1,720,982 research outputs found
Achilleo-calcaneal-plantar complex: reality or virtuality?
No full textdue to insufficient description of its myology, particularly the deep muscles. In the present study a detailed description of the deep muscles of the lower leg is given, based on micro-dissection and, in situ, by imaging techniques. Membrana interossea cruris covers the anterior surface of musculus interosseus cruris, extended between tibia and fibula. Distally it proceeds as a relatively strong interosseous ligament. Musculus interosseus cruris consists of several bundles, interconnecting tibia and fibula. Musculus pronator profundus is located posterior to m. interosseus cruris. Its superior fibres are directed from caput fibulae to corpus tibiae, resembling the condition of m. popliteus in higher mammals. Direction of the inferior bundles of m. pronator profundus coincides approximately with the direction of the crus. They are inserted in a vertical tendon at the level of the tibial and fibular epiphyses. This tendon is continuous with the meniscoid crossing ligaments of the fibulotalar joint. Distally, transverse muscle bundles overly this tendon superficially. It is likely that all of these deep muscles are involved in rotation mechanisms during locomotion. Their positions within the flexor compartment of the lower leg suggest pronator functions in particular. Coapting effects on tibia and fibula may be expected. P5 Descending afferent projections to the m-region in the cat The M(= medial)-region, also called pontine mic-turition center or Barrington's nucleus in the dorsolateral pontine tegmentum controls micturi-tion. Its axons terminate in the sacral intermediolateral cell group (IML) and the dorsal intermediomedial cell group (IMM) of the sacral spinal cord. The IML contains preganglionic para-sympathetic motoneurons that innervate the bladder, and the IMM contains GABA-and glycinergic neurons that inhibit urethral sphincter motoneurons. Stimulation in the M-region results in micturition. In order to find out which brain regions have direct control of micturition, the present study attempted to determine which regions in mes-, di-and telencephalon send fibers to the M-region. In five female cats WGA-HRP injections were made in the area of the dorsolateral pontine tegmentum including the M-region. The sacral spinal cord and brain were cut into serial transverse sections. In all cases anterogradely labeled fibers were found in the IML and IMM. Retrogradely labeled neurons were found in the dorsal, lateral and ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (PAG), ventromedial hypothalamus, medial preoptic area (MPO), bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, central nucleus of the amygdala, infra-limbic cortex and prelimbic cortex. To verify whether these areas indeed project to the M-region or to adjacent structures, [ 3 H]leucine and WGA-HRP injections were made in those regions in which retrogradely labeled neurons were found. Results show that only the ventrolateral and dorsal PAG and the MPO project to the M-region and have direct control of micturition. All other parts of the limbic system that have been shown to influence micturition must have indirect projections to the M-region via PAG or MPO. P6 Achilleo-calcaneal-plantar complex: reality or virtuality
Achilleo-calcaneal-plantar complex: reality or virtuality?
No full textdue to insufficient description of its myology, particularly the deep muscles. In the present study a detailed description of the deep muscles of the lower leg is given, based on micro-dissection and, in situ, by imaging techniques. Membrana interossea cruris covers the anterior surface of musculus interosseus cruris, extended between tibia and fibula. Distally it proceeds as a relatively strong interosseous ligament. Musculus interosseus cruris consists of several bundles, interconnecting tibia and fibula. Musculus pronator profundus is located posterior to m. interosseus cruris. Its superior fibres are directed from caput fibulae to corpus tibiae, resembling the condition of m. popliteus in higher mammals. Direction of the inferior bundles of m. pronator profundus coincides approximately with the direction of the crus. They are inserted in a vertical tendon at the level of the tibial and fibular epiphyses. This tendon is continuous with the meniscoid crossing ligaments of the fibulotalar joint. Distally, transverse muscle bundles overly this tendon superficially. It is likely that all of these deep muscles are involved in rotation mechanisms during locomotion. Their positions within the flexor compartment of the lower leg suggest pronator functions in particular. Coapting effects on tibia and fibula may be expected. P5 Descending afferent projections to the m-region in the cat The M(= medial)-region, also called pontine mic-turition center or Barrington's nucleus in the dorsolateral pontine tegmentum controls micturi-tion. Its axons terminate in the sacral intermediolateral cell group (IML) and the dorsal intermediomedial cell group (IMM) of the sacral spinal cord. The IML contains preganglionic para-sympathetic motoneurons that innervate the bladder, and the IMM contains GABA-and glycinergic neurons that inhibit urethral sphincter motoneurons. Stimulation in the M-region results in micturition. In order to find out which brain regions have direct control of micturition, the present study attempted to determine which regions in mes-, di-and telencephalon send fibers to the M-region. In five female cats WGA-HRP injections were made in the area of the dorsolateral pontine tegmentum including the M-region. The sacral spinal cord and brain were cut into serial transverse sections. In all cases anterogradely labeled fibers were found in the IML and IMM. Retrogradely labeled neurons were found in the dorsal, lateral and ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (PAG), ventromedial hypothalamus, medial preoptic area (MPO), bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, central nucleus of the amygdala, infra-limbic cortex and prelimbic cortex. To verify whether these areas indeed project to the M-region or to adjacent structures, [ 3 H]leucine and WGA-HRP injections were made in those regions in which retrogradely labeled neurons were found. Results show that only the ventrolateral and dorsal PAG and the MPO project to the M-region and have direct control of micturition. All other parts of the limbic system that have been shown to influence micturition must have indirect projections to the M-region via PAG or MPO. P6 Achilleo-calcaneal-plantar complex: reality or virtuality
Functional relationship between the gastrocnemius muscle and the adductur magnus muscle: an emg-analysis
No full textFunctional relationship between the gastrocnemius muscle and the adductur magnus muscle: an emg-analysis
No full text
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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