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scheisen-hausen
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Geschlechterordnung: Historische Studien
No full textKarin Hausen is a respected researcher of economic history, as well as one of the
pioneers in the study of women’s and gender histories in Germany. The following
publication contains six scientific articles and an essay presenting one of the basic
assumptions of women’s history, i.e. the usefulness of gender as a historical
category.
The first essay focuses on the homogeneity of history perceived as a historiographical
challenge. Hausen begins with stating that the changes in historiography which are in
accordance with its postulates in fact have already taken place. However, conscious
theoretical and methodological reflection has not followed these changes. In the
article, the author argues against history understood as a search for a comprehensive
interpretation, as this type of historiography is primarily typical of the history of
national states. Writing such a history requires prior selection of phenomena and
subjects, singling out those that are worth historical passing on and rejecting those
that are considered insignificant, and this procedure is also associated with clear
hierarchisation of the phenomena and subjects. For national history, the part of reality
concerning women turns out to be completely useless, because it is thought to be fully
determined by nature. And if the gender category is included in the research on general
history, it only takes the form of a supplement that does not affect the interpretation
of 'really important' phenomena. According to Hausen, this attitude is still noticeable
in history, be it practicing, or teaching. The author postulates a pluralistic approach
to history.
As for non-homogeneity, Hausen recommends increasing the number of criteria of historical
relevance and developing new methodological procedures. This would entail the rejection
of the risk of ambiguity in historical phenomena, which can be interpreted differently
depending on the adopted perspective, e.g. the same social events and processes could
have a totally different impact on the lives of men and women. One of the examples given
by the author is the thesis on the spatial separation of paid work from the place of
residence and what the development of industrialization in the 19th century resulted in.
Hausen is of the opinion that this process cannot be generalized because it did not
apply to a large part of working people (e.g. part of married women, mothers with young
children). Supporting this thesis means continuing criticized pre-selection and
hierarchization, which are based on the assumption that matters that concern women are
less important than those that concern men. However, if the female perspective is taken
into account, the discussed thesis is modified.
Chapter two entitled “The polarization of ‘gender characters’ – a reflection of the
separation of professional and family life” is the oldest text in the presented
collection which has gained the classic status in the field of women’s historiography.
The author attempts to follow and interpret the system of statements on the concept of
‘sexual nature’. She wonders how, by whom and thanks to which authority the redefinition
of a certain aspect of gender roles occurred that initiated the discussion on this
concept. The author also analyses how and thanks to whom these statements could have
influenced the role of gender. The article does not present the existing results, but
focuses only on interesting observations taken from a specific point of view. Hausen
examines the transformation of gender relations that took place in Germany at the end of
the 18th century and in the 19th century. She concludes that the specific form of the
gender order in a particular era is the result of certain social processes that require
analysis. These observations show that the naturalization of gender and the polarization
of ‘masculinity’ and ‘femininity’ appeared at some historical point and are by no means
a ‘standard’ definition of gender or an ‘inherent’ concept in European culture.
In the third text of the presented volume, Hausen studies the history of Mother’s Day
celebrations in the Weimar Republic in the period of 1923-1933, i.e. before this holiday
was taken over by the new socialism. Hausen begins by showing how the idea of Mother’s
Day in Germany was created, and then proceeds to an extensive analysis of the individual
props used during this holiday, i.e. brochures, bookmarks, poems, etc. She is interested
in both social context of Mother’s Day, propaganda associated for the celebration of the
holiday, as well as the social situation of women bringing up children. Hausen also
investigates the reason why men in the Weimar Republic felt the need to pay public
tribute to their mothers. She also presents the connection between the World War I
catastrophe as a failure of a certain masculinity model and the willingness to cherish
the cult of mother that personifies completely different values, providing security and
shelter, among other things.
In the text entitled “Technical progress and the work of women in the 19th century. The
sewing machine in the context of social history” Karin Hausen starts from familiarising
the reader with the history of sewing machines and presents numerous then-contemporary
works on the subject of sewing machines. In this text, taking seamstresses-cottagers as
an example, Hausen shows the relationship between gender order and specific working
conditions. When it comes to determining the wages of female cottagers, assumptions
about what women are allowed to do also turn out to be as important as market mechanisms
of demand and supply for the goods the cottagers produce. Hausen’s research prompts her
to be sceptical about the theses that interpret technical progress as a driving force
for women’s emancipation. Devices such as sewing machines, telephones, or typewriters
allowed women to take up paid work, which, however, was extremely low-paid, monotonous,
with low social prestige and with no prospects for personal development. This text can
also be categorized as a work from the field of the history of industrialization. Taking
this aspect into account, there is a connection between assigning women to the domestic
sphere and the way of development of the clothing industry as an industry in which
mainly women work. To be more specific, this relationship is manifested in the
relatively late introduction of centralized garment factories due to the fact that the
production commissioned to female cottagers was cheaper, because employers did not have
to invest in sewing machines that were usually bought by employees. Hausen concludes
that analysing the situation of women working as seamstresses creates one quite a
significant problem, i.e. the attempt to separate this form of professional work, which
was to be performer at home, from typical housework and family-related
responsibilities.
„Economy and gender order” is of a cross-sectional character and the author generalizes
her previous research in relations to the situation of women in the labour market,
focusing on the role of gender as a factor affecting the earnings and access to
individual jobs. Hausen analyses several aspects, on the one hand taking into account
the historical relationship between the gender division of labour and on the other the
development of a market economy. She starts with discussing four stereotypes /
interpretation models that, according to her, had an impact on the gender perception in
the analysis and interpretation of economic and technical development. She also deals
with the intensification of economic and technical transformations since the 18th
century and their impact on the system of gender division of labour. In the last part of
her work, Hausen presents how the culture hierarchy passed on by culture was reproduced
and applied economically also in market-oriented and profit-oriented organization of
production and paid work.
In chapter six entitled “Public space and privacy. Structures of social policy and the
history of gender relations” Hausen supports the criticism of historiographic
instrumentation. The article is more of a terminological study character. Hausen begins
with the analysis of understanding and evolution of ‘private’ and ‘public’ concepts in
the 18th and 19th centuries. She notes that juxtaposing the terms public space and
privacy as a category of thinking about the past interferes with its description. For
example, exploring the female middle class space of activity in the 19th-century
requires moving away from such bipolarity. As an example, Hausen cites an English
painting of the mid-19th century, which shows that women do not take part in the
official celebrations in the town hall banquet, but look at scene from the gallery. The
gallery does not belong to the public sphere, because the actual events take place on
the dance floor. However, it also does not belong to the private sphere either, because
the gathered ladies came to admire the official ceremony.
In the last chapter entitled „Patriarchy. On the advantages and disadvantages of a
certain concept for women’s history and politics”, Hausen begins by analysing the words
‘patriarchate’ and ‘patriarchal’, drawing a conclusion that their present meaning is a
consequence and product of the second wave of the women’s movement. This new lexical
entity quickly gained a new meaning and became the main slogan of the international
women’s movement, used to describe gender relations as a relationship of power. Hausen
claims that the formulation of gender relations in the 19th and 20th centuries by means
of these concepts is not very constructive. Her argument is based on the assumption that
the pursuit of expanding one’s knowledge is a better way to conduct efficient political
activity than the proclamation of slogans, which are thrilling, yet vague.Zawarte w zbiorze artykuły naukowe i eseje demonstrują jedno z podstawowych założeń historii kobiecej, czyli użyteczność płci jako kategorii historycznej. Autorka łączy rozważania o symbolicznych wyobrażeniach na temat kobiecości i męskości z analizami danych źródłowych dotyczących dostępu kobiet do rynku pracy. Autorka szczególną uwagę poświęca mechanizmom, które wytwarzają dyskryminację kobiet, nierówności społeczne i relacje władzy. Postrzega płeć jako kategorię współkształtującą społeczeństwo na wszystkich poziomach
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
No full textWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Werner von Hausen and Emile Bernard: Exploring the Fragmentary Sources of von Hausen’s Antimodernism
No full textWerner von Hausen met Emile Bernard in Cairo in 1895, in Laren (Netherlands) in 1906, and again in Paris in 1906–1908. Evidence of these encounters is found in portraits, press articles and in the artists’ correspondence. These scattered fragments contain hitherto unknown biographical elements and make it possible to reconstruct a major influence on the artistic production and thought of the Finnish painter. Werner von Hausen thus turns out to be a protagonist of Antimodernism in Finland, a classical painter and author of memoirs, reviews and a manifesto defending a vision of art that did not conform to the expectations of his time
Variations on the Author
No full text“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Portrait of George Hausen, [s.d.]
No full textPortrait of George Hausen (or Hansen?), [s.d.]. He can be seen facing straight ahead from his lower chest to his head. He has a full beard and mustache, and is bald. He is visible wearing a three-piece suit with a watch fob attached to the second buttonhole from the top of his vest. Associated with Farmers and Merchants Bank(?)
A new type of papillomavirus DNA, its presence in genital cancer biopsies and in cell lines derived from cervical cancer
No full textDNA of a new papillomavirus type was cloned from a cervical carcinoma biopsy. Two EcoRI clones of 7.8 and 6.9 kb in length were obtained, the latter contained a 900-bp deletion. The BamHI fragments of both clones were used to characterize the DNA. It represents a distinct type of papillomavirus as determined by its size, its cross-hybridization with DNA of other papillomavirus types under conditions of low stringency only, the co-linear alignment of its genome with HPV 6 and HPV 16 prototypes and its occasional occurrence as oligomeric episomes. We tentatively propose to designate it as HPV 18. DNA hybridizing with HPV 18 under stringent conditions was detected in 9/36 cervical carcinomas from Africa and Brazil, in 2/13 cervical tumors from Germany and 1/10 penile carcinomas. Benign tumors (17 cervical dysplasias, 29 genital warts), eight carcinomata in situ and 15 biopsies of normal cervical tissue were devoid of detectable HPV 18 DNA. HPV 18-related DNA was found, however, in cells of the HeLa, KB and C4-1 lines all derived from cervical cancer. The state of the viral DNA was investigated in four cervical cancer biopsies. The data reveal that the DNA might be integrated into the host cell genome. One tumor provided evidence for head to tail tandem repeats some of which persisted as circular episomes
Ribavirin enhances the efficacy but not the adverse effects of interferon in chronic hepatitis C. Meta-analysis of data from European Centers.
No full textPhotograph - Grainger Museum extensions in the making. Percy Grainger (kneeling) with Fred Hausen and five men. 8 Nov 1938
No full textThis record was harvested from a previous catalogue system and will be withdrawn in 2025. Information in this record may be superseded or incomplete. Visit this record in UMA's new catalogue at: https://archives.library.unimelb.edu.au/nodes/view/286695Grainger Museum extensions in the making. Percy Grainger (kneeling) with Fred Hausen and five men. 8 Nov 1938292751
Item: [2003.0003.03674] "Photograph - Grainger Museum extensions in the making. Percy Grainger (kneeling) with Fred Hausen and five men. 8 Nov 1938
Memoirs of the Marne Campaign of 1914.
No full textOriginial text in German translated into French by Brevet Battalion Commander Mabille, and translated from the French into English by Captain John B. Murphy. Includes a preface by General Mangin and accompanying historical study by Friedrich M. Kircheisen. Baron von Hausen considered it his duty to write his personal testimony concerning the Third Army under his command. Kircheisen comments that "According to the most authoritative sources, the Battle of the Marne can not be considered as a strategic defeat for the Germans. It should be regarded rather as a battle lost by us on account of tactical reasons"
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