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Epidemiology of infection with leptospira species in livestock in Papua New Guinea
Get PDFThe role of infection with Leptospira as a cause of infertility in Papua New Guinea(PNG) has not been confirmed, mainly because of the lack of robust and simple diagnostic tests in PNG. The aims of this study were to determine the seroprevalence and distribution of infection in livestock in PNG and to develop and validate a diagnostic test for use in PNG that was sufficiently accurate and reliable for confident interpretation of the results. The nested and real-time PCRs were assessed for use as diagnostic tools.
The first survey was conducted on 3 commercial, 3 smallholder cattle farms and 4 abattoirs in March 2004 in PNG. Each herd was stratified into 3 age groups (5 years), and sera from 1379 animals were sampled in Lae and Kimbe. In addition, 73 kidneys were collected from cattle at the abattoir and aseptically processed for culture. Two hundred and eighty three sera were collected from pigs killed at the abattoirs and 79 pig kidneys were collected and cultured. All sera were tested using the microscopic agglutination test (MAT). The dominant serovar infecting the cattle in PNG was Hardjo with a seroprevalence of 53.7%. The prevalence of serovar Hardjo in the six farms and the abattoir was significantly higher than serovars Tarassovi and Pomona (P < 0.05). All pig sera were negative for Leptospira. Leptospires were isolated by culture and the isolates were typed and identified as L. borgpetersenii serovar Hardjo. Cattle are a recognized reservoir for serovar Hardjo and may have a role in transmission to humans.
The second survey was conducted in June 2006 to determine if cattle from smallholder farmers, village pigs and dogs in the Markham Valley in Lae, PNG were infected with Leptospira. In addition, pigs from a commercial piggery and horses from commercial and smallholder farms were also sampled. A total of 69 pig sera, 22 dog sera, 15 horse sera and 111 cattle sera were collected. The results showed that 1 dog and 1 pig were seropositive with serovar Canicola. Of the 111 cattle sampled, 21 were seropositive for Hardjo. It was concluded that the seroprevalence with serovar Hardjo in these cattle was significantly lower than cattle from commercial properties. Smallholder cattle may therefore not be a major source of Hardjo infection for animals on commercial farms and pigs do not appear to be infected with Leptospira.
The Ab-ELISAs were constructed using one crude preparations of L. interrogans serovar Pomona and 2 different crude preparation of L. biflexa serovar Patoc. The three antigen preparations were evaluated using 21 MAT-positive and 96 MAT-negative pig sera to determine which antigen preparation was suitable for use in an Ab-ELISA. The selected antigen preparation (L1) was validated in the test using serum from 2 cattle and 1 pig population that were seropositive for Leptospira. A sub-population of seronegative cattle and pigs were also used. The Ab-ELISA was used to test 1,465 bovine sera from 8 cattle populations and the results were compared with the MAT using a Bayesian framework, to obtain an unbiased estimate of the accuracy of the tests. The ELISA had high sensitivity and specificity. Results from the Bayesian analysis showed that the sensitivity and specificity estimates for the Ab-ELISA were high compared to the MAT. Based on the test accuracy and its performance the Ab-ELISA using the L1 antigen described in this study is suitable for use in countries like PNG where the MAT is difficult to perform.
Samples of kidneys from livestock in PNG were tested using culture and a PCR-based assay to detect Leptospira species. A total of 72 samples of kidney were collected from cattle and a total of 74 samples were collected from pigs slaughtered in Lae and Port Moresby. A second study was designed to assess the use of a real-time PCR for detecting leptospiral DNA in urine from cattle. One hundred and ninety-three urine samples were collected from a beef cattle farm in WA. Whole genomic DNA from kidney samples was extracted from each kidney using the QIAamp DNA Mini kit (Qiagen). Heat lysis was used to extract genomic DNA from clear urine samples and the QIAamp Mini Kit was used for urine that was contaminated with faeces. The PCR-based test was able to detect a higher number of Leptospira-positive kidneys compared to culture in EMJH medium. Results of testing DNA extracted from urine using the realtime PCR showed that this test is sensitive and able to detect cattle infected with pathogenic leptospires
Gending Klenengan"Merak Ati Pl.Br"
No full textGending Klenengan"Merak Ati Pl.Br"
Karya: Hardjo Subroto, Wasito Dipuro, Rekaman karya Hardjo Subroto, Wasito Dipuro, Pendopo ISI Surakart
Gending Klenengan"Kreteg Ciut Pl.Br"
No full textGending Klenengan"Kreteg Ciut Pl.Br"
Karya: Hardjo Subroto, Wasito Dipuro, rekaman gending karya Hardjo Subroto, Wasito Dipuro, Pendopo ISI Surakart
Gending Klenengan"Gd. Layung Pl.br"
No full textGending Klenengan"Gd. Layung Pl.br"
Karya: Hardjo Subroto, Wasito Dipuro, Rekaman karya Hardjo Subroto, Wasito Dipuro,Pendopo ISI Surakart
Gending Klenengan Jawa"Budeng-budeng mgh Arum-arum kal. ldr. Sarayuda pl.nem"
No full textGending Klenengan Jawa"Budeng-budeng mgh Arum-arum kal. ldr. Sarayuda pl.nem"
Karya: Hardjo Subroto, Wasito Dipuro, Rekaman Karya Hardjo Subroto, Wasito Dipuro, Pndopo ISI Surakart
Nucleotide sequence of a repetitive element isolated from Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo type hardjo-bovis
No full textA repetitive element from the genome of Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo type hardjo-bovis ('L. hardjo-bovis') was identified, cloned and sequenced. Similar sequences were shown by hybridization to be encoded by a further eight of 32 other leptospiral serovars tested. An undefined number of repetitive elements were located in the L. hardjo-bovis genome; sequence degeneracy of the elements was observed and no significant open reading frames were identified within the AT-rich (60%) 1467 bp repetitive element. The termini encoded a GC-rich 8 bp repeat motif and two variants showed rearrangements centred on these motifs. The nucleotide sequences of the chromosomal regions flanking the repetitive elements were determined but showed no similarities, with one exception which had a GAAC repeat directly adjacent to both termini. Similar hybridization patterns were shown by Southern transfers of L. hardjo-bovis total genomic digests probed with the repetitive element. Oligonucleotide primer pairs designed from sequences internal to the repetitive element and adjacent chromosomal regions were used in polymerase chain reaction experiments. With one primer pair all L. hardjo-bovis isolates, but no other serovar, gave identical amplified products. Evidence that the repetitive element may have derived from an acquired insertion sequence that is now inactive and chromosomally fixed is discussed.</p
Anthropology Museum Digital Collection
No full textThe digital collection comprises over 5000 images from the ethnographic collection and 1500 images from the photographic collection with more being added as the project continues. The ethnographic collection is made up of over 19,000 items including contemporary art and artefacts from Australia and the Pacific as well as Asia, Africa and the American continents. The Museum also holds over 8000 prints, negatives and slides from the early and mid-twentieth century and includes fieldwork archives and mission photography acquired from various donors, vendors, collectors and photographers. Also included here are early ethnographic items in the Museum’s collection. The collection is an important resource for, among other areas, family research, visual culture studies, histories of anthropology, native title research, cultural history and post-colonial studies. 
Leptospira interrogans serotype hardjo in dairy cows
No full textData on L. hardjo infection of dairy cows in the world pint out its important role in the occurrence of health and economic problem. L. interrogans serotype hardjo has been described as the cause of miscarriages, stillbirts, or the birhs of poorly vital calves, agalactia, mastitis, and low fertility in cows. Two L. hardjo genotypes have been identified in cows, namely, hardjopraitno and hardjobovis. Serological investigations have established a drastic increase in this leptospiral infection in cows. L. hardjo has become adapted to cattle as the primary host, so that an infection is maintained in herds and becomes deeply rooted because of the permanent presence of the source of infection. It was believed that sheep were accidental hosts, but the latest research suggest that they are yet another, transitory, host for maintining this leptospira serotype. L. hardjo is also important from the aspect of human health, especially of persons who are professionally exposed to this infection. L. hardjo infection is detected using serological tests and by proving the presence of leptospira. The medicine of choice in the therapy of leptospiral infections is streptomycin (DSM). Therapy using oxytetracyclines for clinical mastitis was also proven effective. Treatment is most successful in the early stage of the disease. A single dose of streptomycin administered in infected herds reduces the duration period of leptospira excretion through urine, thus preventing the spread of infection thorugh contaminated urine. The basic components of the plan to contain leptospira are the following: serological investigations, sanitary-higiene measures, the elimination of animals which excrete leptospira through urine, therapy, vaccination, quarantine
Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar Hardjo Genome sequencing and assembly
No full textThe goal of these studies is to characterize the genome content of Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar Hardjo, the leading cause of bovine leptospirosis. Infection with serovar Hardjo results in abortion, stillbirth, premature birth and reproductive failure
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