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Early Buddhist architecture of Bengal: morphological study on the vihāra of c. 3rd to 8th centuries
No full textThis dissertation examines the evolution of early Buddhist architectural forms of Bengal, specifically its vihāra and shrine structures. In general, this research explores Gupta and post-Gupta (c. third to eighth centuries AD) vihāra architecture of Bengal, where the primary focus is on the Buddhist shrine architecture constructed during this period. There is a preconception amongst historians that the period between the Gupta and the Pāla periods was characterized by disorder and chaos, commonly known as the period of Matsyanyayam. This is the reason why discussions on the architectural history of Bengal have generally commenced from the Pāla period (c. 750 AD onwards). Analyzing extant and new evidences this study argues that the Buddhist architecture of Bengal thrived during the intervening period, albeit under the patronage of local kings and rulers. In the field of art and sculpture it is accepted that Buddhist Pāla art was a continuation of previous Gupta art forms, where post-Gupta period acted as the transition or a bridge. Following this general pattern, as this thesis argues, the rectangular Gupta shrine plan takes a mature cruciform shape during the Pāla period through a complex morphological development. The nature of Buddhist shrine architecture in Bengal during the early Gupta, later Gupta, and post-Gupta periods is described in the light of analyzed archaeological findings and architectural trends
Ganita-Bhârati. Bulletin of the Indian Society for History of Mathematics, Ed. R. C. Gupta
No full textGanita-Bhârati. Bulletin of the Indian Society for History of Mathematics, Ed. R. C. Gupta. In: Revue d'histoire des sciences, tome 37, n°1, 1984. p. 96
Ganita-Bhârati. Bulletin of the Indian Society for History of Mathematics, Ed. R. C. Gupta
No full textGanita-Bhârati. Bulletin of the Indian Society for History of Mathematics, Ed. R. C. Gupta. In: Revue d'histoire des sciences, tome 37, n°1, 1984. p. 96
Distatrix yunae Rousse et Gupta, sp. nov.
No full textDistatrix yunae Rousse et Gupta, sp. nov. (Fig. 10 c–d) Diagnosis. Mesopleuron and metapleuron almost smooth but epicnemium moderately punctate. Propodeum without carination. Hind femur swollen, hardly 3 x longer than wide. Terga 1–2 polished. Female with antenna shorter than body, flagellomeres 9–15 wider apically than basally (male unknown). Color. Black. Legs yellowish orange but hind coxa black, hind tarsi and apices of hind femur and hind tibia infuscate. Wings hyaline, venation light brown. Description. FEMALE (3 specimens). B: 2.1; A: 1.9; L: 2.8 (2.3–2.8). Head. Sparsely setose. Clypeus smooth, separated from face dorsally, its ventral margin slightly concave. Face finely and moderately punctate. H i: 0.9; EH i: 0.7; C i: 2.7; Fl 1 i: 2.0; Fl 2 i: 1.8; FL 1– 2 i: 1.1; Fl 15 i: 2.0; Fl 16 i: 2.0; OO i: 2.0; IO i: 1.2. Mesosoma. Moderately setose. Pronotum smooth, upper furrow absent, lower furrow shallow and smooth. Mesopleuron smooth with epicnemium moderately punctate, sternaulus shallow and smooth. Metapleuron smooth with anterior pit shallow. Mesoscutum finely and densely punctate basally, punctuation sparser on apical half. Scuto-scutellar suture wide and shallow, crenulate. Scutellum smooth and flat. MSC i: 0.9. Propodeum shagreened without any carination. Fore wing. R 1 /Pl i: 1.1; r/Pw i: 0.9; r/ 2 Rs i: 1.5. Hind wing. Vannal lobe with apical half of hind margin flattened and very shortly setose, basal half with long hairs. Legs. Hind coxa densely punctate above, laterally smooth. Hind femur swollen. Cx/T 1 i: 1.4; F i: 3.1. Metasoma. Tergum 1 polished, lateral margins sub-parallel but apex constricted, basal third medially concave. Tergum 2 subtriangular, polished, median area slightly raised, apical margin slightly concave. Hypopygium not protruding beyond metasomal apex. Ovipositor short and straight. T 1 a i: 2.3; T 1 b i: 1.6; T 1 /T 2 i: 2.1; T 2 a i: 0.5; T 2 b i: 1.1; T 2 /T 3 i: 1.0; OT i: 0.1. MALE. Unknown. Material examined. HOLOTYPE Ƥ (MNHN EY 8794) Verbatim label data: Cilaos / Bras Sec alt. 1520m 06/ 2011, leg. T. Ramage; complete. PARATYPES (MNHN EY 8795–8796) 1 Ƥ Bellouve / Trou de Fer, alt. 1400m, IV. 2011, leg. T. Ramage; 1 Ƥ St Paul / Le Maïdo, alt. 2180m, IV. 2009, leg. IDR. Etymology. Named for Yuna Jolivet-Caroff, future entomologist. Distribution records. Reunion.Published as part of Rousse, Pascal & Gupta, Ankita, 2013, Microgastrinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) of Reunion Island: a catalogue of the local species, including 18 new taxa and a key to species, pp. 501-547 in Zootaxa 3616 (6) on page 522, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3616.6.1, http://zenodo.org/record/21794
FIGURE 5 in Descriptions of two new species of Augerella Gupta (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Pimplinae) and the first record of A. orientalis (Gupta) from Vietnam
No full textFIGURE 5. The holotype of Augerella vriesi sp. nov.: a) dorsal view; b) metapleurum; c) dorsal view of propodeum; d) ovipositor. Scale: 1 mm, except 0.5 mm for ovipositor.Published as part of Pham, Nhi Thi, Broad, Gavin R. & Lampe, Karl-Heinz, 2010, Descriptions of two new species of Augerella Gupta (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Pimplinae) and the first record of A. orientalis (Gupta) from Vietnam, pp. 17-29 in Zootaxa 2654 on page 26, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19891
Phanerotoma andamanensis Gupta
No full textPhanerotoma andamanensis Gupta & van Achterberg sp. nov. (Figs A–N) Measurements: Length of body in dorsal view 4.0 mm (holotype, Fig. A); 3.7 (paratype, Fig. G); 3.2 mm (paratype, male, Fig. J); antenna 3.1 mm (paratype, female) and fore wing 2.9 (holotype) or 2.5 mm (paratype, female). Female. Colour: Yellowish brown. Basal five segments and pedicel of antenna yellowish, remainder of antenna brown. Eyes and stemmaticum black. Pronotum pale testaceous; T 1 and T 2 pale testaceous; T 3 yellowish brown laterally, but medio-longitudinal third black; T 1 with H shaped mark medially. Tip of mandible dark brown. Pterostigma dark brown without distinct pale basal spot, only somewhat paler basally than medially; ocelli yellow; hind tibia medially pale yellow. Head (Fig. B): Width 1.3 times median length in frontal; antenna with 23 segments and 1.1 times as long as fore wing; area of stemmaticum punctate (Fig. D); OOL: diameter of posterior ocellus: POL= 6: 2: 1; vertex transversely rugose with fine granulate background anteriorly, setose; temple rugose; face rugose with median ridge and setose; clypeus smooth medially, shiny and setose; malar space rugose, lower tooth of mandible 0.25 times as long as apical tooth (Fig. C). Mesosoma (Fig. E): 1.4 times as long as wide; sides of pronotum coarsely crenulate with median depression dorsally; mesoscutum granulose-reticulate, setose; notauli distinct and foveate anteriorly, absent posteriorly; scutellar sulcus wide and with 9 crenulae; scutellum finely punctate and setose; metanotum with median ridge; propodeum coarsely reticulate rugose with distinct transverse carina below the median line, median carina absent, median areola just above transverse carina (open anteriorly). Fore wing 3.2 times as long as wide; length of 1 -R 1 1.5 times pterostigma; r issued much beyond middle of pterostigma; 2 -SR slightly sinuate; 3 -SR and SR 1 slightly curved; 2 -SR+M longitudinal; parastigma large and dark brown pigmented; m-cu interstitial; vein 1 -CU 1 0.8 times as long as vein 2 -CU 1; 3 -SR = 0.35 times as long as 1 -R 1 and 5.6 times r; r = 0.3 times as long as width of pterostigma; pterostigma 3 times longer than wide; 1 -R 1 = 1.5 times longer than pterostigma; inner mid tibial spur 0.6 times mid basitarsus; hind coxa finely punctate; hind femur 3.7 times its width. Metasoma (Fig. F): Oval in dorsal view and 1.8 times as long as wide, 1.2 times as long as mesosoma; first –second tergites longitudinally spaced rugose with some interconnections, second suture sinuate dorsally; third tergite longitudinally reticulate-rugose and truncate medio-posteriorly, its medial length 1.6 times medial length of second tergite, lateral lamella not protruding latero-apically; ovipositor exerted (0.16 mm in lateral view) and setose; exerted part of sheath 0.14 times as long as hind tibia. Male (Fig. J ): Similar to female except for smaller size and T 3 completely black (Fig. M). Note. The new species differs from all described Oriental species by the combination of the dark brown vein 1 - M and 1 -R 1 of the fore wing, the median third of the third tergite of female dark brown and contrasting with yellowish brown lateral parts and the rather long vein 1 -CU 1 of the fore wing. In the key to Indian species by Sheeba & Narendran (2008) the new species runs to P. buchneri Fahringer, 1932, from NE. India because of its size and the venation and to P. agarwali Varshney & Shujauddin, 1999, from N. India. P. buchneri has a rather pale 1 - R 1 (darkened in P. andamanensis), the pterostigma largely pale brown (dark brown), vein 1 -CU 1 of the fore wing about 0.7 times vein 2 -CU 1 (0.8 times), the hind tibia with dark brown subbasal patch (absent), the propodeum darkened (brownish yellow), the third tergite apically dark brown and anteriorly yellowish brown (laterally brownish yellow and medially dark brown) and T 1 posteriorly and T 2 medially distinctly brownish yellow pigmented (largely unpigmented). P. agarwali Varshney & Shujauddin, 1999 (a junior synonym of P. s y l ep t ae Zettel, 1990, syn. nov.) differs by having the third tergite medio-apically concave and lateral lamella somewhat protruding (truncate and lamella not protruding); vein 1 -CU 1 about 0.5 times as long as vein 2 -CU 1 (incorrectly depicted in original description of P. agarwali; 0.7 times in P. andamanensis); the pterostigma brown (dark brown) and the third tergite yellowish brown (median third dark brown and remainder yellowish brown). Type material. Holotype, female on card, INDIA, Andaman Islands, Jirkatong, 11.36620 N 92.850 E; 10.iii. 2012; hovering on inflorescence of Cassia sp., leg. Ankita Gupta. Paratypes, one female and two males on card, with same data as holotype. Deposited in the National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Insects (NBAII), Bangalore, India. Code NBAII /Brac/Phan/ 10312. Two males are deposited in Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, the Netherlands. PLATE I. Phanerotoma andamanensis sp. nov. (Holotype)—A. Female in habitus; B. Head in frontal view; C. Head with full sight on mandibles; D. Vertex; E. Mesosoma; F. Metasoma. PLATE II. Phanerotoma andamanensis sp. nov. (Paratype, female)—G. Profile view; H. Lateral view of head and mesopleuron; I. Fore wing. PLATE III. Phanerotoma andamanensis sp. nov. (Paratype, male)—J. Male in habitus; K. Mesosma; L. Vertex; M. Metasoma; N. Fore wing.Published as part of Gupta, Ankita & Achterberg, Cornelis Van, 2014, A new species of Phanerotoma Wesmael (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Cheloninae) from the Andaman Islands, India, pp. 595-600 in Zootaxa 3856 (4) on pages 595-599, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3856.4.8, http://zenodo.org/record/23149
Dolichogenidea lumba Rousse et Gupta, sp. nov.
No full textDolichogenidea lumba Rousse et Gupta, sp. nov. (Fig. 13 d) Diagnosis. Entirely black. Entire head densely setose. Clypeus high. Ovipositor large and weakly decurved. Color. Overall coloration black with fore tibia, base of hind tibia, fore and middle trochanter and trochantellus somewhat clearer. Palpi dark yellowish. Wings hyaline, venation dark yellowish. Description. FEMALE (Holotype). B: 2.5; A: 2.7; L: 2.7. Head. Entirely densely setose. Clypeus elongate, distinctly separate from face, its ventral margin concave. Face and clypeus finely and densely punctate. H i: 0.9; EH i: 0.8; C i: 2.6; Fl 1 i: 4.0; Fl 2 i: 4.4; FL 1– 2 i: 0.9; Fl 15 i: 1.8; Fl 16 i: 2.0; OO i: 2.0; IO i: 1.3. Mesosoma. Punctate areas with long silver pilosity. Pronotum smooth with some deep punctures, upper and lower furrows deep and crenulate. Mesopleuron with anterior third densely and deeply punctate, largely smooth posteriorly. Metapleuron smooth with some punctures anteriorly and posteriorly. Mesoscutum deeply, regularly and densely punctate, median lobe slightly raised. Scuto-scutellar suture thin. Scutellum very shallowly punctate. MSC i: 0.8. Propodeum shallowly punctate, costulae strong, areola complete, pentagonal, apically truncate, basally petiolate. Fore wing. R 1 /Pl i: 1.2; r/Pw i: 3.0; r/ 2 Rs i: 1.8. Hind wing. Vannal lobe regularly rounded, apical margin shortly and regularly setose all along. Legs. Hind coxa shagreened with some shallow punctures. Cx/T 1 i: 1.2; F i: 3.7. Metasoma. Tergum 1 with lateral margins sub-parallel, coarsely rugose-punctate and medially convex with an apical shallow depression. Tergum 2 slightly trapezoidal, almost smooth with very weak aciculations. Hypopygium barely protruding beyond metasomal apex, ventro-medially desclerotised. Ovipositor sheath setose all along. Ovipositor large and weakly decurved. T 1 a i: 1.0; T 1 b i: 1.3; T 1 /T 2 i: 3.3; T 2 a i: 0.2; T 2 b i: 0.3; T 2 /T 3 i: 0.9; OT i: 1.1. MALE. Unknown. Material examined. HOLOTYPE Ƥ (MNHN EY 8806) Verbatim label data: Le Tampon / Plaine des Sables, alt. 2260m, 04/05/ 11, leg. T. Ramage; fore right leg and hind legs from femur (left) and tibia (right) broken. Etymology. The species is named after the hindi word “ lumba ” meaning "long" hence relating to the long ovipositor of this species. Distribution records. Reunion.Published as part of Rousse, Pascal & Gupta, Ankita, 2013, Microgastrinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) of Reunion Island: a catalogue of the local species, including 18 new taxa and a key to species, pp. 501-547 in Zootaxa 3616 (6) on page 528, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3616.6.1, http://zenodo.org/record/21794
"Closing the R&D Gap, Evaluating the Sources of R&D Spending"
No full textBoth spending and tax policies have been implemented in the United States with the goal of stimulating private sector research and development (R&D). Karier questions whether current R&D policy, especially the research and experimentation tax credit, can contribute to closing the gap between nondefense expenditures on R&D in the United States and such expenditures in other countries, such as Japan and Germany. He also explores possible changes to our current R&D policy to make it more effective.
Anil Gupta, Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences: Biographical Bibliometric Fact Sheets
No full textBiographical Bibliometric Fact Sheets of Anil Gupta, Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences are presented
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