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Application of leaf essential oils and their constituents from Cinnamomum osmophloeum on the manufacture of anti-mildew paper
No full text為了確保紙質製品之使用壽命及品質，防黴藥劑處理是常用的方法之ㄧ，因此，本試驗選取9種植物葉部精油及其主要成分，進行防黴性的篩選，然後將紙張以防黴效果較佳的精油及成分分別予以浸漬處理，再進行室內放置、加速老化試驗及加速耐光試驗，並評估紙張的性質變化。本試驗所選取之植物包括，5種化學品系（桂皮醛型、桂皮醛-桂皮乙酸酯型、伽羅木醇型、樟腦型及混合型）的土肉桂(Cinnamomum osmophloeum)、錫蘭肉桂(Cinnamomum zeylanicum)、山肉桂Cinnamomum insularimontanum）、陰香(Cinnamomum burmani)、過山香(Clausena excavata)等葉部精油；而成分則包括，Cinnamaldehyde 、Linalool、Camphor、Cinnamyl acetate、Bornyl acetate、3-Phenylpropionaldehyde、Eugenol、1,8-Cineol、Safrole、Borneol、Terpinolene等，分別對其進行防黴試驗。試驗結果顯示，9種精油中以桂皮醛型及桂皮醛-桂皮乙酸酯型土肉桂精油對黴菌Aspergillus niger、A. terreus、Chaetomium globosum、Penicillium citrinum、Trichoderma viride有良好的抑制效果，精油成分則以Cinnamaldehyde的防黴效果最佳，其效果比常用的防黴燻蒸劑Thymol更好，對於5株黴菌的半數抑制濃度（IC50）皆小於62.5 μg/cm2。
宣紙及道林紙以2％桂皮醛型土肉桂精油及2％桂皮醛之乙醇溶液浸漬後的防黴紙能完全抑制5株試驗黴菌的生長，且2％桂皮醛型土肉桂精油及2％桂皮醛並不會影響宣紙及道林紙之顏色與紙張的pH值；至於紙張力學性質，經2％桂皮醛及2％桂皮醛型土肉桂精油浸漬之宣紙及道林紙的抗張指數及耐摺強度有顯著下降。另外，2％桂皮醛及2％桂皮醛型土肉桂精油浸漬之宣紙及道林紙進行室內放置16星期、加速老化288 hr及加速耐光400 hr後，紙張性質的經時變化與未浸漬的宣紙與道林紙相近。此外，精油及其成分具揮發性，因此，使用桂皮醛及土肉桂精油浸漬之防黴紙時，防黴紙可能有防黴性短效及紙力下降的特性，應根據防黴紙使用時的環境及用途加以選擇使用。Treating paper products with anti-mildew compounds is one of the common methods for prolonging their service life. Thus, in this study the anti-mildew properties of papers treated with several plant leaf essential oils selected and their main components were evaluated by anti-mildew assay. The essential oils and their main components with anti-mildew activities were further used for the paper dipping treatments and the paper properties was examined by using indoor exposure test, accelerated aging test and artificially accelerated lightfastness test.
To screen the essential oils and constituents having great anti-mildew property, leaf essential oils from five chemo-types of Cinnamomum osmophloeum (cinnamaldehyde type, cinnamaldehyde-cinnamyl acetate type, linalool type, camphor type, and mixed type), Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Cinnamomum insularimontanum, Cinnamomum burmani, and Clausena excavate and their major constituents (cinnamaldehyde, linalool, camphor, cinnamyl acetate, bornyl acetate, 3-phenylpropionaldehyde, eugenol, 1,8-cineol, safrole, borneol, terpinolene) were investigated by anti-mildew assay. Results from the anti-mildew assay
revealed that cinnamaldehyde type and cinnamaldehyde -cinnamyl acetate type of C. osmophloeum leaf oil had great inhibitory effects on the growth of Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus terreus, Chaetomium globosum, Penicillium citrinum, and Trichoderma viride among the selected essential oils. Cinnamaldehyde had better inhibitory effects on the growth of five mildews than other constituents tested and even better than the popular fumigation, thymol. IC50 (Median inhibition concentration) values of cinnamaldehyde against five mildews were all ＜ 62.5 μg/cm2.
Anti-mildew papers manufactured from Xuan and wood free paper and they were dipped in 2％ ethanol solution of cinnamaldehyde type of C. osmophloeum leaf oil and cinnamaldehyde. They inhibited the growth of five mildews tested completely, and there is no significant difference in the color variations and the pH value were observed in comparison with the untreated papers. As for paper strength properties, the changes of tensile index and folding endurance of both Xuan and wood free paper after dipping in 2％ cinnamaldehyde and 2％ cinnamaldehyde type of C. osmophloeum leaf oil were comparatively lower than the untreated papers. In addition, the changes in paper properties of both Xuan and wood free paper after indoor exposure for 16 weeks, accelerated aging test for 288 hr, and accelerated lightfastness test for 400 hr were almost similar to those of untreated papers. Furthermore, essential oil and its compound evaporated easily. Therefore, this study reveals that anti-mildew papers can be manufactured by using leaf oil of C. osmophloeum and cinnamaldehyde with papers without affecting the color and pH value. Howerver, we should take account of the environment and the purpose, since they might have shorter anti-mildew activity and lower paper strength prperties.目錄 ……………………………………………………..…………..……………….. I
圖目錄 ……………………………………………………………………..……..…IV
表目錄 ………………………………………………………………………..….VIII
摘要 …..………………………………………………………………………..…XII
Abstract …….……………………………………………….…….........………….XIV
壹、 前言 …………………………………………………………....………………1
貳、 文獻回顧 ………………………………………………………….……………2
一、 真菌的介紹 ………………………………………………………………2
（一） 真菌的分類 ……………………………………………………….2
（二） 常見危害紙質製品之黴菌種類 …...……………………….……3
（三） 黴菌危害紙質製品之機制與所造成之損壞形式 …………….….5
二、 抗真菌試驗法 ……………………………………………………………..6
（一） 液態稀釋法 ………………………………………………………7
（二） 紙碇擴散法 ……………………………………………………….7
（三） 孔盤擴散法 ……………………………………………………..7
（四） 固態稀釋法（食物毒性法） ……………………………………….8
（五） 倒置培養基法 …………………………………………..………8
（六） CNS2690、ATTCC No.30及TAPPI T487 cm-93防黴試驗法 ………………………………………………..………..……….8
三、 抗黴菌精油及精油成分 ……..…………………………………………8
（一） 草本植物精油及其成分之抗黴菌活性 ………………………..8
（二） 木本植物精油及其成分之抗黴菌活性 ……….……………….11
參、 材料與方法 ………………………………………………………………….15
一、 試驗材料 …………………………………………………….…………15
（一） 紙樣 ……………………………………………………..………15
（二） 植物精油 ………………………………………………….…….15
（三） 化合物 ……………………………………………………………15
（四） 試驗菌種 ………………………………………………………..15
二、 試驗方法 ……………………………………………………………….16
（一） 精油的萃取 …………………………………………………..…16
（二） 精油成分分析鑑定 ………………………………………………16
（三） 防黴試驗 ………………………………………………………..16
（四） 含浸紙張之含浸法及含浸量測定 ……………………………….16
1. 含浸法 …………………………………….……………………..16
2. 含浸量測定 ………….…………………………………………..17
（五） 曝露試驗 …………………………………………………………17
1. 室內照光試驗 …………………………………………………17
2. 加速老化試驗 ………………………………………………......17
3. 加速耐光試驗 …………………………………………………17
三、 性質分析 ………………………………………………………….……18
（一） 紙張表面顏色測定 …………………………………………..…18
（二） 紙張之酸鹼度測定 ……………………………………………….18
（三） 紙張力學性質測定 …………………………………..…………18
1. 紙張之抗張強度試驗 …………………………………………18
2. 紙張之撕裂強度試驗 …………………………………………19
3. 紙張之耐折強度試驗 ……………………………………….…19
（四） 紫外光-可見光光譜測定 …………………………………….…19
（五） 統計分析 ………………………………………………………..19
肆、 結果與討論 ………………………………………………..…………………20
一、 精油成分分析 …………………………………………..………………20
二、 植物葉部精油及其成分之防黴效果 ……………………………..……26
（一） 植物葉部精油及其成分防黴效果之篩選 …..……………….…26
（二） 有效精油及其成分之防黴效果 ……………………….………...28
（三） 紙張含浸精油及其成分後之防黴效果及含浸量 ………..………31
三、 精油及其成分對紙張的影響 …………………………………….……32
（一） 精油及其成分對紙張表面顏色的影響 …………………………32
（二） 精油及其成分對紙張酸鹼度的影響 …………………………..34
（三） 精油及其成分對紙張力學性質之影響 …………………….…..35
1. 精油及其成分對宣紙力學性質之影響 ………………………35
2. 精油及其成分對道林紙力學性質的影響 …..…………………38
四、 精油及其成分對含浸紙張劣化之影響 ……………………………….41
（一） 室內放置試驗 ……..……………………………..………………41
1. 紙張表面顏色之變化 …………………………….……………41
2. 紙張酸鹼度之變化 ………………………………….…………43
3. 紙張力學性質之變化 ………………………………….………45
（二） 加速老化試驗 ……………………………………………..……54
1. 紙張表面顏色之變化 …………………………………….……54
2. 紙張酸鹼度之變化 …………………………………….………56
3. 紙張力學性質之變化 …………………………………………58
（三） 人工加速耐光試驗 …………………………...………………...64
五、 精油及其成分之留存率 ……………………….………………………66
伍、 結論 …………………………………………………….…………………….69
陸、 參考文獻 …………………………………………………..…………………71
圖 目 錄
頁 次
圖1. 真菌類活動造成紙質文物損壞之類型
Fig. 1. Types of fungal damage on paper-based cultural relics …......….…….......…5
圖2 桂皮醛型土肉桂葉精油之氣相層析圖
Fig. 2. GC chromatogram of leaf essential oil from cinnamaldehyde type of C.
osmophloeum ……………………...………......………………………....…21
圖3 伽羅木醇型型土肉桂葉精油之氣相層析圖
Fig. 3. GC chromatogram of leaf essential oil from linalool type of C. osmophloeum
………………………....….....………………………………….................................21
圖4 樟腦型土肉桂葉精油之氣相層析圖
Fig. 4. GC chromatogram of leaf essential oil from camphor type of C. osmophloeum
......................................................................................................................................22
圖5 桂皮醛-桂皮乙酸酯型土肉桂葉精油之氣相層析圖
Fig. 5. GC chromatogram of leaf essential oil from cinnamaldehyde-cinnamyl acetate type of C. osmophloeum ………………..…......………………..................…22
圖6.混合型土肉桂葉精油之氣相層析圖
Fig. 6. GC chromatogram of leaf essential oil from mixed type of C. osmophloeum
………………………………………………………………………………….…...23
圖7. 錫蘭肉桂葉精油之氣相層析圖
Fig. 7. GC chromatogram of leaf essential oil from C. zeylanicum ……………........23
圖8. 山肉桂葉精油之氣相層析圖
Fig. 8. GC chromatogram of leaf essential oil from C. insularimontanum ………...24
圖9. 陰香葉精油之氣相層析圖
Fig. 9. GC chromatogram of leaf essential oil from C. burmani …………………..24
圖10. 過山香葉精油之氣相層析圖
Fig. 10. GC chromatogram of leaf essential oil from Clausena excavate …………25
圖 11. 桂皮醛型土肉桂葉精油之氣相層析圖
Fig. 11. GC chromatogram of leaf essential oil from cinnamaldehyde type of C.
osmophloeum …………………….………………….……..…….……....25
圖12. 植物葉精油（100 μg/cm2）對黴菌A. niger與C. globosum生長的抑制效果
Fig. 12. Inhibitory effects of plant leaf essential oils (100 μg/cm2) against mildew A. niger and C. globosum ……………….………………….………….……27
圖13. 植物葉精油成分（100 μg/cm2）對黴菌A. niger與C. globosum生長的抑制效果
Fig. 13. Inhibitory effects of components (100 μg/cm2) from leaf oils against mildew A. niger and C. globosum …………………..…………………………….28
圖14. 精油及成分（100 μg/cm2）對黴菌A. terreus、P. citrinum與T. viride的抑
菌效果
Fig. 14. Inhibitory effects of leaf oils and components (100 μg/cm2) against mildew A.
terreus, P. citrinum and T. viride ………….........…………………………....29
圖15. 宣紙經精油及成分浸漬後抗張指數之變化
Fig. 15. Changes in tensile index of Xuan paper after dipped in essential
oil and compound ………………………………………………………….36
圖16. 宣紙經精油及成分浸漬後撕裂指數之變化
Fig. 16. Changes in tearing index of Xuan paper after dipped in essential
oil and compound ………………………………………….……………37
圖17. 宣紙經精油及成分浸漬後耐摺強度（0.5 kgf, MIT）之變化
Fig. 17. Changes in folding endurance (0.5 kgf, MIT) of Xuan paper after
dipped in essential oil and compound …………….………..….. 38
圖18. 道林紙經精油及成分浸漬後抗張指數之變化
Fig. 18. Changes in tensile index of wood free paper after dipped in essential
oil and compound …………………………………………………………39
圖19. 道林紙經精油及成分浸 漬後撕裂指數之變化
Fig. 19. Changes in tearing index of wood free paper after dipped in essential
oil and compound ..……………………………………………………......40
圖20. 道林紙經精油及成分浸漬後耐摺強度（1.0 kgf, MIT）之變化
Fig. 20. Changes in folding endurance (1.0 kgf, MIT) of wood free paper after dipped in
essential oil and compound …….………………………………..…………41
圖21 精油及桂皮醛處理後之宣紙置於室內放置1星期後之正己烷萃取液紫外光
/可見光光譜
Fig. 21. UV/Vis spectrum of n-hexane extracts from Xuan paper dipped in essential oil and cinnamaldehyde after indoor exposure for 1 week ……………………...67
圖22 精油及桂皮醛處理後之道林紙置於室內放置1星期後之正己烷萃取液紫外
光/可見光光譜
Fig. 22. UV/Vis spectrum of n-hexane extract of wood free paper dipped in
essential oil and cinnamaldehyde after indoor exposure for 1 week………..68
表 目 錄
頁次
表1. 精油及成分之抗黴菌的活性
Table 1. Anti-mildew activities of essential oils and compounds ……………..…...13
表 2. 10種精油之主要成分與相對含量
Table. 2. Primary constituents and relative contents of essential oils tested …….…26
表 3. 精油及其成分對5種黴菌之IC50（μg/cm2）
Table 3. IC50 values (μg/cm2) of leaf oils and compounds against five
mildew ………………………………………………………….…...30
表4. 紙張浸漬精油及成分後對黴菌的抑制效果（％）
Table 4. Inhibitory effects (％) of papers dipped in essential oil and
compound ……………………………………………………………...32
表5. 宣紙浸漬精油其成分後之表面顏色變化
Table 5. Changes in color parameters of Xuan paper dipped in essential oil and
compound ………………………………………………………….........33
表6. 道林紙浸漬精油其成分後之表面顏色變化
Table 6. Changes in color parameters of wood free paper dipped in essential oil and
compound …………………………………………………………………..34
表7. 精油及成分對紙張酸鹼度之影響
Table 7. Effects of essential oil and compound on the pH value of papers
tested …………………………………………………………………….35
表8. 宣紙經精油及成分浸漬後經室內放置16星期後之色差值變化
Table 8. Changes in color difference value of Xuan paper dipped in
essential oil and compound after indoor exposure for 16 weeks ………..42
表9. 道林紙經精油及成分浸漬後經室內放置16星期後之色差值變化
Table 9. Changes in color difference value of wood free paper dipped in
essential oil and compound after indoor exposure for 16 weeks ….…....43
表 10. 宣紙經精油及成分浸漬後經室內放置16星期後之酸鹼值變化
Table 10. Changes in pH value of Xuan paper dipped in essential oil and
compound after indoor exposure for 16 weeks …………………….…...44
表 11. 道林紙浸漬精油及成分後經16星期室內放置試驗後之酸鹼值變化
Table 11. Changes in pH value of wood free paper dipped in essential oil and
compound after indoor exposure for 16 weeks …………………….…...45
表 12. 宣紙經精油及其成分浸漬後經室內放置16星期後之縱向抗張指數（N．
m2/g）變化
Table 12. Changes in tensile index (machine direction) of Xuan paper dipped in
essential oil and compound after indoor exposure for 16 weeks ………......46
表 13. 宣紙經精油及其成分浸漬後經室內放置16星期後之橫向抗張指數（N．
m2/g）變化
Table 13. Changes in tensile index (cross machine direction) of Xuan paper dipped in
essential oil and compound after indoor exposure for 16 weeks ………...46
表 14. 宣紙經精油及其成分浸漬後經室內放置16星期後之縱向撕裂指數（mN．
m2/g）變化
Table 14. Changes in tearing index (machine direction) of Xuan paper dipped in
essential oil and compound after indoor exposure for 16 weeks …………..47
表 15. 宣紙經精油及其成分浸漬後經室內放置16星期後之橫向撕裂指數（mN．
m2/g）變化
Table 15. Changes in tearing index (cross machine direction) of Xuan paper dipped in
essential oil and compound after indoor exposure for 16 weeks ………..….48
表 16. 宣紙經精油及其成分浸漬後經室內放置16星期後之縱向耐摺強度（0.5
kgf, MIT）變化
Table 16. Changes in folding endurance (machine direction) of Xuan paper
dipped in essential oil and compound after indoor exposure for 16
weeks ……………………………………………………………………..49
表 17. 宣紙經精油及其成分浸漬後經室內放置16星期後之橫向耐摺強度（0.5
kgf, MIT）變化
Table 17. Changes in folding endurance (cross machine direction) of Xuan paper dipped
in essential oil and compound after indoor exposure for 16 weeks ………...49
表 18. 道林紙經精油及其成分浸漬後經室內放置16星期後之縱向抗張指數
（N．m2/g）變化
Table 18. Changes in tensile index (machine direction) of wood free paper dipped in
essential oil and compound after indoor exposure for 16 weeks ………...50
表 19. 道林紙經精油及其成分浸漬後經室內放置16星期後之橫向抗張指數
（N．m2/g）變化
Table 19. Changes in tensile index (cross machine direction) of wood free paper dipped
in essential oil and compound after indoor exposure for 16 weeks ………....51
表 20. 道林紙經精油及其成分浸漬後經室內放置16星期後之縱向撕裂指數
（mN．m2/g）變化
Table 20. Changes in tearing index (machine direction) of wood free paper dipped in
essential oil and compound after indoor exposure for 16 weeks .………….52
表 21. 道林紙經精油及其成分浸漬後經室內放置16星期後之橫向撕裂指數
（mN．m2/g）變化
Table 21. Changes in tearing index (cross machine direction) of wood free paper dipped
in essential oil and compound after indoor exposure for 16 weeks ……….52
表 22. 道林紙經精油及其成分浸漬後經室內放置16星期後之縱向耐摺強度（1.0
kgf, MIT）變化
Table 22. Changes in folding endurance (machine direction) of wood free paper dipped
in essential oil and compound after indoor exposure for 16 weeks ………...53
表 23. 道林紙經精油及其成分浸漬後經室內放置16星期後之橫向耐摺強度（1.0
kgf, MIT）變化
Table 23. Changes in folding endurance (cross machine direction) of wood free paper
dipped in essential oil and compound after indoor exposure for 16 weeks …54
表24. 宣紙浸漬精油及其成分後經加速老化288 hr之色差值變化
Table 24. Changes in color difference value of Xuan paper dipped in essential oil and
compound after accelerated aging at 80℃, 65％RH for 288
hr ……………………..…………………………..……………………..55
表 25. 道林紙經精油及其成分浸漬後經加速老化288 hr之色差值變化
Table. 25. Changes in color difference value of wood free paper dipped in essential oil
and compound after accelerated aging at 80℃, 65％RH for 288
hr………………………..…………………………………………………. 56
表26. 宣紙經精油及其成分浸漬後經加速老化288 hr之pH值變化
Table 26. Changes in pH value of Xuan paper dipped in essential oil and compound
after accelerated aging at 80℃, 65％RH for 288 hr ……………………….57
表27. 道林紙經精油及其成分浸漬後經加速老化288 hr後之pH值變化
Table 27. Changes in pH value of wood free paper dipped in essential oil and compound
after accelerated aging at 80℃, 65％RH for 288 hr ………………………..58
表 28. 宣紙經精油及其成分浸漬後經加速老化288 hr後之縱向抗張指數（N．
m2/g）變化
Table 28. Changes in tensile index (machine direction) of Xuan paper dipped in
essential oil and compound after accelerated aging at 80℃, 65％RH for
288 hr ……………..……………………..…………………………….....59
表 29. 宣紙經精油及其成分浸漬後經加速老化288 hr後之縱向撕裂指數（mN．
m2/g）變化
Table 29. Changes in tearing index (machine direction) of Xuan paper dipped in
essential oil and accelerated aging at 80℃, 65％RH for
288 hr …………………………………………………….………………..60
表 30. 宣紙經精油及其成分浸漬後經加速老化288 hr後之縱向耐摺強度（0.5
kgf, MIT）變化
Table 30. Changes in folding endurance (machine direction) of Xuan paper dipped in essential oil and compound after accelerated aging at 80℃, 65％RH for 288 hr ……….…………………………………………………………………..61
表 31. 道林紙經精油及其成分浸漬後經加速老化288 hr後之縱向抗張指數（N．
m2/g）變化
Table 31. Changes in tensile index (machine direction) of wood free paper dipped in
essential oil and compound after accelerated aging at 80℃, 65％RH for
288 hr ……………………………………………………………………...62
表 32. 道林紙經精油及其成分浸漬後經加速老化288 hr後之縱向撕裂指數
（mN．m2/g）變化
Table 32. Changes in tearing index (machine direction) of wood free paper dipped in
essential oil and compound after accelerated aging at 80℃, 65％RH for
288 hr …………….…..………………………………………………….......63
表 33. 道林紙經精油及其成分浸漬後經加速老化288 hr後之縱向耐摺強度（0.5
kgf, MIT）變化
Table 33. Changes in folding endurance (machine direction) of wood free paper
dipped in essential oil and compound after accelerated aging at
80℃, 65％RH for 288 hr ………....………………………………….64
表34. 宣紙經精油成分浸漬後經人工加速耐光400 hr後之色差值變化
Table 34. Changes in color difference value of Xuan paper dipped in
compound after exposure to accelerated lightfastness test for 400
…………………………………………………………………………...…65
表35. 道林紙經精油成分浸漬後經人工加速耐光400 hr後之色差值變化
Table 35. Changes in color difference value of wood free paper dipped in
compound after exposure to accelerated lightfastness test for 400 hr ……..6
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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