1,720,958 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Interaction of mast cells and CD8+ T cells during a viral infection.
No full textMastzellen (MZ) sind ein integraler Bestandteil des angeboren Immunsystems, welche verstärkt an potenziellen Eintrittspforten für Pathogene angesiedelt sind. Trotz bekannter Interaktionen mit einer Vielzahl von Pathogenen, ist die Rolle der MZ im Rahmen einer Virusinfektion noch nicht vollständig verstanden. Deshalb wurde in der vorliegenden Arbeit untersucht, welche Bedeutung der Interaktion von MZ und CD8+ T-Zellen bei einer Lymphozyteren Choriomeningitis Virus (LCMV) Infektion in vivo und in vitro zukommt.
Hierfür wurden Wildtyp (WT) und MasTRECK Mäuse intradermal mit LCMV infiziert und zu verschiedenen Zeitpunkten nach der Infektion untersucht. Dabei diente das MasTRECK System als Modell für eine Mastzelldepletion, welche durch eine fünftägige Diphtherietoxingabe (DT-Gabe) erreicht wurde.
Nach einer LCMV Infektion wurden in WT Mäusen hämatopoetische Immunzellen zum Infektionsherd rekrutiert. Dieser Effekt war in mastzelldepletierten MasTRECK Mäusen nicht zu beobachten. Dabei war neben der Rekrutierung auch die Proliferation von virusspezifischen CD8+ T-Zellen, in Abwesenheit von MZ, beeinträchtigt. Ebenso war auch die Aktivierung sowie Funktionalität der Effektorzellen herabgesetzt, sodass die MasTRECK Mäuse nicht in der Lage waren die Viruslast in den Organen zu beseitigen. Als letzter Punkt sei die reduzierte Häufigkeit und reduzierte Aktivierung der dendritischen Zellen (DZ) sowie der plasmazytoiden DZ (pDZ) in MasTRECK Mäusen zu nennen. Es zeigte sich damit verbunden eine reduzierte IFN-α Sekretion.
Es lässt sich zusammenfassen, dass während einer LCMV Infektion und in Abwesenheit von MZ die Reifung, Aktivierung und damit vermutlich auch die Funktionalität von DZ und pDZ beeinträchtigt wurde. In dessen Folge könnte es zu einer weniger effektiven Initiierung einer antiviralen Immunantwort kommen. Darüber hinaus gilt es zu klären welche Moleküle der MZ hierfür essenziell sind. Auch der genaue Mechanismus der Modulation der antiviralen Immunantwort im Rahmen einer LCMV Infektion verbleibt ungeklärt. Weitere Erkenntnisse in diesem Gebiet könnten helfen das komplexe Zusammenspiel von Immunzellen während einer Virusinfektion besser zu verstehen. Mittels jener könnte die Behandlungsqualität im klinischen Alltag verbessert werden und es könnten neue oder verbesserte Therapieansätze abgeleitet werden.As a part of the innate immune system mast cells (MC) are strategically located at portals of entry, used by pathogens to enter the host. Although several studies have examined the role of MC in immune responses against pathogens, the role of MC during viral infections is still not completely understood. Therefore, we investigated the role of MC in the activation of CD8+ T cells using a well characterized model of viral infection, the lymphocytic choriomeningitis vi-rus (LCMV) infection model in vivo and in vitro.
Wildtype (WT) and MasTRECK mice were infected intradermally with LCMV to analyze the development of virus-specific immune responses at different timepoints after the infection. MasTRECK mice were used as an inducible model for MC deficiency after treatment with diphtheria toxin for five consecutive days.
WT mice were shown to recruit hematopoietic immune cells to the site of infection after an intradermal LCMV infection in contrast to MasTRECK mice. Furthermore, the expansion and recruitment of virus-specific CD8+ T cells to the secondary lymphoid organs and to the site of infection was reduced in absence of MC. In addition, MasTRECK mice displayed impaired CD8+ T cell activation and functionality which impeded viral clearance. Lastly, MasTRECK mice were shown to have reduced frequencies and less activated dendritic cells (DC) and plasmacytoid DC (pDC), which resulted in decreased IFN-α levels in contrast that of infected WT mice.
In summary, MC absence upon LCMV infection led to impaired maturation, activation and functionality of DC and pDC leading to defective virus-specific CD8+ T cell responses. The better understanding of the role of MC during immune cell responses will allow the develop-ment of novel therapeutic strategics against infections.DFG, 322360721, Mechanismen der Interaktion von Mastzellen und T-Zellen bei viralen Infektione
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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