – 5.I.1988, leg. L. Lotz (pitfalls), 1♀ (NMBA 8435); Gariep Dam Nature Reserve, 30°35’S, 25°32’E, 1340 m a.s.l., 10.IV.2017, leg. M. Morake & N. Tshabalala (sifting leaf litter, Nama Karoo veld), 1♀ (NCA 2019/896); Harrismith, Platberg Nature Reserve, 28°16.842’S, 29°12.024’E, 2040 m a.s.l., 13.XI.2015 – 26.I.2016, leg. C. Haddad, D. Fourie & Z. Mbo (pitfall traps, alpine grassland), 1♂ 3♀ (NCA 2015/2300); Sterkfontein Dam Nature Reserve, 28°24.925’S, 29°02.529’E, 1700 m a.s.l., 11.XI.2015, leg. C. Haddad (under rocks, shore of dam), 1♀ (NCA 2015/2125). Gauteng: Pretoria, Pretoria National Botanical Gardens, 25°44’S, 28°16’E, 6.X–24.XI.2007, leg. E. Kassimatis (pitfalls), 1♀ (NCA 2010/2262). KwaZulu-Natal: Enseleni Nature Reserve, 28°41.350’S, 31°59.900’E, 12.X.2020, leg. R. Booysen & R. Steenkamp (hand collecting, grass tussocks), 2♂ (NCA 2020/727); iSimangaliso Wetlands Park, Mission Rocks picnic site, 28°15.879’S, 32°28.922’E, 90 m a.s.l., 29.XI.2015, leg. C. Haddad (base of grass tussocks, coastal forest), 1♀ (NCA 2015/2257). Limpopo: Soutpansberg Mountains, Lajuma Mountain Retreat, 23°02.306’S, 29°26.633’E, 6.II.2008, leg. R. Lyle & R. Fourie (beats, Afromontane forest), 1♀ (NCA 2008/494). Northern Cape: Benfontein Nature Reserve, 28°49’S, 24°49’E, 4.I.2006, leg. R. Lyle (pitfalls, dry savanna), 1♀ (NCA 2006/1128); Kathu, Farm Pniel, 28°35.420’S, 24°31.967’E, 31.X.2005, leg. R. Lyle (pitfalls, dry savanna), 1♀ (NCA (2006/1093). Variation. Total length: females 1.80–3.10 (average 2.44, n = 22); males 1.65–2.28 (average 1.96, n = 11). Habitat and biology. Approximately 80% of the examined females had plugged epigynes. This species occupied a broad range of biomes (Nama Karoo, grassland, savanna, forest, Indian Ocean Coastal Belt), where it was predominantly sampled from the ground by pitfalls, litter sifting, beneath rocks or from grass tussocks, and only rarely from woody vegetation by beating. Distribution. Widely distributed in southern Mozambique and the eastern half of South Africa (Fig. 44).Published as part of Haddad, Charles R. & Booysen, Ruan, 2022, The ground spider genera Leptodrassex Murphy, 2007 and Leptopilos Levy, 2009 (Araneae: Gnaphosidae) in southern Africa, including the description of a new genus and seven new species, pp. 1-32 in Zootaxa 5194 (1) on pages 17-19, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5194.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/714193
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