178 research outputs found
Letter from [Minna A. Newman], Carson Estate Company to Mr. A. [Al] G. Hemming, January 12, 1943
No full textRefers to Lease No. 2 held by Vaughn Guzelain and William J. Beisel's transfer of lease request. Company is requesting payment on lease before approving a transfer
Human interaction with Formosan macaques\uef\ubcMacaca cyclopis\uef\ubc and the human impacts on Mt. Longevity
No full textThe purpose of this study was to analyze the interactions of visitors and Formosan macaques (Macaca cyclopis) at the Mt. Longevity. Data on the attitudes of visitors were collected by using questionnaires covering topics such as purpose, frequency and opinions of visitors. Scan samplings, agonistic behavior samplings and focal samplings were used as observational methods to record the agonistic behaviors of monkeys. The study also analyzed patterns of human-monkey interactions that recorded through ad libitum samplings, including visitor participation that influenced agonistic behaviors among the monkeys. Statistical analyses were used to analyze various factors that influenced agonistic frequency and patterns. The agonistic behaviors in dyads during food provision tests were used to establish their rank relationships and dominance styles.
Mt Longevity is a major recreational site in Kaohsiung city; the human pressure on Mt. Longevity was high and the tourist numbers were estimated as 6175 individuals ( \uc2\ub1 119, n = 10) in holidays and 3490 individuals ( \uc2\ub1 68, n = 10) in weekdays (between 08:00 to 18:00 hrs). The vegetation cover was apparently reduced above 60% in 16 recreational sites surveyed. The tourist numbers appeared to exceeding the carrying capacity of Mt. Longevity. The frequencies of human-monkey interaction were influenced by the number of monkeys and concentrated during the afternoons; the average frequency was 9.3 times / hr in holiday and 3.3 times / hr in weekday. The average frequency of tourists provisioned for monkeys was 0.59 times / hr ( \uc2\ub1 17.2, n = 131). An overall ratio of 17.5 : 1 between human-initiated and monkey-initiated interaction behaviors was found. Pass and eye contact accounted for over 67% of these interactions, and adult monkeys participated in human-monkey interaction more than the rest of the age / sex classes. During the conflict between human and macaques, most visitors used sticks or hands / legs to drive adult males away (63.5%). The average daily activities of Formosan macaques were: 37.7% inactive, 24.6% moving, 24.5% affiliation, eating / foraging 9.5% and agonistic behavior 2.6%. Frequencies of monkey aggressive behaviors increased along with increasing individuals of monkeys, and frequencies of their body aggressions and aggressions were higher during provision than without human disturbance.
Open mouth threat was the most frequent aggressive behavior expressed by the monkeys (60.0%), while fleeing (37.0%) and squealing (36.0%) were the most common submissive behaviors. Agonistic initiators were mostly adult females (41.9%) and males (40.4%) and agonistic reactors were mostly juveniles (44.6%) and adult females (32.6%). Monkey contest was only 2.8% - 3.9% of total aggressive behaviors and the study revealed that the dominance style of Formosan macaques was despotic social system. The frequency of aggressive behavior of adult males (1.3 \uc2\ub1 2.1 times / 20min, n = 14) was 2.6 times in average to that of adult females (0.5 \uc2\ub1 0.9 times / 20min, n = 17). It varied significantly among different adult males and it was higher in mating seasons than the non-mating seasons (p<0.05). However, the frequencies of aggressive behavior of adult females were similar between seasons and among ranks (low, middle and high) but the frequency of submissive behaviors was higher in low rank adult females than that of high rank ones (p<0.05). Adult male and female Formosan macaques had a similar dominance style (aggression, avoidance, ignoring, undecided, AAD pattern and NNI pattern) in food tests; adult males showed more frequent aggression toward adult males than to adult females and juveniles. The individuals who showed open mouth threat had a success rate of getting food for over 50%
Grooming Behavior of Formosan macaques (Macaca cyclopis) at Mt. Longevity, Taiwan
No full textI have investigated the social grooming in kinship, rank, age and seasonal change among adult female Formosan macaques (Macaca cyclopis) that inhabit Mt. Longevity, Kaohsiung. The major study groups were C and Cd groups. Field observations were conducted from August 2000 to February 2003 covering three mating seasons and two non-mating seasons. The observations covered a total of 188 work days including 1248.8 hours. I actually had recorded C group for 660.6 hours, and Cd group for 244.5 hours. During my study, C group consisted of 8-13 adult males and 14-15 adult females, while group Cd had 1-3 adult males and 2-4 adult females. In order to analyze grooming data, I divided 15 adult females into sub-groups such as dominant/ submissive groups, old (>13) /young age (5-12), relative higher/lower ranking and related/unrelated. I have also divided adult males into troop-males and periphery males.
Adult female allo-grooming activities accounted for 37.62% \uc2\ub1 13.59 (n = 15) of the behaviors in the daytime. I also found that adult females grooming infants and juveniles were greater than received from them (p < 0.001). The social grooming among adult females occurred mainly during non-mating seasons and its frequency was 2.12 times of mating seasons. Regardless of mating or non-mating seasons, the frequency of grooming among related females was significantly higher than among unrelated females (both p < 0.001). In addition, kinship affected the grooming frequency among female macaques with relative lower or higher ranking females during mating seasons (p < 0.05), while the dominant rank did not have the effect. However, the highest grooming frequency occurred in the high-ranking females who groomed relative lower ranking females within relatives (0.38 \uc2\ub1 0.40 bouts / 100 scans, n = 7). During non-mating seasons, kinship affected the grooming frequency among female macaques with relative lower ranking females (p < 0.05); the highest grooming frequency occurred in the old females who groomed relative lower ranking females within relatives (1.57 \uc2\ub1 1.74 bouts / 100 scans, n = 8).
Moreover, seasons (mating or non-mating) and kinship relationship had significant effects on grooming frequencies among female macaques (both giving and receiving p < 0.01), as well as on the grooming frequency of females groomed with relative lower ranking females (p < 0.01). The highest grooming frequency occurred on females groomed with relative lower ranking females within relatives during non-mating seasons (1.25 \uc2\ub1 1.48 bouts / 100 scans, n = 11).
Without kinship relationship, low-ranking females groomed relative higher ranking females more frequent than high-ranking females did (p < 0.05). Within adult females, 65% of social grooming was among relatives. However, 40% of adult females groomed equally with related and unrelated females, while 20% disproportionately groomed more with unrelated females than with related females. The grooming was kin-biased for 40%. About 8.68% of social grooming among unrelated females was being reciprocated.
On the other hand, the ratio of related grooming female partners to the total number of available related females was higher than that with unrelated females (p < 0.05). It also indicated that the ratio of each female received grooming from high-ranking grooming partners was higher than that from low-ranking females (p < 0.01).On the other hand, the ratio of the number of old or young grooming partners of adult females had similar values. The grooming frequency of adult females gave or received from adult males during mating seasons was higher than non-mating seasons (both p < 0.05) while high-rank females groomed adult males more than low-rank females did.
The socionomic sex ratios of these two social groups were similar during mating seasons (AM:AF = 1:1.8). Both troop and periphery males had significantly higher frequency of social grooming with adult females in mating seasons than in non-mating seasons. The types of males and social groups had significant effects on the allogrooming frequency among adult males in mating seasons (p 0.1). Moreover, troop males had higher grooming partners than periphery males. Major grooming partners of troop males were adult females regardless of the seasons. Subordinate males were mostly the receivers in the grooming dyads with dominant males in the mating seasons, but the relationships changed during non-mating seasons. Agonistic interactions occurred mainly during mating seasons and its frequency among periphery males was 1.8 times of troop males (p < 0.05).
The preference grooming sites between allo-grooming and auto-grooming of C and Cd groups had varied significantly (p 0.1).
The results indicated that social grooming among adult females took place more often during non-mating seasons, and more often in kin-related females than unrelated females. Moreover, the dominant females were likely to groom related females. Therefore social grooming among kin-related females may reinforce relationships while reciprocal grooming of unrelated females may serve to form alliance or ranking promotion in the social group. On the other hand, social grooming between adult male and female macaques more frequent in mating seasons than in non-mating seasons. This showed that adult male Formosan macaques employed complex strategies to achieve reproductive success. Nonetheless, the periphery males had more male grooming partners than troop males did which seemingly to enhance male coalitions
Variability and stability in the rank relations of female Formosan macaques (Macaca cyclopis) at Mt. Longevity, Taiwan
No full textAdult female Formosan macaques were observed to collect data on the
acquisition and stabilization of ranking, troop fission and to compare the female
ranking system and nepotistic hierarchy. Behavioral observations were recorded
from 1 October 2006 to 30 April 2008. Behavioral sampling methods included scan
sampling of macaque troop members, all occurrences sampling of adult females\ue2
affiliative behaviors, and focal animal sampling of aggressive behaviors. In addition,
demographic and ranking records were collected from 1998 until 2008.
When females attained four years of age, they gained adult female hierarchy,
and 88 % (n = 43) of them were middle or low ranking. Individual traits, ageing and
mother\ue2s relative rank have significant effects on the ranking of adult females who
were 5 to 11 years of age (P < 0.05), and the ranking of 47 % (n = 58) mothers were
close to their daughters. When females were 5 to 11 years of age, their relative ranks
had positive linear relationships to their mother\ue2s relative rank (P < 0.05). Maternal
hierarchy affected the ranking of reminders in troop C, and the dominance
matrilineal females stabilized high ranking. But, most subordinate matrilineal
females were middle or low ranking. The ranking of 86.4 % (n = 22) of females who
immigrated to branch troops was middle or low. Matrilineal members and the
ranking before troop fission had effects on the female ranking after troop fission.
The ranking of 59.4 % (n = 32) of mothers was higher than that of their daughter.
When females reached 9 years old or older while their mothers were alive, mean
relative rank of other matrilineal female and mother\ue2s relative rank had significant
effects on their ranking (P < 0.05). However, individual traits, mean relative rank of
other matrilineal female, ageing, and the number of adult daughters have significant
iv
effects on female ranking (P < 0.05). When females were 9 to 15 years of age, the
rank maintaining ratio of female with mature daughter was 0.82 (\uc2\ub1 0.12), which is
significant higher than the ratio of female without mature daughter (P < 0.05). About
50 % (n = 18) of younger sisters outranked their older sisters. The ranking
relationships of sister dyads had positive linear relationships (P < 0.05). The
proximity index of mother and younger sister was significantly higher than the
proximity index of mother and older sister (P < 0.05), but that is independent of
whether females outrank their sister or not. Only 4 % (n = 423) female aggression
data were recorded that 13 supporters helped attackers to attack victims. The kin and
non-kin supporter were 46.1 % and 53.9 % respectively (n = 13). Maternal hierarchy
affected the adult female ranking and half of the females outranked their older sisters.
However, daughters could also outrank mothers. Therefore, female ranking system of
Formosan macaques follows a weakly nepotistic hierarchy.
Sterck EHM, Watts DP, vanSchaik CP (1997) The evolution of female social
relationships in nonhuman primates. Behav Ecol Sociobio 41:291-309
Su HH (2003) Acquirement of social ranks of females in one group of Taiwanese
macaques (Macaca cyclopis) at Fushan Experimental Forest, Taiwan. Am J
Phys Anthropol:203-203
Su HH, Birky WA (2007) Within-group female-female agonistic interactions in
Taiwanese macaques (Macaca cyclopis). Am J Primatol 69:199-211
Su HH, Lee LL (2001) Food habits of Formosan rock macaques (Macaca cyclopis) in
Jentse, northeastern Taiwan, assessed by fecal analysis and behavioral
observation. Int J Primatol 22:359-377
Suzuki S, Hill DA, Sprague DS (1998) Intertroop transfer and dominance rank
structure of nonnatal male Japanese macaques in Yakushima, Japan. Int J
Primatol 19:703-722
Thierry B (1990) Feedback loop between kinship and dominance: the macaque model.
J Theor Biol 145:511-521
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(Macaca cyclopis) in Kenting, Taiwan. Primates 33:85-9
The law of brevity in macaque vocal communication is not an artifact of analysing mean call durations
No full textWords follow the law of brevity, i.e. more frequent words tend to be shorter. From a statistical point of view, this qualitative definition of the law states that word length and word frequency are negatively correlated. Here the recent finding of patterning consistent with the law of brevity in Formosan macaque vocal communication (Semple, Hsu, & Agoramoorthy, 2010) is revisited. It is shown that the negative correlation between mean duration and frequency of use in the vocalizations of Formosan macaques is not an artefact of the use of a mean duration for each call type instead of the customary ‘word’ length of studies of the law in human language. The key point demonstrated is that the total duration of calls of a particular type increases with the number of calls of that type. The finding of the law of brevity in the vocalizations of these macaques therefore defies a trivial explanation.Peer Reviewe
Influence of visitors on the behavior and the use of enclosure of captive primates in Shou Shan Zoo
No full textThe purpose of this study is to examine the influence of visitors on six species of captive primates in Shou Shan Zoo. In this article, I compared the behavior and the use of enclosure of primates with or without audiences, and I studied the correlations among the visitors\ue2 behavior, the behavior of primates, and the use of enclosure of them. Data were collected from September 2006 to March 2007 (between 09:00 to 16:00 hrs). The Shou Shan Zoo\ue2s visitors were estimated as 681 (\uc2\ub1 323.71) individuals in non-holidays and 2824 (\uc2\ub1 810.15) individuals in holidays. The average feeding provided by visitors was 3.65 % for 6 primate species, and this was more than four times of the feeding rate in Taipei Zoo. This phenomenon will threat the welfare and health of animals. Although resting was the most frequent behavior of these six species of primates, the proportion of abnormal behavior in Chimpanzee display site where attracted highest number of audiences and the highest proportion of animal feeding performed by visitors was relatively high.
The major behavior of captive Chimpanzees were rest (53.28%), abnormal (13.75%) and food-related behavior (12.93%), and the frequency of Chimpanzees used the edge zone beyond 70%. The major behavior of Borneo Orangutan was rest (64.10%), followed by food-related behavior (20.13%) and self-directed behavior (12.18%). The frequency of Borneo Orangutan in the enclosure was highest in the back zone. The major behavior of Hamadryas Baboons was rest (49.27%), followed by affiliative (21.10%) and food-related behavior (12.68%). The frequency of Hamadryas Baboon in the enclosure was 50.27% in the other and 47.35% in the back zone. The major behavior of Celebes was rest (55.12%), followed by affiliative behavior (13.10%) and active (12.91%). The frequency of Celebes in the enclosure was highest in the back zone (41.51%), followed by the enrich (31.50%) and the edge zone (23.50%). The major behavior of the Dark-handed gibbon was rest (54.40%), active (27.10%) and food-related behavior (12.17%), and the frequency of the Dark-handed gibbon in the enclosure was 54.40% in the enrich zoon, 27.00% in the edge zoon and 10.90% in the other zoon. The major behavior of the White-handed gibbon was rest (74.28%) and active (18.07%), and the frequency of it in the enclosure was 45.58% in the enrich zoon and 39.52% in the edge zoon.
The frequency of the Chimpanzees\ue2 abnormal, undesirable and self-directed behavior were influenced by audiences, and the duration of abnormal and undesirable behavior were positively correlated with the visitors\ue2 active and feeding behavior, but that were negatively correlated with the visitors\ue2 behavior (ignore and look). The duration of the Borneo Orangutan\ue2s rest, active, food-related and self-directed behavior were influenced by audiences, and the duration of the Borneo Orangutan used the back and the enrich zone were significantly correlated with the visitors\ue2 behavior (active and look). The Hamadryas Baboon\ue2s rest (time) and undesirable behavior (frequency) were influenced by audiences, and the duration of rest, food-related and undesirable behavior were significantly correlated with the visitors\ue2 behavior (active, look, feeding and ignore), and the duration of the Hamadryas Baboon used the edge and the back zone were significantly correlated with the visitors\ue2 behavior (look and feeding). The frequency of the Celebes\ue2 self-directed and agonistic behavior were influenced by audiences, and the duration of active, self-directed, food-related and affiliative behavior were significantly correlated with the visitors\ue2 feeding behavior. The duration of the Dark-handed gibbons\ue2 active and food-related behavior and the frequency of the Dark-handed gibbons\ue2 agonistic behavior were influenced by audiences, and the duration of rest, active, food-related, self-directed, undesirable and agonistic behavior were significantly correlated with the visitors\ue2 behavior (active, look, feeding and ignore). The duration of Dark-handed gibbons used the edge, the back and the enrich zoon were influenced by audiences, and the duration of the Dark-handed gibbons used these three zones were significantly correlated with the visitors\ue2 behavior (active, feeding and ignore). The frequency of the White-handed gibbon\ue2s self-directed behavior was influenced by audiences, and the duration of active, food-related, undesirable and abnormal behavior were significantly correlated with the visitors\ue2 behavior (active, look, feeding and ignore). The duration of the White-handed gibbon used the other zoon was positively correlated with the visitors\ue2 behavior (active)
Cave Structure and Cave Faunal Diversity in Kenting Area
No full textFor the purpose to understand the diversity, distribution and abundance of faunas, and to determine the variables that would influence the faunal diversity in caves and tunnels, observations and records had been made during September 1999 to June 2000 in Kenting area, the southern tip of Taiwan. A total number of 19 caves and 2 tunnels were studied. Among them, 4 caves are located in the forest recreation area, 15 caves in the natural preserved area, 1 tunnel in Guanshan village and another tunnel in Mt. Dayuan area.
All the faunal species included 3 species of Malacostraca, 2 species of Arachnida, 2 species of Chilopoda, 3 species of Insecta, 3 species of Amphibia, 3 species of Reptilia and 7 species of Mammalia. Among these fauna species, the crickets (Ceuthophilus maculatus), the spiders (Heteropoda venatoria) and the ants (Polyrhachis sp.) had a widely distribution and are the most common species in caves and tunnels.
Among all the continuous structural variables of caves and tunnels, the entrance height (r=-0.47) and the entrance area (r=-0.48) had a negative correlation with Shannon-Wiener\ue2s diversity (p<0.05). On the other hand, the total length (r=0.48) and the length of dark zone (r=0.52) had a positive correlation with diversity (p<0.05). In addition, the height of the dark zone had a negative correlation (r=-0.53, p<0.05) with evenness.
Among the categorical descriptive variables, human disturbance and multiple chambers had a significant difference with Shannon-Wiener\ue2s diversity (P<0.05). The caves or tunnels visited by people from 2 to 4 times per month had the highest values of diversity, and the caves or tunnels visited by people more than 4 times per month had the lowest values of diversity. In addition, the values of diversity in caves and tunnels with multiple chambers were higher than the ones in caves and tunnels without multiple chambers
Mother-Infant Relationships of Formosan Macaques\uef\ubcMacaca cyclopis\uef\ubcat Mt. Longevity
No full textThis study investigated the mother-infant relationships of Formosan macaques (Macaca cyclopis) at the Mt. Longevity during the first 24 weeks of infants\ue2 age. The field observation took place from January to November 2002 and from April to December 2003. The total observation time recorded was 450 hours.
The death rate of infant males (23.7%) was higher than that of infant females (2.8%). The death rate of infants born at the later period (41.7%) was higher than those of infant born at the earlier and the peak periods (7.7%, 8.2%). The death rate of infants from primiparous females (30.8%, 4/13) was slightly higher than that of infants from multiparous females (9.8%, 6/61, p>0.05). During the observation period, I followed 43 mother-infant dyads, but 5 infants died or disappeared, and only 38 pairs left.
Mother\ue2infant relationships in Formosan macaques were influenced by infant age and sex, matriline size and the number of immature sister of the infant. The percentages of time that mother-infant contact, sucking, mother carrying ,cradle infant, and the percentages of number that contact made by mother and mother restrain infant broken contact were decrease as infants grow older. On the other hand, the percentage of time that mother-infant distance > 1 meter and mother grooming increased as infants older. But mother reject infant contact was not affected by infant\ue2s age. Adult females spent more time carrying female than male infants when infants were one week old. Developments in jumping and eating were seen earlier in male than female infants. The percentages of time in ventro-ventral contact in mother-infant dyads decreased as the number of infants\ue2 immature sisters increased within infants\ue2 first month of age. When a mother wounded, she spent less time in contacts with her infant; however, when the infant wounded, mother\ue2infant dyads spent more time in contacts.
The data provide a better fit to the Reciprocity hypothesis because the percentage of the female (87.3%, 234/268) to take care of infants was higher than male (12.7%). The percentage of the adult female (allomother) to take care of female infants (59.0%, 79/134 ) is higher than taking care of male infants (41.0%, p<0.005 ). The percentage of the adult female that takes care of non-blood related infants (81.6%, 71/87) is considerably higher than the percentage of taking care of blood-related infants (18.4%, p<0.0001). The percentage of adult female that grabs infants roughly (87.4%, 83/95) is higher than juvenile female (7.4%, 7/95 )
The behavior response to light and distribution of the photo-sensitive pigment in Paramyxine cheni (Myxinidae)
No full textThe objectives of this study are to know the behavioural response of the hagfish, Paramyxine cheni to light and to find out if various parts of hagfish\ue2s body differ in sensitivity to light. Photosensitivity was measured in terms of time lapsed between light on and initiation of behavioural sequence (i.e., the reactive time). Behavioral response was measured by the persistent time from the beginning and ending of the behavioural sequence. Five types of light were used as the stimuli to the whole animal: green light, blue light, yellow light, red light, and white light. The lineup of sensitivity for various wavelengths in increasing reactive times( ranging from 13 seconds to 180 seconds) is: green light, blue light, white light, yellow light, red light. Red light significantly differed from the other four types of light in the reactive time; the hagfish was significantly less sensitive to this red light. Four regions of the body were tested with white light: head, gill aperture, tail and mid-portion between the first gill aperture to cloaca. In addition, two parts of the body were simultaneous tested with stimulate: head and tail (HT). The lineup of sensitivity of various regions of body for increasing reactive times (ranging from 9 seconds to 1200 seconds) is: tail, head, mid-portion between the first gill aperture to cloaca, and gill aperture. Tail was significantly more sensitive than the other three parts of the body. However, sensitivity for HT was significantly higher than the tail. Hagfish\ue2s spontaneous movement (i.e., under dark condition)included a number of behavioural sequences differed in the arrangement of behavior patterns (i.e., rolling, swimming, wiggling, springing, and pause). \ue2Rolling\ue2 was the most preferred initial pattern in a spontaneous movement sequence. In contrast, illumination on tail evoked a complex motor response. Thus, such response was considered not a simple reflex, but a select of choice. \ue2Swimming\ue2, on the other hand, is the most preferred initial pattern in the sequence triggered by photo stimulation on the tail. According to fluoresence histochemistry study the rhodopsin-like protein is present in the large oval-shaped cells distributed in the epidermis of hagfish. the number and the size of photo-sensitive cells on the tail and gill aperture and the fluorescence intensity on the tail were significantly higher than that on the gill aperture region
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