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Sustainable Hydrometallurgy of Energy-Relevant Critical Minerals from Unconventional Sources: Ex-situ Carbon Mineralization and Thermal Swing Salting-Out Process
No full textThe clean energy transition toward carbon neutrality requires shifting from a ‘fossil fuel–based’ to a ‘metal–based’ energy system. However, limited metal reserves demand the extraction of critical minerals such as lithium (Li), nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), and rare earth elements (REEs) from unconventional sources like industrial wastes, tailings, low-grade ores, and brines. These sources pose challenges due to low grades and complex chemistries, leading to higher energy use and CO2 emissions per ton of metal produced, creating a fundamental “metal–energy–CO2” dilemma. This study proposes a new framework that integrates carbon mineralization and resource recovery, reconceptualization of mineral resources by valorizing the waste and gangue materials of unconventional sources as CO2 sequestration media. In this framework, the economic viability of lower-grade deposits and wastes may be enhanced by the added decarbonization value, positioning them as potential future reserves. To address the simultaneous handling of abundant alkaline earth metals and trace critical elements, integrated processes were developed: (i) selective REE recovery during indirect carbon mineralization, (ii) chelation- assisted REE extraction during direct mineralization, and (iii) a thermal swing salting-out (TSSO) process for Li extraction from unconventional brines. The REEs recovery research began with collecting 22 types of industrial wastes and investigation physicochemical properties of slags. Compositional analysis revealed that blast furnace slag (BFS) and electric arc furnace slag (EAFS) contained over 300 ppm REEs and 40 wt% of Ca and Mg contents, and are selected as proper candidates. In sequential extraction and n(H+) regulation experiments, REEs were found encapsulated within host matrices, implying the presence of ‘mineralogical barrier’. However, the modified direct and indirect carbon mineralization effectively liberated REEs without impeding CO2 sequestration. A modified pH- swing using oxalic acid significantly enhanced REE recovery, producing REE-rich solids exceeding 1.9 wt% while sequestering 117 kg CO2 per ton of slag. Chelation-assisted direct carbonation further enabled selective extraction of Mn and heavy REEs over Ca, achieving over 85% extraction efficiency. Surprisingly, REE leachability increased with atomic number, attributed to the slightly higher Kf values of heavy REEs (HREEs) compared to light REEs (LREEs). This study highlights that carbon mineralization can act as ‘REEs liberation methodology’ which can make synergies with REEs recovery process. Next, the Li recovery research was focused on developing novel TSSO process. The objective of TSSO process was extracting Li from unconventional brines by utilizing natural thermal energy sources including diurnal temperature variations and geothermal heat. By using thermoresponsive amine-based solvents (i.e., diisopropylamine (DIPA)) and differences of salt solubility, the TSSO process selectively concentrated Li while rejecting impurities. Application to simulated geothermal brine (consist of Li, Na, K) demonstrated a 2.5-fold increase in Li concentration, elevating it to commercially relevant levels (~500 ppm). In an optimum point, 0% of Ca, 1.1% of Na, 1.1% of K, and 52% of Li were recovered in regenerated aqueous solution. These results highlight TSSO process could be used as thermally driven Li extraction method suitable for resource-constrained environments such as alpine and desert regions. In conclusion, this study highlights that a holistic and integrated approach, rather than sector-specific methods, provides an effective strategy for overcoming the interconnected “Metal–Energy–CO2” dilemma. Future advancements toward carbon neutrality and the energy transition will require the development of integrated process frameworks that bridge mining, metallurgy, waste management, carbon sequestration, energy systems, construction, and steel industries.DoctorAbstract i
Contents iii
List of Figures v
List of Tables ix
Chapter 1. Introduction 1
1.1. The Great Acceleration and Linear Economy 1
1.2. A Paradox of Energy Transition: Do We Have Enough Metals 4
1.3. Reconceptualizing Mineral Resources: Unlocking New Values of Unconventional Sources for Critical
Mineral Recovery and CO2 Sequestration 7
1.4. Research Gap: Addressing Dual Objectives and Heterogeneous Metallic Properties from Single
Feedstock 9
1.5. Process System Designation and Tailoring Reaction Pathways of Carbon Mineralization 10
1.6. Research Goal and Outline of the Dissertation 11
Chapter 2. Expanded Concept of Mineral Resource: Systematic Review 14
2.1. Can CO2 Sequestration Capacity Be a Resource 14
2.2. Expanded Concept of Mineral Resource 16
2.3. CO2 Sequestration Potential of Alkaline Industrial Wastes and Natural Minerals 18
2.4. Critical Mineral Concentration in Unconventional Sources 23
Chapter 3. Theories of Carbon Mineralization and Thermal Swing Salting Out Process 35
3.1. Theory of ex-situ Carbon Mineralization and State of Art 35
3.2. Theory of Salting Out and Temperature Swing Solvent Extraction Process 39
Chapter 4. Exploring the Potential of Iron and Steelmaking Slags as Alternative Sources of Rare Earth
Elements and Carbon Mineralization. 42
4.1. Background 42
4.2. Experimental 44
4.3. Results and Discussions 47
4.4. Conclusions 50
Chapter 5. Indirect and Direct Carbon Mineralization with Simultaneous Recovery of Rare Earth
Elements from Industrial Wastes 65
5.1. Background 65
5.2. Thermodynamic Simulations and Hypotheses 66
5.3. Experimental 70
5.3. Results and Discussions 74
5.3.1. Indirect Carbon Mineralization and REEs Recovery 74
5.3.1. Chelation-assisted Direct Carbon Mineralization and REEs Recovery 90
5.4. Conclusions 92
Chapter 6. Alkali Fusion Pretreatment of Blast Furnace Slag for Enhancing Leaching Efficiency of
Metals 98
6.1. Background 98
6.2. Experimental 99
6.3. Results and Discussions. 102
6.3.1. Physicochemical properties of BFS and formation of Si-passivation layer 102
6.3.2. Structural Modifications by Alkali Fusion and Water Leaching Pretreatment 105
6.3.3. Enhanced leaching by alkali fusion-water leaching pretreatment 107
6.4. Conclusions 110
Chapter 7. Novel Application of Thermal Swing Salting-Out Process for Lithium Extraction from
Geothermal Brine 122
7.1. Background 122
7.2. Experimental 124
7.3. Results and Discussions. 128
7.3.1. Preliminary Test and Metal Behaviors of Three-Phase Separation of TSSO 128
7.3.2. Evaluation of process parameters for two-phase separation of TSSO 129
7.3.3. Statistical analysis and simulation of TSSO process 131
7.3.4. Application of TSSO Process for Geothermal Brine 134
7.4. Conclusions 135
Chapter 8. Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Works 153
8.1. Summary 153
8.2. Conclusions 156
8.3. Recommendations for Future Works 157
References 16
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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