1,260 research outputs found
The persistence of a SIR disease in a metapopulation: Hendra virus epidemics in Australian black flying foxes (Pteropus alecto)
No full textUnderstanding how emerging viruses persist in bat populations is a fundamental step to understand the processes by which viruses are transmitted from reservoir hosts to spillover hosts. Hendra virus, which has caused fatal infections in horses and humans in eastern Australia since 1994, spills over from its natural reservoir hosts, Pteropus bats (colloquially known as flying foxes). It has been suggested that the Hendra virus maintenance mechanism in the bat populations might be implicated with their metapopulation structure. Here, we examine whether a metapopulation consisting of black flying fox (P. alecto) colonies that are smaller than the critical community size can maintain the Hendra virus. By using the Gillespie algorithm, stochastic mathematical models were used to simulate a cycle, in which viral extinction and recolonisation were repeated in a single colony within a metapopulation. Given estimated flying fox immigration rates, the simulation results showed that recolonisation occurred more frequently than extinction, which indicated that infection would not go extinct in the metapopulation. Consequently, this study suggests that a collection of transient epidemics of Hendra virus in numerous colonies of flying foxes in Australia can support the long-term persistence of the virus at the metapopulation level.Full Tex
Tanggung Jawab Biro Perjalanan Haji Terhadap Konsumen Yang Batal Berangkat / oleh Rendy Hendra Permana
No full textabstrak (A) Nama:Rendy Hendra Permana (NIM: 205080186) (B)Judul Skripsi:Tanggung Jawab Biro Perjalanan Haji Terhadap Konsumen Yang Batal Berangkat (C)Halaman : viii+89+31+2013 (D)Kata kunci: Tanggung Jawab, Konsumen, Perjanjian, Tanggung Jawab Pelaku Usaha (E)Isi : Indonesia sebagai Negara dengan berpenduduk mayoritas umat Islam membuat banyaknya penduduk yang pergi berangkat haji ke Saudi Arabia. Pemerintah memberikan kebebasan bagi biro perjalanan untuk melakukan penyelenggaraan ibadah haji plus dengan syarat-syarat. Kegiatan ibadah haji setiap tahunnya selalu mengalami peningkatan, ini membuat pemerintah kewalahan dalam melakukan pembinaan penyelenggara ibadah haji. Hal ini membuat banyaknya bermunculan biro perjalanan haji yang tidak dibina dari kementrian agama. Banyaknya permintaan untuk berangkat haji membuat banyak pelaku usaha yang melakukan kegiatan usaha dengan curang. Dewasa ini sering terjadi pembatalan keberangkatan haji. Pembatalan tersebut mengakibatkan kerugian bagi konsumen. Konsumen batal diberangkatkan oleh biro perjalanan tetapi uang calon jemaah haji gagal berangkat tersebut tidak dikembalikan secara penuh. Permasalahan yang diangkat adalah tanggung jawab biro perjalanan haji terhadap konsumen yang batal berangkat. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif, didukung wawancara dengan direktorat jenderal haji dan umrah, YLKI, para praktisi hukum. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa klausul baku yang dicantumkan dalam perjanjian perjalanan haji batal demi hukum. Asas objektif dalam perjanjian perjalanan haji tidak terpenuhi sehingga perjanjian tersebut batal demi hukum. Kesimpulannya adalah biro perjalanan haji harus mengganti kerugian secara penuh kepada calon jemaah haji yang gagal berangkat dikarenakan perjanjian tersebut batal demi hukum. Penulis memberikan saran kepada biro perjalanan haji untuk bertindak jujur dalam melakukan usaha dan kepada konsumen untuk lebih berhati-hati dalam memilih biro perjalanan perjalanan haji. (F)Acuan: 31 (1980-2010)(G)Pembimbing:Prof., Dr. H. K. Martono, S.H., L.L.M.(H)Penulis:Rendy Hendra Perman
Kekuatan mengikat nota kesepahaman dalam perjanjian kerjasama antara PT Mega Mulia Mandiri dan PT Rudy Hadisuwarno / oleh Hendra Kusuma
No full textabstrak (A) Nama : Hendra Kusuma (B) NIM : 205030098 (C) Judul Skripsi : ?Kekuatan Mengikat Nota Kesepahaman dalam Perjanjian Kerjasama antara PT. Mega Mulia Mandiri dan PT. Rudy Hadisuwarno? (D) vi+90+lampiran (E) Kata Kunci : Nota Kesepahaman, Memorandum of Understanding (MoU), dan Letter of Intent (LoI) (F) Isi : Nota Kesepahaman atau yang sering disebut dengan Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) atau Letter of Intent (LoI) merupakan suatu dokumen yang menjelaskan maksud para pihak untuk melakukan suatu hal. Nota Kesepahaman biasanya merupakan suatu bentuk kesepakatan awal. Oleh sebab itu, substansi dari suatu Nota Kesepahaman biasanya hanyalah mengatur hal-hal yang umum saja dan tidak dimaksudkan untuk mengikat para pihak yang membuatnya. Dalam Nota Kesepahaman yang diadakan oleh PT. Mega Mulia Mandiri dan PT. Rudy Hadisuwarno, substansinya sangat mendetil. Kemudian pada saat PT. Rudy Hadisuwarno tidak melaksanakan kewajibannya sebagaimana diatur dalam Nota Kesepahaman, PT. Mega Mulia Mandiri mengajukan gugatan wanprestasi ke pengadilan. Pengadilan yang mengadili kasus ini menganggap bahwa Nota Kesepahaman yang mereka adakan itu berlaku dan mengikat para pihak yang membuatnya. Oleh karena itu, pengadilan memutus perkara berdasarkan prinsip-prinsip dan asas-asas yang terdapat dalam hukum perjanjian Indonesia dan menggunakan Kitab Undang-undang Hukum Perdata (KUHPer) sebagai dasar hukumnya. Dalam kasus ini, terlihat jelas bahwa kekuatan mengikat dari Nota Kesepahaman yang diadakan oleh PT. Mega Mulia Mandiri dan PT. Rudy Hadisuwarno sangat berbeda dengan Nota Kesepahaman pada umumnya. Sebenarnya, jika dilihat dari substansinya maka dapat dikatakan bahwa Nota Kesepahaman tersebut telah memenuhi syarat-syarat sahnya perjanjian dan unsur-unsur suatu perjanjian menurut hukum perjanjian Indonesia. Dalam penelitian ini, akan diuraikan tentang kekuatan mengikat dari Nota Kesepahaman yang diadakan oleh PT. Mega Mulia Mandiri dan PT. Rudy Hadisuwarno ditinjau hukum perjanjian Indonesia dan juga definisi-definisi Nota Kesepahaman yang ada. (G) Daftar Acuan : 31 (1985-2006) (H) Pembimbing : Dr. Gunawan Djajaputra, S.H., S.S., M.H. (I) Penulis : Hendra Kusum
Analisis Faktor Faktor yang Mempengaruhui Struktur Modal pada Perusahaan Manufaktur di Bursa Efek Indonesia Periode 2007-2009
No full textTesis S2 Hendra
Nim: 11709202
Promotion of Hendra virus replication by microRNA 146a
No full textHendra virus is a highly pathogenic zoonotic paramyxovirus in the genus Henipavirus. Thirty-nine outbreaks of Hendra virus have been reported since its initial identification in Queensland, Australia, resulting in seven human infections and four fatalities. Little is known about cellular host factors impacting Hendra virus replication. In this work, we demonstrate that Hendra virus makes use of a microRNA (miRNA) designated miR-146a, an NF-κB-responsive miRNA upregulated by several innate immune ligands, to favor its replication. miR-146a is elevated in the blood of ferrets and horses infected with Hendra virus and is upregulated by Hendra virus in human cells in vitro. Blocking miR-146a reduces Hendra virus replication in vitro, suggesting a role for this miRNA in Hendra virus replication. In silico analysis of miR-146a targets identified ring finger protein (RNF)11, a member of the A20 ubiquitin editing complex that negatively regulates NF-κB activity, as a novel component of Hendra virus replication. RNA interference-mediated silencing of RNF11 promotes Hendra virus replication in vitro, suggesting that increased NF-κB activity aids Hendra virus replication. Furthermore, overexpression of the IκB superrepressor inhibits Hendra virus replication. These studies are the first to demonstrate a host miRNA response to Hendra virus infection and suggest an important role for host miRNAs in Hendra virus disease
The equine Hendra virus vaccine remains a highly effective preventative measure against infection in horses and humans: ‘The imperative to develop a human vaccine for the Hendra virus in Australia’
Get PDFIn their commentary article, ‘The imperative to develop a human vaccine for the Hendra virus in Australia’, Zahoor and Mudie (1) argue the case for a human Hendra virus (HeV) vaccine. The statements supporting their arguments are incorrect and have the potential to cause infection ecology & epidemiology confusion and ultimately undermine confidence in current evidence-based risk management strategies, thereby placing equine and human lives at risk
A single amino acid substitution in the V protein of Nipah virus alters its ability to block interferon signalling in cells from different species
No full textThe V protein of the paramyxovirus Nipah virus (NiV) has been shown to antagonize the interferon (IFN) response in human cells via sequestration of STAT1 and STAT2. This study describes a mutant of the NiV V protein, referred to as V(AAHL), that is unable to antagonize IFN signalling and demonstrates that a single amino acid substitution is responsible for its inactivity. The molecular basis for this was identified as a failure to interact with STAT1 and STAT2. It was also shown that NiV V, but not V(AAHL), was functional as an IFN antagonist in human, monkey, rabbit, dog, horse, pig and bat cells, which suggests that the ability of NiV to block IFN signalling is not a major constraint that prevents this virus from crossing species barriers.</p
Lithofacies and depositional environment spanning the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary on the New Jersey coastal plain
No full textThe sedimentary record spanning the Cretaceous-Paleogene (K/Pg) boundary was examined in outcrop and in seven cores recovered from a 50 km long transect along the outcrop belt on the New Jersey coastal plain. The objectives were to: (1) conduct a high-resolution study of the K/Pg lithofacies, (2) document spatial and temporal changes in composition and texture of the sediments, and (3) interpret any changes in the depositional environment across this important geological boundary when a mass extinctions occurred. Analyses include core description, textural, petrographic, microprobe, and XRD analyses. Five lithofacies were interpreted in the Upper Cretaceous sediments and three lithofacies were recognized from the lowermost Paleogene deposits. Microprobe studies show the chemistry of Upper Cretaceous and lowermost Paleogene glauconite are identical (~7-8% K2O), but their color difference may suggest different redox condition. XRD analyses show the Upper Cretaceous clay contains more land-derived detritus than the lowermost Paleogene clay. The following sequence of events is interpreted from the sediment record spanning the K/Pg boundary: (1) deposition in near-shore setting and slow sedimentation in middle shelf when sea level was falling, albeit still shelfal depth; (2) deposition of K/Pg lithofacies when sea level was falling possibly creating a diastem but not a sequence boundary, per se; (3) a transgression above the K/Pg boundary; and (4) deposition in middle shelf possibly with decreased ocean productivity and a more reducing environment. There is no sedimentological evidence above the K/Pg boundary, suggesting tsunami-related deposition associated with a bolide impact. Either a tsunamite was eliminated by bioturbation, or NJCP was too far from the impact site to be affected. A transgressive lag, instead, was formed by normal sedimentation during the subsequent transgression in the early Paleocene.M.S.Includes bibliographical referencesby Hendra Wahyud
Conditions affecting the timing and magnitude of Hendra virus shedding across pteropodid bat populations in Australia
No full textUnderstanding infection dynamics in animal hosts is fundamental to managing spillover and emergence of zoonotic infections. Hendra virus is endemic in Australian pteropodid bat populations and can be lethal to horses and humans. However, we know little about the factors driving Hendra virus prevalence in resevoir bat populations, making spillover difficult to predict. We use Hendra virus prevalence data collected from 13 000 pooled bat urine samples across space and time to determine if pulses of prevalence are periodic and synchronized across sites. We also test whether site-specific precipitation and temperature affect the amplitude of the largest annual prevalence pulses. We found little evidence for a periodic signal in Hendra virus prevalence. Although the largest amplitude pulses tended to occur over winter, pulses could also occur in other seasons. We found that Hendra virus prevalence was weakly synchronized across sites over short distances, suggesting that prevalence is driven by local-scale effects. Finally, we found that drier conditions in previous seasons and the abundance of Pteropus alecto were positively correlated with the peak annual values of Hendra virus prevalence. Our results suggest that in addition to seasonal effects, bat density and local climatic conditions interact to drive Hendra virus infection dynamics.No Full Tex
Development of a fluorogenic RT-PCR assay (TaqMan) for the detection of Hendra virus
No full textA rapid and sensitive one-tube RT-PCR assay using a fluorogenic (TaqMan™) probe was developed to improve the diagnosis of Hendra virus (HeV) infection. The TaqMan™ assay was developed to rapidly and specifically identify Hendra virus. The sensitivity of the new TaqMan™-based PCR assay compared favourably with conventional RT-PCR. The major advantage of the TaqMan™-based assay was the speed of diagnosis with results available within minutes of completing the PCR, and within 4 h of receiving the specimen. This test greatly reduces the chance of false positives through the elimination of second-round PCR and the requirement for agarose gel. Recombinant primer controls consisting of the Hendra virus primer sequence flanking a rodent GADPH probe sequence and recombinant probe controls consisting of the rodent GADPH primer sequence flanking the Hendra virus probe sequence were designed, cloned and transcribed in vitro to generate RNA. This has alleviated the requirement for viral RNA to be used as positive controls, thus reducing the chance of producing a false positive, at the same time eliminating the biosafety risk associated with handling live virus. This assay will provide a rapid diagnosis of future outbreaks of Hendra virus
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