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The Students' Rebellion in Chile: Occupy Protest or Classic Social Movement?
No full textThis article gives an overview of the trajectory, components and repertory of the Chilean students' movement, which staged a series of protests during 2011. Although it started by contesting inequalities in the education system, the movement soon evolved into a challenge to the authoritarian character of political institutions, sharing similar goals with protests elsewhere around the world—including radical economical and political democratization. Should we therefore see the Chile students' protests as an Occupy-type protest? By analyzing the main interpretations over the movement, this article argues that the Occupy label is insufficient to understand the specificity of the conflict. In Chile, protests did not occur through small groups coordinated by loose networks; instead, they were spurred by traditional student organizations. This created a scenario of social unrest that resembles classical forms of contention, and in that respect differs from Occupy Wall Street, the indignados or the Arab Spring. This case shows that despite the crisis of neoliberal governance forming a common historical backdrop, the modularity (how?) and the composition (who?) of the movement are better explained by the historical configuration of national political systems
Chilean Neoliberalism under Scrutiny: Class, Power, and Conflict Are Back in Town
Get PDFThis essay reviews the following works: Neoliberalismo corregido y progresismo limitado: Los gobiernos de la Concertación en Chile, 1990–2010. By Manuel Antonio Garretón. Santiago: Editorial ARCIS, CLACSO, 2013. ISBN: 9789568114961. Radiografía crítica al “modelo chileno”: Balance y propuestas. Edited by Gonzalo Martner and Eugenio Rivera. Santiago: Lom, USACH, 2013. ISBN: 9789560004420. Economía política del fracaso: La falsa modernización del modelo neoliberal. By Alberto Mayol and José Miguel Ahumada. Santiago: El Desconcierto, 2015. ISBN: 9789569370151. Los chilenos bajo el neoliberalismo: Clases y conflicto social. By Carlos Ruiz and Giorgio Boccardo. Santiago: El Desconcierto, 2015. ISBN: 9789569370106. Chile and the Neoliberal Trap: The Post-Pinochet Era. By Andrés Solimano. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012. ISBN: 9781107003545. (Reprinted in Spanish as Capitalismo a la chilena. Y la prosperidad de las élites. Santiago: Catalonia, 2012. ISBN: 9789563241426.
La política estudiantil: apuntes para una agenda de investigación
Get PDFEste ensayo tiene por objetivo principal ofrecer algunas reflexiones críticas para el estudio de lo que los estudiosos en la materia usualmente llamamos movimientos estudiantiles. El ensayo se compone de dos secciones. En la primera, reflexiono sobre las implicaciones que se derivan de usar el concepto “movimientos estudiantiles” para definir el campo de estudios, e invito a considerar el concepto alternativo de “política estudiantil”. En esa línea, sugiero considerar las dimensiones de representación, movilización y reproducción del actor estudiantil. En la segunda sección, me refiero a dos grandes áreas de investigación que pudieran ser abordadas para avanzar el conocimiento sobre el tema: las conexiones entre estado, capitalismo y universidad; y el acoplamiento (o desacoplamiento) del actor estudiantil, en tres planos: su conformación interna, con otros actores sociales y con el sistema de partidos. Las principales contribuciones de este ensayo consisten en la propuesta de una agenda de estudio sobre el tema, la que puede orientar futuras investigaciones, y en un balance crítico (aunque no exhaustivo) de la literatura, con un foco particular en Chile y algunas referencias a América Latina
Explicando las movilizaciones estudiantiles de 2011
Get PDFEste artículo ofrece un resumen de la trayectoria y características del movimiento estudiantil chileno durante las jornadas de protesta de 2011. El propósito es triple: (a) explorar en sus causas; (b) describir sus implicancias y significado histórico; y (c) determinar la especificidad del movimiento en el contexto de la ola mundial de protesta iniciada aquel año. Se observa que una serie de causas confluyeron para generar el movimiento estudiantil de 2011. En particular, la convergencia de agravios, oportunidades políticas, recursos de organización, identidades, y lazos de solidaridad, generó condiciones para que las tradicionales protestas de estudiantes que se suceden cada inicio de año académico se transformaran en el ciclo de protesta popular más intenso y con mayores efectos de las últimas cuatro décadas
Fin de ciclo, partidos y movimientos sociales. ¿Hacia dónde va América Latina?
Get PDFEl triunfo de Jair Bolsonaro en las elecciones presidenciales de Brasil de 2018, ha sido señalado como un hito que marca un fin de ciclo en América Latina. Empezando en 1999 con la victoria de Hugo Chávez en Venezuela, durante la década sucesiva países como Ecuador, Bolivia y Argentina eligieron líderes que simbolizaban una ruptura con las políticas de desregulación y privatizaciones implementadas en los 1990s, conocidas como el Consenso de Washington. Sin embargo, en la década de 2010 se percibe un cambio de tendencia. Varios países, incluyendo Argentina (2015), Chile (2009 y 2017), Paraguay (2013) y Perú (2016) eligieron gobernantes de derecha, mientras que mediante sendos juicios parlamentarios eran destituidos los progresistas Fernando Lugo en Paraguay (2012) y Dilma Rousseff en Brasil (2016). ¿Cómo se explican estos desarrollos políticos recientes? ¿Cuáles son las características del nuevo periodo? ¿Qué implicancias tiene este aparente cambio de tendencia en las políticas sociales, la competencia política y el conflicto social
[Recensione a] The Civil Sphere in Latin America, edited by Jeffrey C. Alexander and Carlo Tognato, New York, Cambridge University Press, 2019
No full textThe Civil Sphere in Latin America presents a number of original case studies applying Jeffrey Alexander’s civil sphere theory (CST) to eight Latin American countries. This publication has to be seen in the context of a larger scholarly enterprise, namely, the theoretical and empirical advancement of CST beyond its traditional focus on North America and
Europe
Lynn Owens, Cracking under pressure : narrating the decline of the Amsterdam Squatters' movement. - Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2009
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Undoing the Neoliberal Higher Education System? Student Protests and the Bachelet Reforms in Chile
No full textThis article focuses on the education reforms of the current government of Michelle Bachelet (Chile, 2014-2018) triggered by the large student protests of 2011 – the “Chilean winter” – and the overwhelming support of the public for the movement’s demands. The students’ main demands included free education and a greater involvement of the state in education. The parties of the centre-left alliance, then the opposition, embraced these demands and promised broad educational reforms including free post-secondary education. After the center-left coalition (Nueva Mayoría, New Majority) won the presidential election it introduced three major education bills: the “short law” of free education, the creation of two new public universities and fifteen Centers of Technical Formation, and the reform of higher education’s regulatory framework (still under discussion in parliament). While these bills are aimed at increasing the state’s role in higher education, they fall far short of the students’ aspirations. In fact, as implemented the bill have consolidated a mixed public-private higher education model resting on a vision of post-secondary education as a marketplace in which institutions compete for students, subsidies and funding. The conclusion discusses the inherent limitations of these reforms, especially how the weakness of the welfare coalition made it impossible to transform the students’ demands into sustainable higher education policy
Legacies of Authoritarianism and Elite Responses to Social Unrest : The Estallidos Sociales in Peru and Chile
Get PDFMassive social unrest broke out in Peru and Chile in recent years. In both countries, the constitutional issue was central in the articulation of protests. However, elite reactions to these movements were different. In Chile, political institutions sought to accommodate the popular demands, launching a process of constitutional reform that attempted to appease discontent redirecting it to institutional politics. Whereas in Peru, the political elite was unable to agree on a process of constitutional revision. The “estallido social” of 2020, which led to the ousting of President Merino, re-emerged two years later with more intensity in the aftermath of the failed coup d’état attempted by President Castillo. To understand these different responses to mass social unrest, this article proposes a theoretical framework grounded in historical institutionalism. The main argument is that authoritarian regimes are critical junctures that produce enduring legacies in the power configurations of the polity. Legacies will vary depending on two aspects: whether authoritarianism consolidates a power basis, and how these regimes end. Different socio-political legacies favored distinct elite reactions and approaches to the threats posed by popular movements. To illustrate this argument, the article draws on previous studies and provides preliminary evidence. Overall, the article contributes to political sociology by integrating critical junctures and outcomes of social movements literature
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