7 research outputs found
Status of COMPASS RICH-1 Upgrade with MPGD-based Photon Detectors
No full textA Set of new MPGD-based Photon Detectors is being built for the upgrade of COMPASS RICH-1. The detectors cover a total active area of 1.4 m2 and are based on a hybrid architecture consisting of two THGEM layers and a Micromegas. A CsI film on one THGEM acts as a reflective photocathode. The characteristics of the detector, the production of the components and their validation tests are described in detail.A Set of new MPGD-based Photon Detectors is being built for the upgrade of COMPASS RICH-1. The detectors cover a total active area of 1.4 m and are based on a hybrid architecture consisting of two THGEM layers and a Micromegas. A CsI film on one THGEM acts as a reflective photocathode. The characteristics of the detector, the production of the components and their validation tests are described in detail
Status of COMPASS RICH-1 Upgrade with MPGD-based Photon Detectors
No full textA Set of new MPGD-based Photon Detectors is being built for the upgrade of COMPASS RICH-1. The detectors cover a total active area of 1.4 m2 and are based on a hybrid architecture consisting of two THGEM layers and a Micromegas. A CsI film on one THGEM acts as a reflective photocathode. The characteristics of the detector, the production of the components and their validation tests are described in detail
Range Changes in British Butterflies: the Roles of Climate, Habitat and Dispersal in Patterns of Spread
No full textHabitat associations and demographic parameters of four generalist butterfly species resident to Great Britain, namely Pararge aegeria (speckled wood), Aphantopus hyperantus (ringlet), Pyronia tithonus (gatekeeper) and Melanargia galathea (marbled white), were investigated. These species were chosen because they have variable habitat associations and have all expanded their range in recent years. UKBMS transect data was used to generate species specific values for both intrinsic rates of increase, r, and mean density in occupied habitats, , for the four study species. Results indicate that three of the four species studied occur at significantly different densities across two or more of their preferred habitats. High variation in intrinsic rates of increase across all species studies was documented. Results were used to inform the accurate parameterisation of a dynamic model framework used to simulate present-day ranges of the four study species.
Recent spread of species were simulated using spatial dispersal models across a gridded landscape of Great Britain, where cell suitability is modified between 0-1 according to (1) habitat suitability, (2) climate suitability or (3) all cells are given an equal suitability of unity. Spread was simulated with almost equal degrees of success in models run on grids (1) and (2). Model simulations run on grid (3) resulted in poor model outcomes and over-simulation of species current range extent. This suggests that both habitat and climate play a role in observed present day distributions of the four study species. For species whose recent expansion could be simulated well using these models, the best-fit model for each species was run into the future to simulate potential future spread. Future simulations suggest that Melanargia galathea and Pyronia tithonus will expand their range by 15.3% and 7.8% respectively under present day habitat suitability between 2009 and 2060.
Field data was used to investigate local and regional patterns of temperature at three study sites along a north-south transect in England and relate this to phenology of a chalk grassland specialist butterfly, M. galathea, and its preferred nectar source, Centaurea scabiosa. Results indicate that mean maximum daily temperature was significantly different the local (variable aspect/topography) and regional scale. Locally, the highest temperatures were observed on south and south west facing slopes and coldest on north facing slopes. Regionally, the highest temperatures observed in the south and coldest in the north. This means insect and plant experience different environmental conditions depending on local or regional situation. There is evidence that heterogeneity in the local environment at each of the three study sites results in an extended flowering period of C. scabiosa, increasing the amount of time nectar is available to pollinating insects. Topographically variability could thus act as a buffer to phenological mismatch induced by future climate change and could be used as a reserve selection criterion for conservation organisations. There is also evidence that both timing and duration of the flowering period of C. scabiosa varies at both the local and regional scales. The timing of the flight period of M. galathea varied among years and sites likely in relation to variable macro and microclimate. This has implications for future translocation studies whereby individuals are moved from one area of the country to another and must be considered if translocations are to be successful.
This thesis has highlighted ecological processes occurring at both fine and broad spatial scales that must be considered if model predictions are to be robust. Future research must continue to recognise the importance of an individualistic approach to forecasting responses of species to environmental change
Chemoenzymatic synthesis of glutamate mutase S component
No full text碩士麩胺酸異位酶S次單元(glutamate mutase S component, MutS)是麩胺酸異位酶中的鈷胺素結合區(cobalamin-binding domain)，共含131個胺基酸。 本論文嘗試建立以化學酵素法合成此蛋白。首先，將MutS分為兩個片段分別合成： 一為從N端算起至第25個胺基酸(peptide 1)，以Fmoc固相胜肽合成法生產，於第25個胺基酸之C末端(C-terminal)處理為硫酯(thioester)； 另一部分為第26胺基酸開始至131殘基(peptide 2)。 以傳統的基因重組法將第26個胺基酸絲胺酸(serine)更改為半胱胺酸(cysteine)，同時在第26胺基酸前插入一段具有專一性的菸草蝕刻病毒蛋白酵素(tobacco etch virus NIa protease, TEV protease) 的辨識位置(E-X-L-Y-X-N↓)，轉殖入大腸桿菌中大量表現，並以TEV蛋白酵素作為切割基因重組蛋白質(His-TEV-MutS26C)的工具。 經由菸草蝕刻病毒蛋白酵素水解處理過後的蛋白質則可因此生產出N末端為半胱胺酸(cysteine)的蛋白質片段，以作為接合(ligation)的物件之一。 將上述兩個片段以自然化學接合法(native chemical ligation)將peptide 1之C端的thioester與peptide 2之 N端的半胱胺酸在中性條件下發生化學選擇之硫酯轉移反應(chemoselective transthioesterification)，在接合的位置形成新的醯胺鍵(amide bond)成一完整的蛋白質。由於化學法合成胜肽的優點，是可以引入非天然型或D型的胺基酸於產物中，以彌補一般固相胜肽合成法合成胜肽的長度有所限制的缺點。 本論文嘗試利用自然化學接合法合成分子量為14 kd的MutS次單元。Glutamate mutase S component (MutS) is the smallest known protein subunit that carries cobalamin-binding domain with molecular masses of 14,748 Da. The chemo-enzymatic synthesis of this small monomeric protein by the native chemical ligation method is the long-term goal of in this study. Two unprotected peptide segment, 1 and 2, were synthesized separately. The segment 1 (residue 1-25) was readily prepared in good yield by solid-phase peptide synthesis. A thio-ester group was added to the carboxyl end of the segment 1. The segment 2 (residue 26-131) was produced by the over-expression of an engineered and truncated mutS gene. After treatment with TEV protease to remove the hexa-His purification tag, the segment 2 peptide carries a cysteine group at its N-terminal end. The ligation of above two fragments a rapid intramolecular S→N acyl shift through will be subsequently carried out in our group. This result indicates that incorporation of an artificial amino acid residue into the conserved cobalamin-binding motif is feasible by using this synthetic strategy.目錄
中文摘要......................................................................................................................... i
英文摘要........................................................................................................................ ii
目錄............................................................................................................................... iii
圖目錄............................................................................................................................ v
表目錄........................................................................................................................... vi
第一章 序論.................................................................................................................. 1
1-1 前言................................................................................................................... 1
1-2 研究動機 ......................................................................................................... 4
1-3 實驗設計........................................................................................................... 5
第二章 實驗部份......................................................................................................... 8
2-1 儀器與藥品..................................................................................................... 8
2-2 MutS表現與純化......................................................................................... 11
2-2-1菌種培養...................................................................................................... 11
2-2-2 破菌............................................................................................................. 11
2-2-3 純化............................................................................................................. 12
2-2-4 酵素水解MutS蛋白質.............................................................................. 13
2-2-5 電漬法......................................................................................................... 14
2-3 以固相合成法合成C-terminal thioester peptide ..................................... 15
2-3-1 以PyBOP法接第一個胺基酸至4-sulfamylbutyryl AM resin................... 15
2-3-2 Fmoc 胜肽固相合成法............................................................................ 16
2-3-3 樹脂活化與移除....................................................................................... 17
2-3-4 HPLC純化................................................................................................ 18
2-3-5 送測質譜....................................................................................................18
2-3-6 化學接合法............................................................................................... 19
第三章 結果與討論.................................................................................................... 20
參考文獻...................................................................................................................... 35
圖目錄
圖一、輔酶B12結構式..................................................................................................... 1
圖二、麩胺酸異構酶進行重新排列的反應作用............................................................. 2
圖三、化學合成法流程圖................................................................................................. 4
圖四、實驗設計流程圖..................................................................................................... 5
圖五、Ni2+ NTA gel 與組胺酸鍵結示意圖................................................................... 12
圖六、合成C-terminal thioester peptide之流程圖......................................................... 15
圖七、化學接合法........................................................................................................... 19
圖八、pTEV-mutS26C蛋白質表現電泳圖(Tricine SDS-PAGE)................................... 23
圖九、以Ni2+ NTA gel 純化MutS蛋白質之Tricine SDS-PAGE圖..............................24
圖十、TEV 蛋白酵素水解MutS之Tricine SDS-PAGE................................................ 25
圖十一、電漬法轉移蛋白質至PVDF膜........................................................................ 26
圖十二、protein N-terminal sequence之標準圖譜......................................................... 27
圖十三、protein N-terminal sequence residue 1.............................................................. 28
圖十四、protein N-terminal sequence residue 2.............................................................. 29
圖十五、protein N-terminal sequence residue 3.............................................................. 30
圖十六、protein N-terminal sequence residue 4.............................................................. 31
圖十七、protein N-terminal sequence residue 5.............................................................. 32
圖十八、HPLC純化α-thioester peptide........................................................................ 33
圖十九、α-thioester peptide質譜圖............................................................................... 34
表目錄
表一、生產蛋白質常用的方法......................................................................................... 3學號: 692290413, 學年度: 9
Low-power operational amplifier with high-gain rail-to-rail input and output ranges
No full text碩士在這篇論文裡，我們提了一個低功率高増益軌對軌放大器，定值轉導補償控制電路使用於輸入級在寬廣的操作範圍中，以達到最佳頻寬及穩定響應，沒有共模回授的差動輸入、單端輸出増益提升的放大器可以將功率消耗最小化及增加放大器的 dc 増益，浮動電流源亦引入至疊接級以提供適當的偏壓給 AB 型的輸出級。本論文所提的放大器可掛大電容、或小電阻負載，而不會損耗増益或單増益頻寬。
論文中晶片是以 TSMC 0.35 um 2P4M CMOS 製程來實現。在負載為 50 pF時，放大器 dc 増益可達 123dB 及 1.52MHz 的單増益頻率，電壓源為 3.3V 功率消耗為 0.36 mW。A low-power high-gain CMOS operational amplifier with rail-to-rail input/output ranges is presented in this paper. A constant-gm controller is employed in the input stage to achieve an optimum bandwidth and settling response in a wide operational range. A differential-input single-output gain-boosting amplifier without common-mode feedback is applied to minimize the power consumption and increase the dc gain of opamp. The floating current sources are also introduced to the cascode stage to provide proper bias levels for the class AB output stage. The proposed opamp can load with a large capacitance or a small resistance loads without losing the gain and unity-gain bandwidth.
It has been fabricated in a 0.35 μm 2P4M CMOS process. With a 50 pF
of the output capacitance load, a 123dB of dc gain and a 1.52MHz of
unity-gain frequency can be achieved in the proposed opamp. The total power
dissipation is only 0.36 mW at a 3.3 V of supply voltage.目錄
中文摘要 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• I
英文摘要 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• II
目錄 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• III
圖表目錄 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• V
第一章 電路設計說明
1.1 簡介 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 1
1.2電路主架構 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 2
1.3軌對軌輸入級 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 3
1.4疊接級 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 18
1.5輸出級 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 27
1.6頻率補償容 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 30
第二章 電路模擬結果
2.1交流響應分析 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 35
2.2暫態分析之迴轉率及輸入/輸出範圍 ••••••••••••••• 38
2.3暫態分析之步階訊號響應 ••••••••••••••••••••••• 39
2.4交流分析之電源抑制比 ••••••••••••••••••••••••• 40
2.5直流分析之偏移電壓 ••••••••••••••••••••••••• 42
2.6交流分析之共模互斥比 ••••••••••••••••••••••••• 43
第三章 量測結果
3.1晶片電路佈局圖 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 45
3.2量測設置 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 46
3.3交流響應之量測 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 48
3.4直響應之量測 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 56
3.5結論 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 60
第四章 電路佈局考量
4.1前言 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 62
4.2傳統手工佈局考量 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 64
4.3自動配置及繞線佈局考量 •••••••••••••••••••••• 66
參考文獻 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 68
圖表目錄
圖目錄
圖 1.1：軌對軌輸入/輸出高增益低功率運算放大器架構圖 ••••• 2
圖 1.2：單一型態輸入級
(a) N型電晶體輸入對(b) P型電晶體輸入對 ••••••••• 3
圖 1.3：轉導變化
(a) N型電晶體輸入對(b) P型電晶體輸入對 ••••••••• 4
圖 1.4：電流鏡型態輸入級
(a) P型輸入對(b) N型輸入對 •••••••••••••••••••• 5
圖 1.5：軌對軌輸入級 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 6
圖 1.6：當供給電源低於Vmim時之共模輸入範圍 ••••••••••••• 7
圖 1.7：當供給電壓為3.3V時之共模輸入範圍 ••••••••••••• 8
圖 1.8：當供給電壓為2.0V時之共模輸入範圍 ••••••••••••• 8
圖 1.9：軌對軌輸入級由0V至3.3V之轉導變化 ••••••••••••• 10
圖 1.10：加入定值數轉導控制器之軌對軌共模輸入級 •••••• 11
圖 1.11：偏壓電路全圖 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 12
圖 1.12：P型輸入級及三倍電流定值轉導模擬圖 ••••••••••• 14
圖 1.13：加上定值轉導控制器之共模輸入
從0V至3.3V之轉導變化•••••••••••••••••••••••• 16
圖 1.14：轉導控制器之開關變化當供給電壓低於Vim時 •••••• 17
圖 1.15：轉導控制器之共模輸入之轉導變化
當供給電壓低於Vim時••••••••••••••••••••••••••18
圖 1.16：具有增益提高電路之串疊級架構圖••••••••••••••••20
圖 1.17：具有增益提高電路之疊接級電路圖••••••••••••••••21
圖 1.18：P通道疊接與N輸入對的電流模擬圖••••••••••••••••23
圖 1.19：N通道疊接與P輸入對的電流模擬圖••••••••••••••••23
圖 1.20：浮動電流源之P及N電晶體的電流模擬圖•••••••••••••24
圖 1.21：增益提升放大器之等效電路圖••••••••••••••••••••25
圖 1.22：增益提升放大器和疊接級之等效電路圖•••••••••••••26
圖 1.23：等效簡化電路圖 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••26
圖 1.24：推挽式軌對軌輸出級 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••29
圖 1.25：輸出級之源-汲極電壓變化關係圖 ••••••••••••••••30
圖 1.26：放大器所使用之一般Miller補償電容電路 ••••••••••31
圖 1.27：將Miller補償電容換成疊接級Miller電容電路 •••••••31
圖 1.28：將Miller補償電容串接電阻電路 •••••••••••••••••32
圖 1.29：以疊接級Miller補償電容在暫態迴轉率分析模擬圖 •••34
圖 2.1：放大器之交流響應模擬圖在 TT case ••••••••••••••35
圖 2.2：放大器之交流響應模擬圖在 FF case ••••••••••••••35
圖 2.3：放大器之交流響應模擬圖在 SS case ••••••••••••••36
圖 2.4：放大器之交流響應模擬圖在 FS case ••••••••••••••36
圖 2.5：放大器之交流響應模擬圖在 SF case ••••••••••••••37
圖 2.6：暫態分析之迴轉率及輸入/輸出範圍模擬圖 •••••••••38
圖 2.7：暫態分析之小步階訊號模擬圖 •••••••••••••••••••39
圖 2.8：暫態分析之大步階訊號模擬圖 •••••••••••••••••••40
圖 2.9：交流分析之PSRR 示意圖 •••••••••••••••••••••••41
圖 2.10：交流分析之PSRR+ 模擬圖 •••••••••••••••••••••41
圖 2.11：交流分析之PSRR- 模擬圖 •••••••••••••••••••••42
圖 2.12：直流分析之偏移電壓模擬圖 ••••••••••••••••••••43
圖 2.13：交流分析之共模互斥比模擬圖 ••••••••••••••••••43
圖 3.1：放大器之佈局方塊圖 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••45
圖 3.2：量測設置之方塊圖 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••46
圖 3.3：頻率響應分析儀與放大器之設置圖 •••••••••••••••47
圖 3.4：實體晶片測試應用圖 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••47
圖 3.5：交流響應之量測結果 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••48
圖 3.6：模擬數據與量測結果之交流響應比較圖 ••••••••••••49
圖 3.7：負載為2kΩ之交流響應測量圖 ·························50
圖 3.8：負載為10kΩ之交流響應測量圖 ························51
圖 3.9：負載為1pF 之交流響應測量圖 ························52
圖 3.10：負載為50pF 之交流響應測量圖 ·······················52
圖 3.11：共模輸入位準於0.1V 時之交流響應測量圖 ·············53
圖 3.12：共模輸入位準於1V 時之交流響應測量圖 ···············54
圖 3.13：共模輸入位準於2.3V 時之交流響應測量圖 ·············55
圖 3.14：共模輸入位準於3.2V 時之交流響應測量圖 ·············55
圖 3.15：直流響應之輸出範圍量測圖 ··························56
圖 3.16：暫態分析之迴轉率量測圖 ····························57
圖 3.17：步階響應在100mV 的輸入訊號下量測圖 ···············59
圖 3.18：步階響應在1V 的輸入訊號下量測圖 ···················59
圖 4.1：積體電路佈局流程概圖 ·······························63
圖 4.2：被動元件佈局等效剖面圖 ·····························65
圖 4.3：等效電路模擬圖 ·····································65
圖 4.4：自動配置及繞線流程概圖 ·····························67
表目錄
表 1.1: 不同供給電壓時之共模電壓範圍模擬數據 ··············· 9
表 1.2: 基本輸出級類型比較表 ······························ 28
表 1.3: 傳統Miller 補償方式模擬數據 ························· 33
表 1.4: 疊接級Miller 補償方式模擬數據 ······················· 33
表 1.5: 傳統Miller 補償串接電阻方式模擬數據 ················· 33
表 2.1: 交流響應之各種corner 的後模擬數據 ··················· 37
表 2.2: 軌對軌運算放大器之模擬數據 ························ 44
表 3.1: 放大器之模擬與測量數據 ···························· 60
表 3.2: 放大器之規格比較表 ································ 61學號: 793350256, 學年度: 9
Ecology, life history and conservation status of Westralunio carteri IREDALE 1934, an endemic freshwater mussel of South-western Australia
No full textWestralunio carteri, the only hyriid in south-western Australia, was nominated ‘Vulnerable’ (IUCN) in 1994. The aims of this study were to update the species’ range and determine factors limiting its distribution, quantify tolerance to threats, quantify reproduction, describe glochidia morphology, identify host fishes to support the species’ life cycle and estimate growth and age.
Extent of Occurrence (EOO) of W. carteri is currently 16,011.9 km2, a 63.3% decline from the historic EOO of 43,579.8 km2, suggesting that the species should be classified as ‘Endangered’ under IUCN guidelines. Multivariate analysis identified flow and drying as explaining most of the variation in the distribution data, while the difference between historic and current distribution was explained principally by salinity. Salinity tolerance experiments indicated LC50 values of 1.3 - 3.0 and LC95 of 3.2 - 4.3 g L-1. Artificial water removal suggested W. carteri is intolerant of drying for more than five days during summer without shade or moist sediments.
Westralunio carteri spawns during winter; embryos are brooded in the gills of females to become glochidia and released on mucus strings in September – December, when they attach to fins of fishes. Glochidia morphology (size and larval teeth) is distinctive in W. carteri, compared to other Australian hyriids.
Glochidia were found on fins of seven native and three alien fish species from 18 populations. Prevalence was 0.0 - 41.0% and 9.2 - 90.5% and intensity 1.0 - 6.0 and 2.3 - 7.1 in alien and native fishes, respectively. Four native and one alien fish species were confirmed as competent hosts in the laboratory. Time to metamorphosis was 21-27 days.
Growth rates were ~12.0 to 75 mm long) sizes. Calcein validated growth rings as annuli and ages were 3 – 51 years at shell lengths of 12.6 - 82.5 mm, respectively, from five populations. Growth rates and ages-at-length were highly variable between populations
