1,720,953 research outputs found
Establishing the effects of Nanocellulose-based bio-inks in an advanced 3D in vitro model for cartilage tissue engineering
Full text linkTrauma, cancer or congenital conditions can lead to the loss of facial cartilage resulting in altered function and form. Tissue engineering (3D-printing) has the potential to create bespoke cartilage implants for reconstruction with biomaterials as ink carriers loaded with patient cells. There is rising interest in nanocellulose as a bio-ink candidate, but relative paucity of studies investigating an all-natural hybrid bio-ink inclusive of alginate (most common natural bio-ink material) and hyaluronic acid (HA)(native component of human extra-cellular matrix). This study aims to: i) evaluate the cytotoxic and pro-inflammatory effects of each bio-ink components individually and combined as bio-inks; ii) create an advanced 3D in vitro model for biocompatibility testing; and iii) apply the model for toxicity testing, refinement of bio-ink formulations and further model characterisation with differential gene expression analysis.Six forms of nanocellulose, alginate, HA, and two cross-linker agents were investigated for their biological impact to human chondrocyte C20A4 and dermal fibroblast HFF-1 cell lines. Material sterility was determined by microbial growth assay. Cell-line characterisation and material exposures (21 days) and cross-linker exposures (7 days) were examined for cell viability, morphology and pro-inflammatory mediators (IL-6/IL-8) release. Minimum cross-linkage time and rheologically defined gelation behaviour of bio-inks with calcium chloride (CaCl2)permitted completion of a standard operating procedure for the creation of an advanced 3D in vitro model. To mimic the implanted in vivo scenario, the in vitro model consisted of chondrocyte-encapsulated and fibroblast surface-seeded cross-linked hydrogels. RNA extraction via the spin column technique with optimisations were performed. Differential gene expression analysis was conducted using Nanostring against the nanocellulose-based bio-ink with the 3D in vitro model.All materials maintained sterility over 21 days, except for pulp-derived nanocellulose which were excluded. Material exposures (chondrocytes: nanocellulose/alginate/HA;fibroblasts: alginate/HA) showed no significant cytotoxic effects over 21 days.Enzymatically pretreated nanocellulose (ETC) displayed the lowest pro-inflammatory effects when exposed against chondrocytes, with trends of carboxymethylated(CTC)>TEMPO-mediated oxidised(TTC)>ETC on D1-7 and TTC >CTC>ETC on D14-21.CaCl2 exposure on fibroblasts demonstrated a dose- and time-dependent cytotoxicity supporting use of the lowest concentration and shortest cross-linkage time to minimise adverse cellular impact. Testing of optimised bio-inks (ETC:Alginate and ETC: Alginate:HA at 6mg/ml in media) demonstrated that nanocellulose-based bio-ink inclusive of HA was superior for chondrocyte proliferation. Heightened IL-6/IL-8 and lactate dehydrogenase release at latter timepoints indicated the need for further model development. Nanostring was successfully applied for differential gene expression analysis, which corroborated pro-inflammatory effects observed via cytokine quantification, as well as identified multiple areas of interest for further research.Overall, ETC was shown to be a promising bio-ink candidate, and when combined with alginate and HA, formed a complete bio-ink formulation specific for 3D-bioprinted cartilage constructs for reconstructive purposes. Biological and rheological testing identified optimal parameters for bio-ink and in vitro model creation, whilst RNA extraction from chondrocytes encapsulated within cross-linked bio-ink was feasible and applicable with the Nanostring technology
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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