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<Articles>Textile production Systems at the Beginning of the Ritsuryo Era Based on Archaeological Analysis
No full text律令制成立期の紡織体制について、特に平織の布や絹の生産の仕組みは史料の制約からほとんど明らかでない。本稿では、七世紀後葉以降に宮都や地方の官衙遺跡から多く出土する綛かけ・糸枠について、機能上必要な加工と装飾を目的とした加工を識別し、形態上の特徴を整理した。さらに、製糸具の[カセ]、製織具の綛かけ・糸枠の組成を検討した結果、紡織工程が製糸と製織とに分かれ、糸が綛の形で流通することを明らかにした。平城宮・京では、製糸は行わず、高級絹織物を含む絹の製織を行った。地方では、七世紀後葉に郡衙工房で布や絹の製織、周辺の集落で麻の製糸を分担する伊場遺跡型が成立する。その一方、七世紀中葉から有力豪族の本拠地で製糸から製織までを一連に行う屋代遺跡型が認められる。前者は生産の効率化を図ったもので、後者は、調庸制成立の素地ともなったと評価した。The textile production system from the second half of the seventh century to the eighth century has remained unclear, especially as concerns production in the provinces, due to a lack of historical documents. This study, however, clarifies the textile production systems both in the capital and the provinces by analyzing excavated tools used in textile production such as "niddy noddies" 桛, rotary reels 綛かけ, and frame spools 糸枠. The result of research on these tools shows that rotary reels and frame spools were the chief weaving tools employed in the Heijo palace and capital. This finding buttresses the thesis supported by written evidence that silk twill was made in the area but also reveals that yarn was not produced there. On the other hand, there were two types of production systems in the provinces. One is the type found at the Yashiro-site where both spinning tools, such as "niddy noodies" and spindle wheels, and weaving tools, such as rotary reels and frame spools, were found in a regional leader's residential workshop. This indicates people in such areas employed a unified textile-making process from spinning to weaving. The other type has been found at the Iba-site, where spinning and weaving tools were found in separate locations, the spindle wheels in residential areas and rotary reels and frame spools in public office quarters. This shows that people in such regions divided textile making into two separate processes, spinning and weaving. Further analysis reveals that after yarn was made, it was brought to a public workshop in the form of skeins, a mass of yarn wound into a loop. This study thus clarifies textile production systems in the capital and the provinces at the beginning of the Ritsuryo era and brings new light on research into textile production
<Articles>McNeil's Model and Pestilence in Ancient JapanWomen and the Production of Cloth in Ancient Japan (Special Issue : Gender)
No full text本稿は、木簡学会静岡特別研究集会公開シンポジウム(二〇一八年六月)での講演、ならびに国立歴史民俗博物館「日本列島社会の歴史とジェンダー」(二〇一八年一〇月研究会)、岡山大学文学部「ジェンダーの多層性に関する領域横断的研究」(二〇一九年三月研究会)における報告を踏まえて、京都大学大学院文学研究科史学研究会(二〇二〇年四月)において予定していた発表内容を再構成したものである。律令制成立期の調布（端を単位とする布）と庸布（常・段を単位とする布）の令規定における布長の差異に着目すると、性別分業により女性が習得する直状式有機台腰機と輪状式無機台腰機の二系統の製織技術に一致することが、甲塚古墳の機織形埴輪等から判明する。続いて、遠江国敷智郡衙に比定される静岡県伊場遺跡の出土資料等の分析から、郡衙を拠点とした端布生産と集落での段布生産とが重層する状況を指摘し、正倉院に伝わる布資料等からその実態を確認する。さらに、古墳時代後期に遡ってみると、二系統の腰機により幅五〇～六〇㎝の布が織られたことが出土部材から判明し、令規定における幅約七一㎝までは身体長による制約を受けないことが民族例等により推察できる。麻素材による布の織成は、女性が変わらず保持した生業技術であり、生産労働として統率した首長層女性の神格化と結びつき継承されたことが「大刀自」銘紡錘車等から読みとれる。During the period of the establishment of the Ritsuryō state, there are two types of cloth paid as tax: chōfu 調布 paid as a basic tax in kind and measured in tan 端, and yōfu 庸布 paid as tax in place of labor service and measured in jō 常 and dan 段. Their lengths differed according to regulations, but were both made from hemp or ramie fiber. That the standards for these two types of cloth corresponded in terms of production technology to two types of looms that women mastered due to the gendered division of labor, is clear from the loom-shaped haniwa excavated from the Kabutozuka Kofun 甲塚古墳(in present-day Tochigi prefecture), which is dated to the latter half of the 6th century, and wooden tools excavated from other sites. First, because lengthy bolts of cloth could be woven using a horizontal straightwarp frame back-strap loom 直状式有機台腰機 introduced in the late Kofun period, it could be used to produce to tanfu 端布. The other method was to use a circulating continuous-warp stick back-strap loom 輪状式無機台腰機, which was used continuously through the Yayoi and Kofun periods, as the basic technology for the production of jōfu 常布(or danfu 段布), but that the length of woven cloth was governed by the length of the weaverʼs foot. In contrast to the idea that tanfu weaving was concentrated at the local government headquarters based on the fact that only weaving devices including horizontal straight-warp, frame back-strap looms from the latter half of the 7th century were found at the Iba Site 伊場遺跡 in Shizuoka prefecture, which can be identified as the local government headquarters for Fuchi no Kōri 敷智郡評 in Tōtoumi province, it is hypothesized from the excavation of wooden tags (tsukefuda mokkan 付札木簡) and the distribution of hand spindles that danfu was produced as an extension of the weaving of cloth made from hemp threads in settlements on a regular basis. Furthermore, from the writing reading the “cloth of Egame” 恵我女布 on the shōfu 商布 preserved in the Shōsōin 正倉院 and from the documents permeated with lacquer (urushigami monjo 漆紙文書) excavated at the Kanoko C Site 鹿の子C遺跡, it can be surmised that the danfu was the product of female labor. The width of tanfu and danfu was stipulated at approximately 71 centimeters across the board according to the demand for clothing from the central government, but we can assume on the basis of examples of the various widths of woven cloth produced by people in Asia, widths would actually depend on the skill of the weaver. In fact, the width of cloth employed in an ordinary household was generally 50-60 centimeters judging from the cloth bag from Shinano province preserved in the Shōsōin and the sword shuttle excavated from the early-8th century Kami-Tabe Site 上田部遺跡in Osaka. The fact that weaving of cloth from hemp or ramie thread was maintained by the women of the community and that it was a learned skill that sustained their livelihoods and moreover, that there was a class of women leaders who commanded womenʼs labor can be seen in the composition of the group of haniwa from the Kabutozuka Kofun. Furthermore, the earthenware spindle engraved with the word Ōtoji 大刀自 that was excavated from the Kamiya Site 神屋遺跡 in Ibaragi prefecture, which is a settlement dating to the first half of the 9th century, can be understood as an important in indicating the continued linkage between the technology for producing hemp or ramie thread and cloth with faith in deified female chieftains
<Materials>Plaster Models as Museum Materials : Preservation and Utilization of Wooden Artifacts Excavated from the Karako Site
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Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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